英语中同位语语法中定语和同位语的区别?

魔法英语语法:第十章
定语从句[嘉兴英语网]
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魔法英语语法:第十章&&定语从句
第 1 页:关系代词引导的定语从句
第 2 页:关系副引导的定语从句
第 3 页:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
第 4 页:关系代词和关系副词的选用
四、关系代词和关系副词的选用
&& 引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选用,比较复杂除了牵涉到所指的先行词是人还是物,所引导的定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的,以及关系词在从句中充当什么句子成份外,还要根据习惯用法而定。
A.只用who& 在下列情况下,一般不能用that代替who。1.在非限制定语从句中。& His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. & 他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。2.先行词是one, anyone, those时。& One who has nothing to fear for hiself dares to tell the truth. & 一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。& Anyone who breaks the law shall be published.&& & 任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。& Those who are against the plan put up your hands please. & 凡是反对这项计划的人,请举手。3.在therehere be开头的句子中。& Here is a boy who wants to see you. & 有个男孩想见你。4.先词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。& Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know. & 不要把这秘密告诉任何一个不该知道它的人。& I was the only person in my office who was invited.& 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
B. 只用whichwhom& 在下列情况下,一般不能用that代替whichwhom。1.在非限制性定语从句中。& The weather was very terrible, hich we hadn't expected. & 天气非常糟糕,这我们没有料到。2.介词后面。& 关系代词紧跟在介词或短语介词后面,只能用which或whom,不能用that。& He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view. & 他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上,从那里他看到很好的景色。(也可用from where)& Sound is a tool, by means of which people communcate with each other. & 声音是工具,人们通过这个工具进行交流。& & They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. & 他们问了我许多问题,大部分我都不会回答。
C.只用that& 在下列情况下,限制性定语从句中一般只用that引导1.当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等词时,或当先行词被every, any, all,some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。& Everything that they said was true. & 他所说的一切都是真的。& He is dead and there's nothing that can be done. & 他死了,再也没有什么办法了。& There was little that we could do to help her. & 我们没有什么能帮助她的。& These walls are all that remain of the ancint city. & 这些墙是这座古城所残存下来的全部。
提示:& something 后面可用which引导定语从句。& There is something(whichthat) I'd like to tell you.& 有些事我想告诉你。2.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。& The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben. & 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。& She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught. & 她也许是我教学生中学习最勤奋的。3.当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。& This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.& & 这正是我要买的语法书。& Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of. & 美丽是埃米莉唯一能骄傲的东西。4.当先行词为who或前面有who, which等疑问代词时。&& Who that has common sense will believe uch nonsense & 有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情?& Who is the man that is standing by the gate & 站在门口的那个人是谁?& Which is the T-shirt that fits me most & 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?
提示:& 关系词在定语从句中有三大作用1. 连接作用――连接先行词和定语从句。& I gave her all the money that I had.& 我把我所有的钱都给了她。(that 连接先特词 money和定语从句I had)& 2. 替代作用――在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。& The man who lives nest door is a famous teacher.&& 住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。(who 替代the man)& 3. 成分作用――在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。& I like picrures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style.&&&& 我喜欢传统的中国画。(which在定语从句中作主语)&& 5.当先行词为人与事物或动物时。& The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered. & 掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。& The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 被认为& 在森林里迷路的孩子与狗,今天早上已经获救了。& 6.先行词在定语从句中做表语时。& She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be. & 她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。& He is not the man (that) he seems. & 他这人不貌相。
D.关系副词与关系代词的选择
& 当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时,定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导,要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。& I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. & 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。(when作状语)& I will never forget the days which we spent together. & 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。(whic作we spent宾语)& I know a place where we can have a picnic. & 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。(where作状语)& & I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. & 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。(which作主语)
E.关系词的省略
& 在下列情况下,关系代词或关系副词在非正式文体中可以省略。& 1.关系代词that, which, who, whom在定语从句中做宾语时,常可省略。& Are these keys (that which) you were looking for & 这是你正在寻找的钥匙吗?& The man (whothat) I was sitting net to on the plane talked all the time. & 飞机上坐在我旁边的那个人一直在喋喋不休。2.以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略。& I don't like the way (that in which) she walks. & 我不喜欢她走路的样子。& The way (that in which) he answered the questions was surprising. & 他回答这些问题的方式令惊奇。3.在the time when, the place where, the reason why结构中,when, where, why可省略。& I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. & 我永远不能忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。& That's the place (where) he stayed when he was in the country. & 那就是他在乡下呆过的地方。
F.定语从句与强调句型的区别
1.强调句型中的it是个引导词,本身没有意义。如果去掉it iswasthat,句子结构仍然完整,句意也完整。定语从句中的it是指示代词,做主句的主语。如果去掉it iswasthat,句子结构不完整,意思也完整。& It is a question that needs careful consideration.& 这是一个需要慎重考虑的问题。(定语从句)& It is novels that she enjoys reading.(强调句型)& 她喜欢阅读的是小说。(=She enjoys reading novels)
2.在强调句中被强调的部分还可以是副词、介词短语或从句;在定语从句中先行词一般是名词、代词或名词短语。& It was because she was ill that we decided t return. (强调句型)& 正是因为她生病了,我们才决定回来。& Was it in this palace that the last emperor died (强调句型)& 那位末朝皇帝是在这个宫殿里死的吗?& Was it this palace where the last emperor died (定语从句)& 这是那位末朝皇帝死的宫殿吗?
3.有些强调句型中含有一个定语从句,这往往给理解带来一定的难度。解决方法是仔细分析that或who在句中的作用。& It was in the labthat was set up last year that they finished the experiment.& 他们是在去年建造的实验室里完成这个实验的。(that was set up last year 是定语从句,that在从句中作主语,并可被which替换)& It was the students who came from our school that won the first prize in the contest. & 是来自我们学校的学生获得了竞赛一等奖。(who came rom our school 是定语从句,who在从句中作主语)
G.定语从句与同位语从句的区别
& 1.定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,起限定作用。而同位语从句等同于它所修饰的名词,是名词性的,其功能是对所修饰的名词作补充说明。& It is a fact (that) you can't deny.& 这是一个你不能否认的事实。(定语从句)& It is a fact that she has done her best.& 她尽了最大的努力,这是事实。(同位语从句)
& 2.在定语从句中,that代先行词,在从句中不仅起连接作用,还充当某个句子成分,在作宾语时通常可省略。而在同位语从句中,that只起连接主句和从句的作用,无意义,在从句中不充当句子成分,一般不可省。& The news (that) we heard spread all over the school campus.& 我们听到的消息传遍了校园。(定语从句)& The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.& 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。(同位从句)&&&&&[4]&
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英语中定语从句和同位语从句有什么区别?
越详细越好啦我分不清
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that 在从句中作 gave 的宾语)The fact that they didn’t finish the work has to be faced:The news that he told me just now is true。如,thought;而同位语从句是名词性从句,其作用相当于一个名词,when,不作任何句子成分)5,thought,所用的引导词也不完全一样. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题.我通过了考试这一消息是真的,我一到北京就给你写信。(定语从句)I make a promise that I will write to you as soon as I get to Beijing:The news is that he won the first place。如:The factory which &#47。可以引导定语从句的连接词有 that,idea,suggestion。如,引导两种从句的连接词也不完全一样.必须面对事实,他今天下午不能来看你了,可用“主 + 系 + 表”结构来表示。如。(同位语从句)6,而同位语从句前没有相应的名词,则是,who. 定语从句的先行词可以是各类名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释。(同位语从句)2,他们没有完成工作,不作任何句子成分,fact、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面:if,whose。(同位语从句)4。(定语从句,possibility等。但是,doubt。 如,即限定它前面的名词范围。)如,word(消息):The news that he won the first place is true,whom.我许诺。如,where.我仍记得我第一次来北京的那一天,which 不能引导同位语从句;而同位语从句中的引导词在从句中起连接作用,而被别的词隔开,hope.我将履行两年前许下的诺言。 四,how 等,where 和 why 在引导定语从句和同位语从句时,message,或补充一些情况。(同位语从句)跟同位语从句的名词通常有new。1,question,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。(定语从句)The news that I have passed the exam is true. 引导定语从句的连接词有时可以省去。3,即说明它前面名词的内容,why 等,二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系,fact。(同位语从句,连接副词 how。因此,when,suggestion. 定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分.他赢得冠军的消息是真的,其句法功能相当于一个形容词,when,question。(定语从句)I’ve come from Mr Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon、宾语,hope,word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them. 几年以后,where等,它们的共同点是引导词在这两种从句中都可以充当状语同位语从匈与定语从句的区别. 定语从句是形容词从句: l have no idea When he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来. 同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系. when:I still remember the day when (=on which) I first came to Beijing,which。如。(注,而引导同位语从句的连接词则不可省去,与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,引导从句解释 fact 的内容,promise,whether,possibility 等少数几个: I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那里来.他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊,可作主语。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to if or not。(定语从句)I have no idea when she will be back,而可跟同位语从句的名词通常只是 news.我从王先生那里得知一个消息, that we visited yesterday is a chemical one,doubt。 英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that,与前面的名词是同位关系.那个消息是他赢得了冠军、状语等.我们昨天参观的那家工厂是化工厂.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。如、地点和原因状语的名词.我不知道她何时才会回来,whether:The idea that he gave surprises many people,message,分别为表示时间,定语从句前有相应的先行词, that 在从句中只起连接作用,promise,而定语从句则没有这种关系,where: Several years later。可以引导同位从句的连接词有 that。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。(同位语从句)若用“主 + 系 + 表”结构来表示:I’ll keep the promise (that &#47,有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们; which) I made two years ago。 它们在句中的句法功能不同
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不是宾语就是主语.idea 是先行词。 比如 I carry out the plan that leads to success。 比如 The idea that we carry out the plan is under progress,同位语从句一定由that 连接. plan 是先行词 that 引导了定语从句,后面成分完整,而plan 做定语从句的主语 同位语从句的先行词是和句子一致的,与后面的that 引导的同位语从句属于并列关系我给你讲一个简单的。 定语从句 的先行词一定会在定语从句中做一个成分的
定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明它前面名词的内容;而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况。如: The news that l hove passed the exam is true.我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 (同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。) The news that he told me just now is true.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 (定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用,即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息。) 2、引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成份,而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除起连接作用外,还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如: The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。(that在从句中不充当任何成份。) The idea that he gave surprises many people.他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。 (that在从句中作gave的宾语。)
定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用,有主次关系,先行词可为任何名词.同位语从句和前面的名词是并列关系,前面的名词一般包含着内容,如NEWS.定语从句引导词在从句中充当某种句子成分,同位语从句引导词在从句中不担当任何成分.
定语从句中that/which/where/when等先行词作从句中成分,同位语从句中that不作从句的成分。
同位语从句解释的是前面先行词的内容,而定语从句是对先行词的解释和说明
在定语从句中THAT做成分,而在同位语从句中THAT不做成分.
参考资料:
中学语法大全
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