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一\(一)31. One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of golbalization and the growing multilanguage trend,DDABC 36. Thomas Adams discovered bubble gum in the 1870s.托马斯·亚当斯发现口香糖在1870年代提出的主张。ADDBB 41. One of the most famous writers from England by far is Agatha Christie. CCACA
46. With only about 1000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. DCDDA
(二)31. Do you know why different animals or pests have their special colors?你知道为什么不同的动物或宠物有他们独特的颜色? DDBCD 36. Do you love holidays but hate putting on weight during your holidays?你喜欢假日,讨厌的体重在增加在你的节日吗? ABDCB 41. some theorists argue that the minimum wage law can cause problems in the same way. 一些理论家认为,最低工资法能够造成问题在同样的方式。BAAAB 46. Automobile drivers and passengers now face a new danger on the road: the users of cell phones. DACCA 汽车司机和乘客现在面临着一个新的危险的道路:用户的手机。
(三)31. since it was published in 1818, Frankenstein, a classic horror story, has been in print in many languages.因为它是在1818年出版的,《科学怪人》,经典的恐怖故事,已经在打印多种语言。 AADBC 36. there are many different kinds of beer made around the world.有许多不同种类的啤酒环游世界。 ADDAB 41. If you didn't sleep for hours during the early part of the evening ,you would be more ready to sleep at bedtime .如果你没睡几个小时在早期的晚上,你会更愿意睡在睡觉的时候.CBBAA
46. Parents are the closest people to you in the world . 父母是最亲密的人在你的世界。They would do anything for you . 他们会为你做任何事情。CDCAD
(四)31. Popeye the Sailor first became a popular cartoon in 1930s. 大力水手水手首次成为一个受欢迎的卡通在1930年代。DADAA
36. The word rodeo comes from the Spanish word for a place where cowboys sold cows . 这个词来自西班牙的牛仔字一个地方卖牛的牛仔。CCDCC
41. now there are about forty-three percent of the adult men and thirty-one percent of the adult women in the united states who usually smoke cigarette. 现在有大约百分之四十三的成年人和百分之三十一的成人女性在美国人通常吸烟。CDACD
46. popular music in america is what every student likes .在美国流行音乐就是每一个学生喜欢。CDCBA
(五)31. Many students of English think that learning a new language is very difficult .许多学习英语的学生认为学习一种新语言是非常困难的。BACDD 36. Throughout history man has changed his physical environment in order to improve his way of life.人类有史以来不断改变自然环境,以改善自己的生活方式。DCABA 41. you are twenty-one years old and have a good life. 你21岁了,好好生活。but one day ,your doctor tells you that you have a bad disease and may not live more than one year. 但是有一天,你的医生告诉你,你有一个严重的疾病,可能活不超过一年。BBCDB
46. According to chinese medicine
the body is like a tree that lives through the seasons of nature , and it needs regular energy to stay healthy and prevent illness.根据中国的医学的身体就像一棵树,生活的每一个季节,通过自然,而需要定期的能量来保持健康和预防疾病。DACAB 二.1. As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change.随着人们继续生长和年龄,我们的身体系统继续发生变化。DDAB
2. For more than 40 years
earth has been sending out distress signals.40多年来地球已发送遇险信号。CCDB 3. to most people, rats may be frightening and dirty animals ,but they change with the environment surprisingly well. 对大多数人来说,鼠可能惊吓和肮脏的动物,但是他们随环境变化好得令人惊讶。CDCD
4. Take any long piece of paper .采取任何长片纸。Now glue the ends of the paper together.现在胶头的纸张粘在一起。BBBC
5. ever since humans have lived on the earth ,they have made use of different ways of communication. 自从人类生活在地球上,他们已经有了用不同的方式交流。CDCB 6.In 1987, the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards began its work to set new standards of achievement for the teahing profession and to improve the quality of education for all children in USA.在1987年,美国国家专业教学标准委员会开始其工作制定新的标准的教学成果,提高职业教育质量为所有的孩子在美国。CCAA
7. elephants who paint are not new. 大象谁油漆不是什么新鲜事了。DDBD
8. The development of rapid transit rail lines in cities should parallel local economic development and blind construction of such lines should be avoided ,a conference made such report yesterday. 快速公交系统的发展在城市轨道交通线路应该平行了当地经济的发展,盲目建设这样的线路是应该避免的,一次会议上报告了昨天。 BCCA 9. ask three people to look out the same window at a busy road corner and tell you what they see.三个人来问同一个窗口望出去在繁忙的路角并告诉你他们所看到的东西。ADAB
10. when henry ford was manfacturing automobiles , he wanted to sell them to everyone.当亨利。福特是汽车不予办理,他想卖给每一个人。BABC
11. We all associate colors with feelings and attitudes .我们所有附属情感和态度的色彩。BADD
12. though it is mere I to 3 percent of the population
, the upper class possesses at least 25 percent of the nation's wealth. 虽然这只是我对3%的人口,上层阶级拥有至少25%的国家的财富。 CBDA 13. wall street is the name of a street in New York and very famous in the whole world.华尔街街道的名字在纽约和非常著名的整个世界。BDDC
14. The Us , government has recently helped people learn more about the dangers of earthquake by publishing a map.美国政府最近帮助人们了解更多关于地震的危险性发布一张地图。
15. In the latter part of the 20th century, child labor was a serious problem in many places of world. 在后者20th世纪的一部分,童工是一个严重问题在世界上许多地方。CDCB
16. being poor is a shameful experience for a young person trying hard to be accepted by the society. 贫穷是可耻的经验对于一个年轻人来说努力是被社会所接受的。CBAB 17. as early as 1988, consumers could buy almost anything over the internet. 早在1988年,消费者可以买到几乎任何在因特网上。CCDA
18. someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission .总有一天,一个陌生人会读你的邮件未经您的许可。BDBA
19. the west began to take more notice of the east. 西方开始更注重他的东部。ABBA 20. we spend our leisure time efficiently for higher production, live by clock even when time does not matter, modernize our homes and speed the rhythm of living in order that we can go to the most places and do the most things in the shortest period of time. 我们花费我们的闲暇时间效率更高的生产、生活时钟即使时间并不要紧,现代化的房屋和速度的生活节奏,以便我们可以去的地方,做最大多数的东西在最短的时间。ACDB 21. the most amazing thing about education in the united states is the number of choices of reentry it offers.最让人惊奇的教育,在美国是可供选择的数量再提供。DBBB 22. between 1815 and 1914, the world witnessed the greatest peaceful migration in its history:35 million people, mostly europeans, left their homelands to start new lives in america.从1815年到1914年,世界见证了人类历史上最和平的移民的历史:3500万人,其中大部分是欧洲人,离开他们的祖国在美国开始新生活。ACAD 23. more than 30000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured each year.有超过30000名司机和前排乘客严重受伤或死亡每年。 DCBD 24. there are thousands of animals that live in the sea.有成千上万的动物生活在海洋里。one of the most interesting of these animals is the whale.最有趣的一个这样的动物是鲸鱼。 ABAB
25.fire worship is a religious devotion to fire.拜火仪式是一个宗教献身于火。BDAD
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自考学士学位英语考试复习资料(语法、词汇、短词、阅读、作文)
第一节 动词的时态 ??考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和 as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在 完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及 have （has）been, have（has）gone 的区别；过去完 成时的时间状语；将来完成时。 一、一般现在式： 1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和 always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week 的等时间状语连用。 例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。 2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。 例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。 3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。 例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。 4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有 as soon as，when，till，if。 （1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams. A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing （答案：B）（1996 年 22 题） （2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated （答案：C）（1992 年 59 题） 二、一般过去时： 1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old 等。 例：You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week. A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed （答案：A。有具体的时间状语要用过去时。）（1995 年 59 题）2、used to do sth：过去常常做? 例：I used to take a walk in the morning. 我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。） 3、it is high time（that）?句型中，谓语动词用过去时。1例：Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking? A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up （答案：B）（1999 年 31 题） 三、一般将来时 1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。 例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。 2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。 例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？ 3、be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。 例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 三环路将在国庆节前通车。 4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。 5、例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。 6、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的现在 进行时可表示将来。 （1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。 （2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。四、过去将来时 表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。 例：He wanted to know when the conference would start. 他想知道会议何时开始。五、现在进行时 1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。 例：The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。 2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。 例：I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。 六、过去进行时 1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断 时间。 例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。 2、when 和 while 的用法 （1）I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis. A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played2（答案：A。连接词 when 表示时间上的点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一 段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。）（1998 年 43 题） （2）When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more. A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking （答案为 B）（1999 年 35 题） （3）One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry. A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping （答案为 D）（1996 年 23 题） 3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也 可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。 例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning. 他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。 七、现在完成时 1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和 just, now, already, yet 等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一 般不用时间状语）。 （1）Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关 上了） （2）I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。） 2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用 since 引导的 短语或从句，或由 for 引导的短语连用）。 （1）He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了。（现在还住在这儿） （2）They’ve known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。（现在还继续来 往） 3、非延续性动词的完成时和 it is +时间+since?..（过去时） 英语中有些动词不能延续， 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。 （1）He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer. A. gone into B. joined in C. been in D. come into （答案：C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时，只能用含有持续意义的动词，不可用瞬间 性动词。1995 年 49 题） （2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。 （如果是非延续动词，这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。） 4、have（has）been to 和 have （has）gone to 的区别 have （has ） been to：去过某地 （表示某人的一种经历） ，可以和 once，twice，often，never， ever 连用。 have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地， 所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。 （1）He has gone to America.（意思为他已经去了美国，现在不在此地）3（2）He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。 八、过去完成时 1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一 时间可用 by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。 例：About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper. A. invented B. had invented C. have invented D. had been invented （答案：B）（1997 年 35 题） 2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。 例：The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on B. was on C. has been on D. would be on （答案：A）（1995 年 24 题） 3、在含有 before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可 以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成 时。 例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。 4、过去完成时常用在 no sooner ?than?, hardly/scarcely/barely?when?，一?就?。 句型之中，句子到装。 （1）No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go. A. than B. when C. as D. while （答案为 A）（1997 年 50 题） （2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out. 他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。 ?? 九、将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。 1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____. A. will have B. leaves C. will have left D. is leaving （答案：C）（1995 年 25 题）42、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back. A. shall finish B. must have finished C. have finished D. shall have finished （答案：D） （2000 年 24 题） 十、现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延 续下去，或是到说话时结束， 但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。 例：I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer. A. was knocking B. am knocking C. knocking D. have been knocking （答案：D）（1998 年 49 题）第二节 被动语态 ??考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态； 用主动表示被动的含义。 一、感官动词及使役动词（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无 to 不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加 to。 1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder. A. came B. come C. to come D. have come （答案为 C）（2000 年 58 题） 2、We were made to study harder. 我们被要求努力学习。 二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。 1、The children are well looked after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。 2、The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请大夫了。 三、情态动词的被动语态 构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。 1、The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。 2、Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。 四、用主动表示被动的含义 常用：need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物） 例：My room is a mess. It needs _____. A to be tidying up B. tidying up C. to tidy up5D. tidied up （答案为 B）（2000 年 47 题）第三节 情态动词 ??考试重点：情态动词+完成时 情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变 化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用 法。 一、must +现在完成时 表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。 1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now. A. must have received B. must have failed to receive C. must receive D. must fail to receive （答案：B）（1998 年 44 题） 2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had D. must have had （答案为 D）（2001 年 58 题） 二、should （ought to ）+完成时 表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批 评。 1、They have done things they ought _____. A. not to do B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done （答案为 C）（1999 年 59 题） 2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier. A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned D. should be phoned （答案为 C）（2000 年 26 题） 三、could +完成时 表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。 1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.6他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。 2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough. 我本来能及格的，但是没有努力学习。 第四节 虚拟语气 ??如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，称为虚拟条件句。 考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法；if 的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以 wish（that）引导 的表示“愿望”的宾语从句；would rather 引导的从句；以 as if, as though 引导的从句；以 suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句；It is necessary（important）that 引导的 主语从句；It is time （that）?句型中。 一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法： 虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类： 1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him. A. had known B. have known C. knew D. know （答案：C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时）（1995 年 38 题） 2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _____ the same language? A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak （答案：A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。） 3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time. A. would come B. would have come C. had come D. came （答案为 C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。）（1995 年 59 题） 二、if 的省略形式 在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含 were , had, should 等词， 则可以把这些词放到主语前面， 省略 if。 1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized7（答案：B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略 if，而将谓语中的过去式 were，had，或 should 等移 至主语之前。）（1996 年 39 题） 2、_____, I should ask them some questions. A. Should they come to us B. If they come to us C. Were they come to us D. Had they come to us （答案：A。与将来事实相反。）（1997 年 30 题） 三、含蓄条件句 有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。 常用 with，without，but for。 1、Without your help, we _____ so much. A. didn’t achieve B. would not have achieved C. will not achieve D. don’t achieve （答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语 without your help 中，因此要用虚 拟语气。）（1996 年 33 题） 2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday. A. should have B. would have had C. would have D. will have had （答案：B。2003 年 28 题） 四、以 wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句 wish 后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时 态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish ＋从句（主语＋过去时）；表示一个过去没有 实现的愿望用：主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）； 1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college. A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study （答案：C）（2000 年 53 题） 2、I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there. A. were B. would be C. had been D. will be （答案：C）（2001 年 53 题）8五、would rather＋句子（过去时） 1、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind. A. rather B. better C. happier D. further （答为案：A）（1998 年 45 题） 2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner. A. come B. would come C. came D. have come （答案为 C）（2002 年 46 题） 六、以 as if，as though 引导的从句 在 as if，as though 引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的 状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和 wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。 1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have known （答案：B。as if（though）从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情 况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。） 2、You are talking as if you had seen them 你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作） 七、以 suggest，advise，insist 等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用 should+ 动词原形，should 可以省略。 类似的动词有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request 等。 1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life. A. had B. would have C. have D. was going to have （答案：C）（1998 年 28 题） 2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A. put on B. puts on C. to put D. putting on （答案：A）（1999 年 58 题）9八、It is necessary/important/urgent that 引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用 should+ 原形动词，should 可以省略。 1、It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come （答案：C）（1997 年 29 题） 2、It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made. A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged D. would be arranged （答案：C）（2003 年 45 题） 九、It is time (that)?引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。 1、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident. A. do B. will do C. did D. must do （答案：C）（1996 年 43 题） 2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking? A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up （答案：B）（1999 年 31 题）第五节 非谓语动词 ??非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。 一、动词不定式 考试重点：动词不定式的基本结构和用法 （尤其是复合结构，否定式，被动式，完成式等。）； stop 和 go on 接不定式和动名词的区别；remember，forget 接不定式和动名词的区别；have sth done 和 have sb do sth。 基本形式10主动形式 被动形式 一般式 （not） to make （not） to be made 完成式 （not） to have made （not） to have been made 进行式 （not） to be making 在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 （一）动词不定式的基本结构和用法 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式， 由不定式符号 to 加动词原形构成。 1、Good-bye , Mr. Wang. I’m pleased _____ you. A. to meet B .meeting C. to have been meeting D. to be met （答案：A）（1998 年 57 题） 2、Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _____ their best. A. do B. to do C. doing D. done （答案为 B）（1996 年 44 题） （二）动词不定式的被动式 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动 式。 1、The ability _____ is very important for any speaker. A. to hear clearly B. to be clearly heard C. to hearing clearly D. to being clearly heard （答案：B。动词不定式的被动式。）（1999 年 39 题） 2、Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house _____ so well. A. to be decorated B. to decorate C. be decorated D. decorating （答案：A）（1995 年 22 题） （三）动词不定式的复合结构 如需指出不定式动作的发出者时（即逻辑主语时）要在不定式前用 for 加名词（或代词）表 示。 1、It was very difficult _____ me to learn Spanish. A. of11B. to C. with D. for （答案：D） 2、It is necessary _____ the papers immediately. A. for you to hand in B. that you hand out C. your hand in D. for your hand in （答案：A） （四）动词不定式的完成式 表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。 1、Judging from his manners at the party, he doesn’t seem _____ much education. A. to receive B. to be receiving C. to have received D. to have been received （答案：C。表示发生在主要动词之前的动作，要用动词不定式的完成式。）（1997 年 45 题） 2、The book is said _____ into several foreign languages up to now. A. to translate B. to have translate C. to have been translated D. to be translated （答案：C） （五）stop 和 go on 后面接不定式和动名词的区别 动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情；不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。 1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____. A. on rest B. at rest C. resting D. to rest （答案：D。“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。）（1999 年 29 题） 2、Men will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy. A. search B. to search C. searching D. searched （答案：C）123、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on _____ like that? A. talking B. to talk C. doing talking D. talk （答案：A） （六）remember 和 forget 接不定式和动名词的区别 remember, forget + doing sth：表示动作发生在过去。 remember, forget +to do sth：表示动作尚未发生。 1、Don’t forget _____ the window before leaving the room. A. to have closed B. to close C. having closed D. closing （答案：B。to close 表示一个在 leaving 之后发生的将来的动作）（2001 年 28 题） 2、I remember giving the letter to him. 我记得把信给他了。（giving 表示一个在 remember 之前发生过的动作。） （七）have sth done 和 have sb do sth 的用法 1、We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer. A. to rearrange B. rearrange C. rearranged D. rearranging （答案：C。have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。）（2002 年 50 题） 2、I’ll _____ that I’m a qualified engineer. A. have you know B. have known you C. have you knowing D. have you know （答案：A。表示让某人做某事。）（2003 年 25 题）第五节 非谓语动词 ??考试重点：动名词的逻辑主语，完成式，被动式，否定式；动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词 可省略；“to”的作用。 基本形式： 主动形式 被动形式 一般时 doing being done 完成时 having done having been done13在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。 一、动名词的基本用法： 1、We shall appreciate _____ from you soon. A. being heard B. hearing C. to hear D. having been heard （答案：B。appreciate 后接动名词做宾语。）（1998 年 42 题） 2、John suggested _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. A. not to say B. saying not C. to say not D. not saying （答案：D。suggest 后接动名词做宾语，否定式要在动名词前加“not”）（1995 年 53 题） 二、动名词的完成时：表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。 1、I don’t remember _____. A. ever to be saying B. to have ever said C. having ever said that D. ever said that （答案：C） 2、I regret having done such a thing.我后悔做了这样的事。 三、动名词的被动式 1、No one avoid _____ by advertisements. A. influenced B. influencing C. to influence D. being influenced （答案：D） 2、Susan was very unhappy for not _____ to the party. A. to be invited B. having been invited C. inviting D. to have been invited （答案：B） 四、动名词的逻辑主语 当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格。 1、He forgot about _____ him to attend my wife’s birthday party. A. I asking B. my asking14C. me to ask D. mine to ask （答案：B。做介词 about 的宾语， 物主代词+动名词，构成动名词的复合结构。） （1998 年 29 题） 2、I object to his （him）making private calls on the office phone. 我反对他用办公室的电话打私人电话。 五、动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略。 1、Don’t risk _____ the job which so many people want. A. losing B. to lose C. lost D. your life to lose （答案：A。risk 后接动名词做宾语，risk（in）doing sth.中的介词 in 常省略。） （1999 年 57 题）2、I don’t think it is any use _____ this matter any further. A. discussing B. to discuss C. to discussing D. to be discussed （答案：A。it is no use （good）doing?做?没有用（好处），动名词做介词 in 的宾语， 常省略。） 六、有的动词后的 to 既可以是不定式符号，又可以是介词，使用时要特别注意。 1、You don’t object _____ you by your first name, do you? A. for me to call B. me to call C. to my calling D. my calling （答案：C。object to 中的 to 是介词，故接动名词做宾语。）（1996 年 21 题） 2、The students are looking forward to _____ their parents in winter vacation. A. see B. watch C. seeing D. being seen （答案：C）第五节 非谓语动词15??考试重点：分词在句中的作用；现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别；现在分词和过去分词 的区别；分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致；分词的独立主格；with（without）引导的分词 的独立结构。 -ING 分词是指由动词原形＋-ING 构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式， 具体形式如下： 主动形式 被动形式 现在式 doing being done 过去时 done 完成时 having done having been done 就其语法功能而言，它可以作表语、补足语、状语和定语。 一、分词在句中的作用 1、She was sitting in an armchair _____ a book. A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. to have read （答案：A。分词短语在句中做伴随状语。）（1995 年 37 题） 2、_____ anything about the accident, he went to work as well. A. Not know B. Know not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing （ 答案：D。分词做原因状语）（2000 年 28 题） 3、They all returned to the village _____ that the danger was over. A. convincing B. convinced C. to convince D. having convinced （答案：B。过去分词做伴随状语）（1997 年 57 题） 4、We kept our _____ all night to frighten the wolves. A. burning fire B. burnt fire C fire burning D. fire burnt （答案：C。现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行）（1997 年 55 题） 二、现在分词和过去分词的区别 1、She told me that it was the most _____ gift her daughter had received. A. delighting B. delighted C. delights D. delight16（答案：A。现在分词修饰的是事物，常译作“令人??”，具有主动、进行的意思。过去分 词修饰人，常译作“感到??”，具有被动、完成的概念。又如：a moved audience：受感动的 观众。）（2003 年 38 题） 2、My parents are _____ with my progress. A. please B. pleased C. pleasing D. being pleased （答案：B。） ?? 三、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别。 1、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _____ answers the questions. A. to be interviewed B. interviewing C. being interviewed D. interviewed （答案：C。现在分词的被动式。表示动作正在发生）（1997 年 33 题） 2、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _____ with all kinds of goods. A. loading B. being loaded C. to be loaded D. having loaded （答案：B。现在分词的被动式。）（2000 年 23 题） 3、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。 （过去分词表示动作的完成和结果。） 四、分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致。 1、Arriving at the bus stop, _____ waiting there. A. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people were C. he found a lot of people’s D. people were found （答案：A。分词短语做伴随状语时，和主句共用一个主语。）（1996 年 37 题） 2、_____ tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep. A. Felt B. Feeling C. Being felt D. To feel （答案：B）（1998 年 50 题） 五、分词的独立主格：分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语，（一般由名词担任）称为分词的独立17主格。 1、The plane crashed, its bombs _____ as it hit the ground. A. exploded B. were exploded C. exploding D. were exploding （答案：C）（1999 年 43 题） 2、Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace. 如果天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。 六、with （without） 引导的分词的独立结构。 1、He walked across the meeting room _____ everyone looking at her. A. with B. as C. while D. when （答案：A。with 或 without 可以引导分词的独立结构，做伴随状语。）（1997 年 49 题） 2、With the old man _____ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. A. leading B. led C. lead D. to be led （答案：A）（2000 年 27 题） ??第六节 各种从句 ??英语中从句包括：名词从句、定语从句、同位语从句和状语从句。 一、名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。 （一）主语从句 考试重点：主语从句常用的连词的用法；it is desirable that 引导的主语从句的用法。 在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接 代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。 连词：that，whether 连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever 等。 连接副词：when，where，how，why 1、由连词 that，whether 引导的主语从句。 连词 that，whether 在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不担任成分，不能 省略，且由它们引导的主语从句，多用 it 做形式主语。 （1）_____ was unimportant. A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not18B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner C. If he enjoyed our dinner D. What he enjoyed our dinner （答案：A）（2000 年 40 题） （2）That the earth is round is true.（It is true that the earth is round.） 地球是圆的， 是个事实。 2、由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句 它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。 由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语 it 引导。 （1）Who let out the news remained unknown.（It remained unknown who let out the news.） 谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。 （2）When we’ll start is not clear.（It is not clear when we’ll start.） 我们何时出发还不清楚。 3、以关系代词 what, whatever, whoever?引导的主语从句。 What 有时可以用来表示 the thing which 这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西或一件事情。 Who，whom，which，what，可以和 ever 构成合成词，和 what 一样引导从句，ever 起强调作用。 此类句子不能用形式主语 it 引导，它们在句子中担任成份，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。 （1）_____ I saw was two men crossing the street. A. What B. Whom C. Who D. That （答案：A）（2001 年 38 题） （2）_____ was not the way the event happened. A. Which the press reported B. That the press reported C. what did the press report D. What the press reported （答案：D。主语从句，what 在从句中做宾语。）（1998 年 24 题） 4、句型 It is desirable （suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent） +that+主语+should（可省略）+V（动词原形）。 （1）It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made. A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged D. would be arranged （答案：C）（2003 年 45 题） （2）It is highly desirable that a new president _____ for this university. A. is appointed19B. will be appointed C. be appointed D. has been appointed （答案：C）（1997 年 52 题） （二）表语从句 考试重点：表语从句的基本用法；含有 suggestion，proposal 等词的表语从句的用法。 1、在从句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词之后，常用的关联词和主语从 句相同。 （1）This is what he wants. 这就是他想要的东西。 （2）The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning. 问题是我们明天上午能否完成任务。 2、用 suggestion 等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时，用虚拟语气，从句中用 should（可 省略）+动词原形。 （1）The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important tasks. A. would leave B. leave C. left D. have left （答案：B）（2002 年 48 题） （2）His proposal is that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition. 他提议他们和别的组挑战进行一场友谊竞赛。 三）宾语从句 考试重点：宾语从句用陈述句的语序；介词后面的宾语从句；suggest，insist，order，demand 等动词后接宾语从句时，用虚拟语气；if 和 whether 的区别。 1、宾语从句用陈述句的语序 （1）Can you tell me _____ about the city that makes people love it so much? A. it is what B. what it is C. what is it D. is it what （答案：B。宾语从句用陈述句的语序。）（1999 年 47 题） （2）No one doubts _____ it is true. A. whether B. if C. that d. what20（答案：C。I doubt whether/if?我怀疑。I don’t doubt that ?我毫不怀疑。又如：I doubt whether he can speak English. 我怀疑他是否会说英语。） （1997 年 38 题） 2、介词后面的宾语从句 （1）The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _____ she had gone. A. where that B. of where C. of the place D. the place （答案: B。where 引导的从句做介词的宾语。）（1998 年 48 题） （2）He was a man of fine character in all points _____ he was rather timid. A. in that B. except that C. for that D. except for （答案：B）（1997 年 53 题） 3、suggest，insist，order，demand 等动词后作宾语时，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚 拟语气。 ①His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A. put on B. puts on C. to put D. putting on （答案：A）（1999 年 58 题） ②The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life. A. had B. would have C. have D. was going to have （答案：C）（1998 年 28 题） 4、在下列情况下不能用 if , 而用 whether。 后跟不定式：He didn’t tell me whether to go or stay. 他没有告诉我是走还是留下。 前面有介词：He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money. 他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。 引导主语从句：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me. 他们胜利也好，失败也好，对我来说都是一样的。 后面直接跟 or not：I wonder whether I’ll catch the last bus or not. 我不知道我能否赶上末班车。 第六节 各种从句21??二、定语从句 考试重点：限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法；关系副词 when，where，why，引导的定语从 句；带介词的定语从句；非限定性定语从句；“名词（代词）+介词+关系代词”引出，一般是非 限定性定语从句。 在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句分为两种：限定性定语从句和非限定 性定语从句。注意关系代词和关系副词在从句中的应用。 （一）关系代词 who，whom，whose，which，that 引导的定语从句 1、The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise. A. whom B. whoever C. who D. of whom （答案：A。关系代词 whom 在定语从句中做宾语，修饰先行词 official）（1998 年 40 题） 2、The investigation , _____ will soon be published, was made by John. A. at which the results B. the results on which C. whose results D. at whose results （答案：C。关系代词 whose 在定语从句中做定语。）（1998 年 58 题） （二）关系副词 when ,where, why, 引导的定语从句 1、The time will come _____ man can fly to outer space freely. A. that B. when C. in that D. which （答案：B。when 在定语从句中做状语。） （1996 年 35 题） 2、I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village. A. when B. during which C. which D. in which （答案：A）（2001 年 54 题） （三）关系代词前带介词的定语从句 1、Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _____ she belonged. A. which B. to where C. to which D. at which （答案：C。关系代词 which 和 whom 还可以做“动词词组”后面的前置宾语。这里的动词词 组是 belong to。）（1998 年 56 题）222、The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water. A. them B. that C. which D. those （答案：C）（2003 年 23 题） （四）非限定定语从句对被修饰的名词起附加说明，或进一步描述或补充。 这种从句有一定的独立性，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整，只是内容相对地不够具体。与 主句之间常用逗号分开，所用的关系代词与限定性定语从句基本相同，但不能用关系代词 that 引 导。 （1）An Old friend from abroad, _____I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport. A. that B. whom C. who D. which （答案：B）（2000 年 31 题） （2）His brother had become a teacher, _____he wanted to be. A. who B. what C. which D. that （答案：C。which 引导的非限定性定语从句，在从句中做宾语，修饰先行词 a teacher） （1997 年 39 题） （3）He has made another wonderful discovery, _____of great importance to science. A. which I think it is B. of which I think it is C. I think which is D. which I think is （答案：D。which 引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。）（1995 年 50 题） （五）“名词（代词）+介词+关系代词”引出，一般是非限定性定语从句。 We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, _____is completely water proof. A. no of which B. none of which C. some of which D. neither of which （答案：B。“名词（代词）+of+which（whom）”引起的定语从句常表示部分与整体的关系。） （1995 年 36 题）23第六节 各种从句 ??考试重点：同位语从句的基本用法；含有 suggestion，proposal 等词的同位语从句。 一、同位语从句的基本用法 常跟在 fact，idea，news 等名词的后面，通常用连词 that 引导。 1、Would the news _____ he failed to pass the exam bother you? A. which B. that C. of which D. on which （答案：B。同位语从句。）（2003 年 58 题） 2、I had no idea that you were here. 我没有想到你会在这里。 二、如果同位语从句所修饰的先行词是 suggestion，proposal 等名词的时候，谓语动词用 should+原形动词。should 可以省略。 1、My suggestion that we do the experiment again is accepted by them. 我的再做一次实验的建议被他们所接纳。 2、His proposal that they （should） challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher. 他提议他们和别的组挑战，来一场友谊竞赛。这个提议受到了老师 的表扬。第六节 各种从句 ??考试重点：状语从句的种类及一些连词的基本用法；让步状语从句； unless，supposed （that），whomever，whenever，wherever 等连词的含义和用法。 在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让 步、方式、比较、目的、结果。一、时间状语从句 常用的连词有 when whenever 无论什么时候） since as until hardly?when no sooner? ： ， （ ， ， ， ， ， than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute（一?就?） 1、No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard. A. when B. than C. then D. after （答案：B。no sooner?than 引导的时间状语从句。）（2002 年 57 题） 2、She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young girl. A. long B. often C. always D. ever24（答案：D。时间状语从句，ever since 表示从?以后一直。）（1997 年 56 题） 二、条件状语从句 常用 if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as 只要。 1、_____ I’m mistaken, I’ve seen that man before. A. Unless B. If C. Because D. Provided （答案：A。unless 引导条件状语从句）（2001 年 40 题） 2、_____ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. A. Until B. Unless C. If D. Provided （答案：B）（1998 年 60 题） 三、原因状语从句 常用：because, as, since。如果表示必然的因果关系，一般用 because 引入；而 since 表 示一种间接或附带的原因；用 as 只是提一下。 1、He cannot go to school because he is ill. 他因为生病不能上学。 2、Everyone likes you as you are both kind and honest. 人人都喜欢你，因为你既和气， 又诚实。 四、让步状语从句 常用 though/although，as （尽管），even if/though，however，whatever，wherever， whoever，no matter how/what/who 等。 1、In short, _____ he lives, a man belongs to some society. A. whatever B. whenever C. whichever D. wherever （答案：D。wherever 引导让步状语从句，wherever = no matter where）（1997 年 44 题） 2、_____, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema. A. No matter whoever you are B. Whomever you are C. Whoever you are D. No matter who are you （答案：C。whoever,引导让步状语从句，= no matter who）（1997 年 59 题） 3、_____ you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering. A. Even if B. If only25C. Instead of D. Despite of （答案：A。让步状语从句。）（1998 年 44 题） 4、Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do. A. that B. as C. although D. however （答案：B。as 引导让步状语从句，被强调的部分放在句子之前，进行倒装。） （2000 年 44 题） 五、方式状语从句 常用 as, just as, as if/though 等词。 1、_____ was pointed above, this substance can be used as a substitute. A. It B. That C. What D. As （答案：D。As 引导方式状语从句。）（1999 年 32 题） 2、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have known （答案：B。as if（though）引导的方式状语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气。） 六、目的状语从句 常用 so that , in order that, lest （以免， 以防）, in case。 1、I wrote it down _____ I should forget it. A. in case B. in case of C. in order that D. for fear of （答案：A）（2002 年 27 题） 2、I’ll give you my phone number, so that you can call me when you arrive here. 我把我的电话号码告诉你，以便你到达这里后可以给我打电话。 七、结果状语从句 常用 so?that, such?that They are _____ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations. A. so diligent B. such diligent C. so much diligent26D. such very diligent （答案：B）（2002 年 43 题） 第七节 主谓一致 ??考试重点：形式上复数、意义单数的名词做主语；动名词、不定式，从句做主语；a number+of+ 复数名词和 the number+of+可数或不可数名词做主语；主语由 as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一 致；当用 and 连接的名词前有 each，every 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。 一、名词 physics （物理），maths（数学），news（新闻），means（方法），works（工厂） 等一般被认为是形式是复数，意思是单数的名词，它们做主语的时候动词一般用单数形式。 （答案：C。应改为 is。）（2000 年 63 题） 2、Every means has been tried. 每一种方式都试过了。 二、动名词、不定式、从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。 When and where the new hospital will be built _____ a mystery. A. to remain B. remains C. remain D. is remaining （答案：B）（2000 年 57 题） 三、当主语是 a number+of+复数名词时，谓语动词用复数；当主语是 the number+of+可数或 不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数 （答案：A。应改为 the。1998 年 66 题） 2、A number of cars _____ in front of my house. A. was parked B. were parking C. is parking D. are parked （答案：D） 四、当主语由 as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致。当句中的主语后接 as well as，along with， together with，including，accompanied by 等短语+名词（代词）时，主语与谓语的一致关系不 受影响，主语是单数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式时，谓语动词用复数。 1、John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party. 约翰和二十个朋友正在计划举行一个集会。 2、No one but Jane and Tom was there then. 那时除了珍尼和汤姆之外，没有别人在那儿。 五 当用 and 连接的名词前有 each every 等修饰时 谓语动词用单数 当主语是 each?and? 、 ， ， 。 ， every?and every?，many a?and?结构时，谓语动词用单数。 1、Many a singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. 许多歌唱家和舞蹈家将参加我们的晚会。 2、In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.27在我们国家每个人都有接受教育的权利。 ??第八节 倒装句 ??考试重点： 1、否定词放置句首时，助动词或 be 动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装。常用的否定词有：not， scarcely，barely，seldom，not until，little，（in）under no circumstance，by no means， no sooner?than 等。 2、only+adv.句子要倒装。 3、nor，neither，so 用于句首时，句子要倒装。 4、虚拟条件句中省略 if 时要倒装。 一、否定词放置句首时，助动词或 be 动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装。常用的否定词有：not， scarcely，barely，seldom，not until，little，（in）under no circumstance，by no means， no sooner?than 等。 1、Not until I reminded him for the third time _____ working and looked up。 A. that he stopped B. does he stopped C. did he stop D. that he stopped （答案：C）（2000 年 53 题） 2、_____ the importance of wearing seat belts while driving. A. Little they realize B. They little do realize C. Little realize do they D. Little do they realize （答案：D）（1996 年 31 题） 二、only+ adv. 句子要倒装。 1、Only under such a condition will he make steady progress. 只有在这样的条件下，他才会取得扎实的进步。 2、Only this morning did I hear the sad news. 我今天早晨才听到这不幸的消息。 三、nor, neither, so 用于句首时, 句子要倒装。 1、So little _____about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me. A. did I know B. I had known C. I knew D. was I know （答案：A）（1998 年 30 题）282、I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither _____. A. did he B. didn’t he C. he did D. he could （答案：A） 四、虚拟条件句中省略 if 时要倒装。 1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized （答案：B）（1996 年 39 题） 2、_____, I should ask them some questions. A. Should they come to us B. If they come to us C. Were they come to us D. Had they come to us （答案：A）（1997 年 30 题） ??第九节 强调结构 ??考试重点：强调句型的基本形式 It is（was）+被强调部分+that（who）?；强调句型用来强 调状语。 一、强调句型的基本形式 It is（was）+被强调部分+that（who）?。 （答案：B。应改为“that”）（1998 年 68 题） （答案：B。应改为 who）二、强调句型用来强调状语。 1、It was in that small room_____ they worked hard and dreamed of better days to come. A. where B. in which C. which d. that （答案：D。强调地点状语）（1997 年 58 题）292、It is because she is very devoted to her students _______she is respected by them. A. that B. which C. what D. who （答案：A。强调原因状语）（2001 年 33 题） 3、It was not until she arrived in class _________realized she had forgotten her book. A. and she B. when C. she D. that she （答案：D） ?? 第十节 附加疑问句 ??考试重点：附加疑问句的基本用法；含有否定词的疑问句；祈使句的附加疑问句；一些特殊 用法。 一、附加疑问句的基本用法 附加疑问句由两部分构成：陈述句+附加问句。一般的规则是：前肯定，后否定；前否定，后 肯定。 1、He had to finish the work yesterday, _____? A. hadn’t he B. had he C. didn’t he D. did he （答案：C。have 作“有”以外解释时，附加疑问句要用助动词 do/does/did。）2、There won’t be any concert this Saturday evening _____? A. will there not B. will there C. is there D. will it be （答案：B。当陈述句为 there be 句型时，附加疑问句用其否定或肯定的疑问句式。） 二、含有否定词的用法 若陈述句部分已有表示否定的 hardly，scarcely，never，seldom 等词时，反问句部分要用 肯定。 1、She scarcely cares for anything _____? A. doesn’t B. does she C. is she D. isn't she30（答案：B）（1995 年 45 题） 2、You never told me you have seen the film, _____? A. had you B. didn’t you C. did you D. weren’t you （答案：C）（2002 年 53 题） 三、祈使句： 1、Please let us have more time , _____? A. shall we B. will you C. won’t you D. don't you （答案：B。Let’s 表示第一人称的祈使句，反问部分主语用 we 时，谓语用 shall。如：Let’ s go，shall we?）（1997 年 23 题） 2、Don't forget to write to me, _____? A. do you B. won’t you C. are D. will you （答案：D）（1994 年 37 题） 四、一些特殊用法： 1、I suppose you’re not serious, _____? A. don’t I B. do I C. are you D. aren’t you （答案：C。主句的谓语是 suppose 和 think，主语是第一人称，反问句部分要和从句的谓语 一致。）（1996 年 57 题）再如 ：“I don’t suppose you’re going today, aren’t you?” 2、I don’t think you’ve heard of him before, _____? A. don’t I B. do I C. have you D. haven’t you （答案：C）（1992 年 33 题） 一、时态和语态 1. 如何解答时态问题 例 1：You’ve already missed too many classes this term. You ______ just last week. A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed 例 2：Anne asked Tom ______ the key.31A. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left 考试重点： 2. 与完成时有关的时态D. why did he left★现在完成时 (have done) since, for/ in the past few months, up to now 例 1：Collecting toy cars as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years. A B C D 例 2：English ______ in a new way at my college in the past few years. A. has been taught B. was being taught C. has been taught D. had been taught. ★过去完成时 (had done) 例 3：Anne asked Tom ______ the key. A. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left D. why did he left 例 4：The chemistry class_____ for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on B. had begun C. has been on D. would began ★将来完成时 (will have done) by 例 5：We’re late I expect the film_____ by the time we get to the cinema. A. had already started B. have already C. will already have started D. have already been started. ★现在完成进行时 (have been doing) 例 6：It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking ★过去完成进行时 (had been doing) ★ 将来完成进行时(will have been doing ) 例 7：By the time you arrive this evening, _______for two hours. A. I will study B. I will have been studied C. I had studied D. I will have been studying. 3. 在时间和条件状语从句中不用将来时态 ▲用一般现在时代替一般将来时 例 1：When the mixture_____, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated 例 2：please be sure to telephone me the next time you ______. A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come ▲用现在完成时代替将来完成时 例 3：Smith is to study medicine as soon as he_______ military service. A. will finish B. has finished C. finish D. would finish 注意： 例 4：No one can be sure if the car on display fits him or her until he or she______ them.32A. tries B. will try C. are trying D. have tried 4. 考试小窍门 ◆考试中如果遇到与完成时态相关的选项，要重点加以研读，一般说来是正确答案。 二、情态动词 1. 几个情态动词的否定式的含义 can’t may not mustn’t need’t 2. 表示推测的几个情态动词用法 ★must 表示肯定的推测，意思是“一定” +do 对现在情况的推测 must +have done 对过去情况的推测 例 1：I ________ asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night. A. might fall B. must fall C. must have fallen D. can have fallen ★ can’t/could’t 表示否定的推测，意思是“不可能” +do 对现在情况的推测 can’t/couldn’t +have done 对过去情况的推测 ★ may/might not 表示可能性很小的推测，意思是“也许?” +do 对现在情况的推测 may/might +have done 对过去情况的推测 3. 情态动词的完成时虚拟语气的用法 needn’t have done should have done should not have done ought to have done could have done 4. 考试小窍门 在遇到情态动词加完成时和情态动词加原形同时出现的情况下 一般说来情态动词加完成时是正确 ， 答案。 × Must do √ Must have done 三、虚拟语气 考试重点： 1. 条件句中的虚拟语气 例１：I would ask George to lend us the money if I ______ him. A. had known B. have known C. knew D. would know 例２：If a better material ______, the strength of the part would have been increased. A. had been used B. had been using C. being used D. using 条件句中的虚拟语气需要注意以下三点： ? 如果条件句中有 were, had, should 时，可以把 if 省略，然后把这三个单词提前，形成倒装。 例 3：_____ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.33A. If he took B. if he should take C. Were he to take D. Had he taken ? 含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的应用 三级考试中经常出现的三个句型： But for/without?，?? ??, otherwise/or? ??, but/though?. 例４：But for your help, I _____ the work in time. A. did not finish B. could not finish A. will not finish D. would not have finished 例５：Without electricity, human life _____ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be 例６：He was otherwise he_____ to the meeting. A. would have come B. would come C. could come D. had come 例７：We would have made a lot of money, but we halfway A. gave up B. had given up C.would give up D. were to give up ? 错综时间条件句 例８：If I were you, I would not have missed the film last night. 2. (should )+动词原形在某些从句中的应用 ? 1)当宾语从句从的谓语是 suggest, request, insist, desire , demand, propose, order, command, arrange 等动词时,如: 例１：I suggested that we should go there on foot. 注意:当 insist 表示坚持认为之意时, 不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气. 如: 例２：The man insisted that he had never stolen the money ? 2) It is ordered/desired/decided/requested/strange/important/natural/ 等后的主语从句 中 例３：It is desired that we should get everything ready tonight ? 3) advice, idea, order, plan, demand, proposal, suggestion, request 等名词之后的表语 从句和同位语从句中.如: 例４：My suggestion is that we should hold a meeting this evening 3. wish 后的宾与从句中应当用虚拟语气 4. if only 引导的感叹句中 5. as if/as though 引导的状语从句中 6. would rather 后的句子的虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式 7. it is (high) time that ?.句型中, 从句的谓语动词用过去式 四、非谓语动词 1. 不定式 ?不定式的逻辑主语 例１：The road is wild enough for cars to pass by. 例２：It is important for you to work hard. 例３：It is kind of you to help me. ?不定式的时态和语态 例４：The magnificent museum is said _____ about a hundred years ago.34A. to be built C. to have built ?使用不带 to 的不定式B. to have been built D. to have being built1)why not do 表示委婉的建议 例１：Why not_____Professor Li for help? He is kind-hearted and willing to help. A. ask B. you ask C. to ask D. your asking 2)使役动词 have, make, let 的后面接不定式做宾语补足语时，用省 to 的不定式。 例２：The teacher has the students _____ a composition every other week. A. to write B. written C. writing D. write 例３：While he was climbing the high mountain, he had his leg_____ A. broke B. break C. broken D. breaking 例４：There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself_____ A. hearing B. being told C. to hear D. heard 3)表示生理感觉的动词如 see, watch, notice, observe, hear 后面接不定式做宾语补足语时，用 省 to 的不定式。 例５：With tears on her face, the old lady watched the little boy_____ to a hospital. A. send B. to be sent C. being sent D. sending 4)do something but/except do 例６：There is nothing we can do _____ wait. A. but B. rather than C. in spite of C. besides. 5)记住下列不带 to 的短语 can’t but can’t help but had better 2. 动名词 1. 有些动词后面既可以接动名词又可以接不定式，但意思有差异 remember forget regret stop go on mean 2. 后面跟动名词的固定句式 have trouble/problems/difficult doing something feel like spend/waste?doing something can’t help need/deserve/want be worth what about/how about 3. 分词 分词作表语 独立主格结构 例 1：During the discussion, Mr Boyd remained silent when asking his opinion. A B C D 例 2：Your experiment reports must be checked with care before_______ A. handed them in B. them handing in C. being handed in D. handing them in 例３：_______ in the air fuels give off heat. A. T burn B. Burned C. T be burned D. Being burned 五、状语从句 考试重点：351． 时间状语从句 ★ while/ when/ as/ until ★ 一?就? no sooner?than/ hardly?when/ scarcely?when ★ the moment the minute the instant ★ 固定句型 It is/has been ?.since? 1. 原因状语从句 now that in that 条件状语从句 unless as long as provided that 3. 让步状语从句 as though although even if even though while whatever 例 1：If you read the book a second time, and you will probably have quite a different A B C understanding of the events described in it. D 例 2：Hard as he worked, but Mr. Brown couldn’t keep the shop properly. A B C D2.36六、平行结构 and, or, but 比较级 例 1：I enjoy eating in good restaurants and to go to the theater afterwards. A B C D 例２：It usually takes much less time to fly from one country to another than traveling by train. A B C D 例３：The rooms were then empty and most of them have been shut up. A B C D Prefer 引出的平行结构： Prefer something to something Prefer doing something to doing something Prefer to do something rather than do something Prefer 的特殊用法： Prefer somebody to do something e.g : I prefer you to speak English in the class. 1、a number of, the number of a number of +可数名词，谓语用复数，意为许多，大量的?? the number of +可数名词，谓语用单数，意为??的数目 2、able, capable, competent able 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，搭配是 be able to do s.th。 如：A cat is able to see in the dark. （猫在黑暗中能看见东西。） capable 指满足一般要求的能力，搭配是 be capable of +doing。 competent 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. （医生应该能治多种病。） 3、above all；after all； in all above all 意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”，常位于句首或句中，作插入语，起强调 作用。如： But above all tell me quickly what I have to do．可首先快些告诉我该做什么。 after all 意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”，在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句 中或句末。如： After all，your birthday is only two weeks away．毕竟，两周后就是你的生日。 He is，after all，a small child．他毕竟还是个小孩子。 He failed after all．他终于失败了。37at all 用于否定句时，意为“丝毫；根本”，用于疑问句时意为“究竟；到底”，用于条件句时， 常译为“当真；实在”。用于肯定句中，表示说话人的某种情绪或情感（如怀疑或惊奇等），意为 “竟然”等。如： He doesn’t like you at all．他根本不喜欢你。 Are you going to do it at all？你究竟做不做这件事？ If you do it at all，do it well．若你真要做这件事，就得做好。 I was surprised at his coming at all．他竟然来了，我很惊讶。 in all 意为“总共”，既可放在句首，也可放在句末。如： There are 25,000 Inuit in all．(＝In all, there are 25,000 Inuit．) 这儿共有 25,000 因努伊特人。 4、aboard, abroad, board, broad aboard 在船（或飞机，车）上。如：I never went aboard a ship. abroad 副词，在国外或海外。如：He often goes abroad. board 为动词，上（船，飞机，车）。如：The passengers are boarding the plane now. broad 为形容词，宽广的。如：He has very broad shoulders. 5、accept, receive accept 接受，receive“接到”，“收到”。如：I received an invitation yesterday, but I didn’t accept it. （昨天我收到了一个请柬，但并没有接受邀请。） 6、accident, incident, event accident 事故。如：a traffic accident （交通事故） incident“附带事件”，在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件，事变。 event “事件”，指特别重要的事件，通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果，也指国家和社会的 事件。 7-accurate, correct, exact, precise accurate 准确的，精确的。如：Clocks in railway stations should be accurate.（火车站 的钟应该是准确的。） correct“正确的”，指符合一定的标准或准则，含有“无错误的”意味。它的反义词是 incorrect, wrong. exact“精确的”，“恰好的”，比“大体上正确”更进一步，表“丝毫不差”。它的反义词是 inexact。 precise 强调“精确”，“精密”。 8、accuse, charge, sue accuse 指责，指控，常与 of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness. charge 常与 with 搭配。如：The police charged the driver with reckless driving. sue 常与 for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house. 9、acquire, require, inquire acquire 取得，获得，学到。如：acquire knowledge （获得知识） inquire 打听，询问。如：inquire a person’s name（问一个人的姓名） require 需要。如：We require more help. （我们需要更多的帮助。）3810、adopt, adapt adopt （１）收养。如：Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl. （他们自己没有孩子，所以决定收养一个小女孩。）（２）采纳，采用，通 过。如：He adopted our suggestion.（他采纳了我们的建议。） adopt 与 adapt 词形相近，后者的意思是“使适合”，“改编”等。11、advantage, benefit, profit advantage 常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位，机会或时机。如：He had the advantage of good education. （受过良好的教育对他十分有利。） profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如 Did you make any profit last year? （你去年赚钱了 吗？） benefit 指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如：I get no personal benefit from the business. （我个人从这家企业中并不获益。） 12、1affect, effect affect 影响（动词）。如 Smoking affects health. effect 效果，影响（名词）。如：Government policy will not have any effect on us. 13、afford, provide, supply 都有“提供，供给”的意思。 afford 一般只用于抽象事物。 provide 和 supply 意思相同，两个词都和 with 连用，构成 provide /supply somebody with something 的结构。 14、ago, before ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。 before 指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。 例如，I saw him ten minutes ago.我十分钟之前看到的他。 He told me that he had seen the film before.他告诉我他以前看过这场电影。 15、agree on；agree to；agree with agree on 作“就??取得一致意见”解。例如： The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month． 上月，就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。 agree to 有两层含义和用法： 其一是 to 作为动词不定式符号，其后跟动词原形，作“同意（答应）做某事”解。 例如： My father agreed to buy a new pen for me． 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。 其二是 to 作为介词，之后跟表示“计划／条件／建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如： They have a greed to our plan． 他们已同意我们的计划。 agree with 作“同意某人的意见”解，其后可跟表示人的名词或代词，也可跟表示“意见”或“说 的话”的名词或从句。例如： He agreed with my opinions． 他同意了我的意见。 We agreed with what he said at the meeting． 我们同意他在会上讲的话。 16、alive, living, live39alive 指虽有死的可能，但仍活着，一般只作表语。 living 可用于人或物，作定语时可前可后。 live 只做前置定语，用于动物和个别事物前。 17、almost, nearly 一般说来，almost 比 nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始”、“完成” （目标）等。 在 all, every, always 前，两者都可用。如：He is almost (nearly) smoking. （他几乎 每天抽烟。） almost 可同 never, no, nobody, none, nothing 连用，而 nearly 却不能。如：Almost no one believed her. （几乎没人相信他。） 18、alone, lonely alone 只表“独自”的客观状态，没有感情色彩，只作表语；lonely 表“孤独”， ：“寂寞”， 能作定语和表语。如：When she is left alone, she feels lonely. （剩下她一人时她就感 到寂寞。） alone, only 均可表“只有”，但 alone 须置于被修饰词之后，only 往往置于被修饰词前。如： He alone (Only he) can remember the story. （只有他才能记起这段经历。） 19、altogether, all together altogether 总计，总共。如：Altogether there are six of us. （我们总计六人。） all together 全都在一起。如：We played the game all together. （我们大家都一起来玩 游戏吧。） 20、 as 三者均可表示“尽管；虽然”，引导让步状语从句。although 用法较正式，语气较强；though 较常用；as 则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意： ? 状语从句由 although, though 或 as 引导，主句之前不可