MSDS Number: X2000 --- Effective Date: 09/08/97
Product Identification
Synonyms: Dimethyl benzene, xylol, methyltoluene
Molecular Weight: 106.17
Chemical Formula: C6H4(CH3)2
Product Codes:
J.T. Baker:
Mallinckrodt:
2. Composition/Information on Ingredients
Ingredient
---------------------------------------
------------
Ethyl Benzene
3. Hazards Identification
Emergency Overview
--------------------------
DANGER! HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED. VAPOR HARMFUL. AFFECTS CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM. CAUSES SEVERE EYE IRRITATION. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN AND
RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY BE HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. CHRONIC
EXPOSURE CAN CAUSE ADVERSE LIVER, KIDNEY, AND BLOOD EFFECTS. FLAMMABLE
LIQUID AND VAPOR.
J.T. Baker SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Health Rating:
2 - Moderate
Flammability Rating:
3 - Severe (Flammable)
Reactivity Rating:
Contact Rating:
2 - Moderate
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES; LAB COAT; VENT HOOD; PROPER GLOVES; CLASS
Storage Color Code:
Red (Flammable)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Potential Health Effects
----------------------------------
Inhalation:
Inhalation of vapors may be irritating to the nose and throat. Inhalation
of high concentrations may result in nausea, vomiting, headache, ringing in
the ears, and severe breathing difficulties which may be delayed in onset.
Substernal pain, cough, and hoarseness are also reported. High vapor
concentrations are anesthetic and central nervous system depressants.
Ingestion:
Ingestion causes burning sensation in mouth and stomach, nausea, vomiting
and salivation. Minute amounts aspirated into the lungs can produce a
severe hemorrhagic pneumonitis with severe pulmonary injury or death.
Skin Contact:
Skin contact results in loss of natural oils and often results in a
characteristic dermatitis.
May be absorbed through the skin.
Eye Contact:
Vapors cause eye irritation. Splashes cause severe irritation, possible
corneal burns and eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Chronic inhalation can cause headache, loss of appetite, nervousness and
pale skin. Repeated or prolonged skin contact may cause a skin rash.
Repeated exposure of the eyes to high concentrations of vapor may cause
reversible eye damage. Repeated exposure can damage bone marrow, causing
low blood cell count. May damage the liver and kidneys.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired
liver, kidney, blood, or respiratory function may be more susceptible to
the effects of the substance.
4. First Aid Measures
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Call a physician immediately.
Ingestion:
Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, vomiting may occur spontaneously, but DO
NOT INDUCE. If vomiting occurs, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration
into lungs. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Call a
physician immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15
minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical
attention.
Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes,
lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention
immediately.
5. Fire Fighting Measures
Flash point: 29C (84F) CC Autoignition temperature: 464C (867F) Flammable limits in air % by volume:
lel: 1.0; uel: 7.0
Explosion:
Above flash point, vapor-air mixtures are explosive within flammable limits
noted above. Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire. Sealed
containers may rupture when heated. Sensitive to static discharge.
Fire Extinguishing Media:
Dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide. Water spray may be used to keep fire
exposed containers cool, dilute spills to nonflammable mixtures, protect
personnel attempting to stop leak and disperse vapors.
Special Information:
In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and NIOSH-approved
self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in the
pressure demand or other positive pressure mode. Vapors can flow along
surfaces to distant ignition source and flash back.
6. Accidental Release Measures
Ventilate area of leak or spill. Remove all sources of ignition. Wear
appropriate personal protective equipment as specified in Section 8.
Isolate hazard area. Keep unnecessary and unprotected personnel from
entering. Contain and recover liquid when possible. Use non-sparking tools
and equipment. Collect liquid in an appropriate container or absorb with an
inert material (e. g., vermiculite, dry sand, earth), and place in a
chemical waste container. Do not use combustible materials, such as saw
dust. Do not flush to sewer! If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water
spray to disperse the vapors, to protect personnel attempting to stop leak,
to flush spills away from exposures. US Regulations (CERCLA) require
reporting spills and releases to soil, water and air in excess of
reportable quantities. The toll free number for the US Coast Guard National
Response Center is (800) 424-8802.
J. T. Baker SOLUSORB(tm) solvent adsorbent is recommended for
spills of this product.
7. Handling and Storage
Protect against physical damage. Store in a cool, dry well-ventilated
location, away from any area where the fire hazard may be acute. Outside or
detached storage is preferred. Separate from incompatibles. Containers
should be bonded and grounded for transfers to avoid static sparks. Storage
and use areas should be No Smoking areas. Use non-sparking type tools and
equipment, including explosion proof ventilation. Containers of this
material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues
(vapors, liquid); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the
product. Do Not attempt to clean empty containers since residue is
difficult to remove. Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder, drill,
grind or expose such containers to heat, sparks, flame, static electricity
or other sources of ignition: they may explode and cause injury or death.
8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Airborne Exposure Limits:
-OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL):
100 ppm (TWA) xylene
100 ppm (TWA) ethylbenzene -ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV):
100 ppm (TWA) 150 ppm (STEL) xylene
Carcinogen Category (xylene):
100 ppm (TWA) 125 ppm (STEL) ethyl benzene
Ventilation System:
A system of local and/or general exhaust is recommended to keep employee
exposures below the Airborne
Exposure Limits. Local exhaust ventilation is generally preferred because
it can control the emissions of the contaminant at its source, preventing
dispersion of it into the general work area. Please refer to the ACGIH
document, Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practices,
most recent edition, for details. Use explosion-proof equipment.
Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved):
If the exposure limit is exceeded, a half-face organic vapor respirator may
be worn for up to ten times the exposure limit or the maximum use
concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency or respirator
supplier, whichever is lowest.
A full-face piece organic vapor respirator
may be worn up to 50 times the exposure limit or the maximum use
concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency or respirator
supplier, whichever is lowest. For emergencies or instances where the
exposure levels are not known, use a full-face piece positive-pressure,
air-supplied respirator. WARNING: Air-purifying respirators do not protect
workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
Skin Protection:
Wear impervious protective clothing, including boots, gloves, lab coat,
apron or coveralls, as appropriate, to prevent skin contact.
Eye Protection:
Use chemical safety goggles and/or a full face shield where splashing is
possible. Maintain eye wash fountain and quick-drench facilities in work
9. Physical and Chemical Properties
The following physical data is for xylene.
Appearance:
Clear, colorless liquid.
Characteristic odor.
Solubility:
Insoluble in water.
Specific Gravity:
0.86 @ 20C/4C
Not applicable.
% Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F):
Boiling Point:
137 - 140C (279 - 284F)
Melting Point:
-25C (-13F)
Vapor Density (Air=1):
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg):
8 @ 20C (68F)
Evaporation Rate (BuAc=1):
10. Stability and Reactivity
Stability:
Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Involvement in a fire causes formation of carbon monoxide and unidentified
organic components.
Hazardous Polymerization:
Will not occur.
Incompatibilities:
Strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
Conditions to Avoid:
Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles.
11. Toxicological Information
Toxicological Data:
Xylene: oral rat LD50: 4300 mg/ inhalation rat LC50: 5000 ppm/4H; skin
rabbit LD50: > 1700 mg/ Irritation eye rabbit: 87 mg mild (Std. Draize);
irritation skin rabbit 500 mg/24 moderate (Std. Draize); investigated as a
tumorigen, mutagen, reproductive effector.
Ethyl benzene: oral rat
LD50: 3500 mg/ skin rabbit LD50: 17800 uL/ investigated as a
tumorigen, mutagen, reproductive effector.
Reproductive Toxicity:
cause teratogenic effects.
--------\Cancer Lists\------------------------------------------------------
---NTP Carcinogen---
Ingredient
Anticipated
IARC Category
------------------------------------
-----------
-------------
m-Xylene (108-38-3)
o-Xylene (95-47-6)
p-Xylene (106-42-3)
Ethyl Benzene (100-41-4)
Ecological Information
Environmental Fate:
Following data for xylene: When released into the soil, this material may
evaporate to a moderate extent. When released into the soil, this material
is expected to leach into groundwater. When released into the soil, this
material may biodegrade to a moderate extent. When released into water,
this material may evaporate to a moderate extent. When released into water,
this material may biodegrade to a moderate extent. When released into the
air, this material may be moderately degraded by reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. When released into the air,
this material is expected to have a half-life of less than 1 day. This
material is not expected to significantly bioaccumulate. (mixed xylenes:
octanol / water partition coefficient 3.1 - 3.2;
bioconcentration factor =
1.3, eels)
Environmental Toxicity:
For xylene: This material is expected to be slightly toxic to aquatic life.
The LC50/96-hour values for fish are between 10 and 100 mg/l.
Disposal Considerations
Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be handled as
hazardous waste and sent to a RCRA approved incinerator or disposed in a
RCRA approved waste facility. Processing, use or contamination of this
product may change the waste management options. State and local disposal
regulations may differ from federal disposal regulations.
Dispose of container and unused contents in accordance with federal, state
and local requirements.
Transport Information
Domestic (Land, D.O.T.)
-----------------------
Proper Shipping Name:
Hazard Class:
Packing Group:
Information reported for product/size: 398LB
International (Water, I.M.O.)
-----------------------------
Proper Shipping Name: XYLENES
Hazard Class:
Packing Group: III
Information reported for product/size: 398LB
Regulatory Information
--------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 1\---------------------------------
Ingredient
-----------------------------------------------
m-Xylene (108-38-3)
o-Xylene (95-47-6)
p-Xylene (106-42-3)
Ethyl Benzene (100-41-4)
--------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 2\---------------------------------
--Canada--
Ingredient
-----------------------------------------------
m-Xylene (108-38-3)
o-Xylene (95-47-6)
p-Xylene (106-42-3)
Ethyl Benzene (100-41-4)
--------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 1\----------------
-SARA 302-
------SARA 313------
Ingredient
Chemical Catg.
-----------------------------------------
--------------
m-Xylene (108-38-3)
o-Xylene (95-47-6)
p-Xylene (106-42-3)
Ethyl Benzene (100-41-4)
--------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 2\----------------
Ingredient
-----------------------------------------
m-Xylene (108-38-3)
o-Xylene (95-47-6)
p-Xylene (106-42-3)
Ethyl Benzene (100-41-4)
Chemical Weapons Convention:
TSCA 12(b):
SARA 311/312:
Acute: Yes
Chronic: Yes
Fire: Yes Pressure: No
Reactivity: No
(Mixture / Liquid)
Australian Hazchem Code:
Poison Schedule: No information found.
This MSDS has been prepared according to the hazard criteria of
the Controlled Products Regulations (CPR) and the MSDS contains
all of the information required by the CPR.
Other Information
NFPA Ratings:
Flammability: 3
Reactivity: 0
Label Hazard Warning:
DANGER! HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED. VAPOR HARMFUL. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM. CAUSES SEVERE EYE IRRITATION. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN AND
RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY BE HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. CHRONIC EXPOSURE
CAN CAUSE ADVERSE LIVER, KIDNEY, AND BLOOD EFFECTS. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND
Label Precautions:
Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Keep container closed. Use only with adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing vapor. Wash thoroughly after handling.
Label First Aid:
Aspiration hazard.
If swallowed, vomiting may occur spontaneously, but DO
NOT INDUCE.
If vomiting occurs, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration
into lungs.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Call a
physician immediately. If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing,
give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. In case
of contact, immediately flush eyes or skin with plenty of water for at least
15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing
before reuse. In all cases get medical attention immediately.
Product Use:
Laboratory Reagent.
Revision Information:
Disclaimer:
************************************************************************************************
Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. provides the information contained herein in
good faith but makes no representation as to its comprehensiveness or accuracy.
This document is intended only as a guide to the appropriate precautionary
handling of the material by a properly trained person using this product.
Individuals receiving the information must exercise their independent judgment
in determining its appropriateness for a particular purpose. MALLINCKRODT
BAKER, INC. MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION SET FORTH HEREIN OR THE
PRODUCT TO WHICH THE INFORMATION REFERS. ACCORDINGLY, MALLINCKRODT BAKER, INC.
WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM USE OF OR RELIANCE UPON THIS
INFORMATION.
************************************************************************************************
Prepared by: Strategic Services Division
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中南大学2012年考博英语真题
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A) authors B) misapprehensions C) genres D) intentions 15' The first explorer California by land was JedediahStrong Smith, a trapper who crossed southwestern the deserts the united statesin 1g26. of A) that he destined B) to reach C)had stretched D) who approached 16-Not surprisingly, people in the northern part of the country ,where the work ethic and the climatepush the paceof life ever upward, permanenfly in the fast lane. *A) reside B) concede C)tick D) wrest 17' Although biological methods of pest control are now available to committed organic gardeners,there are few ofus who never needto the useof chemicals. ''A)futiIeB) sincereD) pick up C) size up B) refer to A) resort to overcomehis or her own 1g. The philosofher claimed that a person who must consciously than one whose basic indifference before helping another is behaving more nobly ' dispositionallows such an act to be performedwithout C) duplicity @) deliberation B) comment A) enthusiasm facts with equal devotion to 19. 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A) 39.A)BothW&h incomeB) aⅡy R狂B) B) keep B)ngat cause(40%)C) property C)D) D)40.Part Ⅱ^OsOIveRea山CompreheⅡ sonDkectoⅡs:刀 比 rC四″ 〃 c 讠 刀 o g ″ s ‘￡ o r 彳脚 Fr,'nⅡ 5〃 四d讠g`州 sqg贺 加仂 打 `口砾纟 'Dy E四c力 `弱 σ gε 打 /oJJ9,I,纟 fo〃 四r 虍 ' 乃 彳r 「 。 〃 ″ F g r ″` c J 冫 ″ 四 纟 Ⅱ , 马 C C 仂 ' J ″诳 F o ` 绍 h 9 F纟 仂 纟 ″ε 纟 f r” “ 滋 昭g招 招 Γ 口刀 rrCfJ,,″ crl仂 纟 C口 JC△ 泌 仂 召 jcs’ 9招纟 F,o'〃 ″力jc乃〃″ 洳 0加 yoⅡ 业 口J a 仂召 r 乃 召 讹 / 硒W ε s ‘ r ″ q s 汛 k J 口仂 r J r g 召c ″ 臼 g ‰Passage1 Terab【 fate Ⅲ i‘ awfuI at events由 aⅡ d ’ of roⅡ s EⅡ everyone empIoyees nust agrees【 haVe I wⅡ be a dmark IaⅡ owed aⅡ to in 血 bu峦 ess Btory,oⅡ e hi￡ urge of kⅡ Ver ebeⅡ happeⅡ aga二 。Th、 meⅡ retirρ t Ⅱ ot bedabIe uⅡ derstaⅡ deⅡ lise the of roⅡ EⅡⅡ obIe:thousands But ng rnaⅡ of thelostuaⅡ y aⅡ their Vi1竹 s happeⅡ汀th savimgs ⅥthestocksureeVer it Ⅱn agaiⅡ Ⅱ aye possibIe,becau§ larger of it thaⅡdden sⅡimpoverishment rⅡ tⅡ inron those EⅡ dhg unwiⅡwOrkers σf onerepresentssomethiⅡ g evens Ⅱ seems。It’ theatest ceⅡ tury. The the promisee oftⅡ Ⅱ ostaudacious1ise proⅡthe20thW a ss u r e d a§ecouomk-even seCuri印ˉ f c0mfo“ or began in住a esseⅡ lly the19th fear IasteVeryone ith becamedeVeloped torId。 乃饣th 、 wρ athe xplosion ρ Ⅱ y possibⅡ no e oⅡofweaIth,that had dared tocentury atpossibIe of to daⅡ yk about thi△The l before。 dreaⅡ atthe ter ceⅡ its powerce IiviⅡ siⅡ gIack caVemaⅡ daysˉ pmmise and h⒒offoodwould WarFLth,sheIterˉloset e r r 玛T h a t 宀remarkab1e forbecamer e a I i t yy hW a y s 。 o v e m m e m t s maⅡ G pmghms pay forthe (sociaI elderˇcreated security hWelfare thesystemsa n ye e d one promisedseparateU 。 ) 。L a b o r s。b uⅡ nsy n o t lo Ⅱ b e t t e r hto gforwOrkersⅡ b u t s i os f o r also pe卩 some Cases the W a s aGia retirees。 Ⅱt o f p r o m i s ← fundamentaI Ⅱ that■ ost staⅡce uⅢcorporationsCamed bo△ oremd aⅡthep o sⅢ 山 y - i n sth Ⅱt 血 e chaⅡ ge ast p I e m p l o y m e Ⅱ u s in how mⅢ ons of ing u a ~ p e 卫 e 四 T h e r a n t s . s Ⅱ appmached fe Ⅱe e f f C u m u I a t 加 e c t reversaI tude Of att∶ rson’ s beCame, apeopIeitsel1aranke oⅡ ofest the1arε【 lⅡ humaⅡ history.For【 lenⅡia had 。 UI△mateIy beeⅡ mo口 I’ mythe verage匹 EⅡ ittOwardproVidiⅡ for g care takeⅡ thehinlseIf The o△own。 Now bemateIy Ⅱ I’be Came inearˇⅡnts had、 that伍 promiseht m电⒒ broⅡ oⅡ andIargescales。 lu。 business 1980s。 hugebecome Ⅱ ⅡcompetiJVe trend aCCeIerated ’ s Ia'oⅡ Ⅱ oˉglobaⅡ y imbegan as therestructuriⅡ massˇ e1y,With g basJoⅡ s of ⒑ co△ rate ofT LayofFs。 hethe1990swelfarefaced suchreality.BM ded△ eⅡ a thiⅡ g dmplypolhy.AT&T a few Werenred of whom inthousands,many ⅡWhomfoundhcomprehensibIG,and of our omh ecoⅡThe lIed山 emselVes。o山 ersupposed d aⅡtors guaraⅡ power to feⅡseCurityaIsouⅡ iou Ⅱ Ⅱ embership Labourˉ decⅡ ⒒e。 CIinton ed sigⅡ a to h、 ric sc Ⅱ biⅡ aⅡgtheirlowestt decades。 leVe1s iⅡ PresideⅡ that so0al securitybackAmer welfare。 icans a n y o freaILed u s 。 makev i w ρ t : r ° d ? s o c i a l F ’ A less ible v、 buts e c u r i ~ f o r incaⅡt sigⅡ d treⅡ aequaIlyaffect0dons。To pen茁costseasier themto toies coⅡ troI,compaⅡmoVedaWaye1beⅡ ef1t from ⅡdeⅡsion pe⒒ch s,wh二 pIa△obIigate+payoutspeciied nluchamountsyears play、 the￡ ture,to iⅡ today.ThedennepIans,which contributioⅡ ofV specⅡonIyhoWto goes iⅡtheype mostcommon】contribuJoⅡ plan nedˉ de￡【 I丨 fT苜 I$揣 罗 嬲 苗 ∶ 鞯 FlⅠ lL∶ 丿 I发 翟且 橡 ;IJ∶ 1I、 找l e deterⅡ iⅡ Those how much s worth it’ when the employee Which briⅡ gs retires。 us back ron? to EⅡ biI1ions of ars in doⅡ ed Vapor弦 how a retirement noⅡ ey much【 to 401tk,accouⅡts. savings t in0mployees’ weⅡ put into cⅡose those ts and theⅡ aCCou⒒ hoW with That1s,the to“Vest company that employees chose it.Enron matched Certain to e Was everyoⅡ as a going s401(1I9contributiou proportion of eaCh emp1qyee’but hs° me EnroⅡ in hk or her poHfoⅡ end|pw⒒ nothing compeIs aisance the延 the401tk9? 型 l殳 肛ofthat the401Ck9芯 itputsmostoff ili饣or a the respons山stock,so becouldregarded 。 aⅡ Atfreebie,sinCe speciaIs contribuJoⅡ shareho1ders promptiⅡg aCcounts stock But by was faratleast top totWOfeaturesroⅡ Cate the]EⅡ compⅡ thecompany to match empIoyee First,some case。chargemanagement WheⅡ compaⅡ yegaIly with Ⅲ theycoVeriⅡ up g haveiⅡvestorshaⅡ oⅡ gshould plansold.problems, ’ roⅡ s 401tk【 second, EⅡ thecompan`sWere1ocked ing,so faⅡ thee WhⅡ theged chaⅡistrators October,when iⅡ admiⅡ their ts ifthgy accOuⅡ wanted to。employees causQot Ⅱ cQuId haVe of thiscIosedIargesthumanthat thousands tragedy、ofemPloyeesWereheaviIy stockhed overWe电 h thanr EⅡ om in枉 aⅡ stock⒒ yhadof placed100(‰ theyk9a§ th0r401【 sets of werethe iⅡratherVestment options the18other iⅡdid。 disaster ist course that wasn’ orered。prudent,but The EⅡs Whatsome it’l oftheⅡroⅡ’ empIoyees’ re】rement socurity.part suchof athelarger fromtrendawayfrolmteed guara⒒ agaiⅡ mayo ecoⅡ Ⅱ 1ics why That’preveⅡJngthingeVer tooking happeⅡ at Ieast abeThe impossibIe。 nay baCk【 assured th0r but iⅡhugeattitudinal t to shⅡ ascare-of takeⅡ ˉ I⒈ I’beˉTheshⅡ generation。 of empIoy0es seetakejust economic e boⅡ st It Iong。Won’ be asa⒒eW compIetρ untⅡgeneratioⅡ notcomfort mostcentu1γquir△ and a20thˉ mosttimes iⅡd understaⅡjust“ teI1ectuaIlyoⅡ their owⅡ 。m that,ⅢpeopIeandre p1aCes,they’41.Accordingtothepassage,thecombined Comforterortsby a fe ⅡmeⅡ ts,Iayout Ⅱ ⅡioⅡs goverⅡ incaⅡt sigⅡ styIes VaIues a c△ ⒒ ge inaⅡdbig .corporations A)peopIe,stooⅡ tee guara⒒ eco⒒ liC Ⅱ fe oⅡed haVe【 to s soutIookB)people’ D)people’ were aIs。 part'i【 hg ,eople,sl加 、 、 !~;))冫 42.Changes A)the iⅡ嘤 ⒑standard 】~芒 hPm￡ ssociaIof_______? govern△ wamhg 1ent cuts Welfare iⅡ spendi⒒ gcorporateoffs IayˉB)the D)theC|11s Ⅱ c。 omic 巡9)the。 43,Thousa⒒ds of restructurhg poWer oflabors u“ because vestm0nt so1e iⅡ mahly opth口empIoyeesmⅡ chose EⅡ asth0rA ) t h e 4 0 1 ( k 9 m a dp o n s i b l e §f o r e t h e m r e B)EⅡ ron ofered to add Company cut a stock back tot h e i ro W nf u t u r et theirinvestmeⅡ spendingC)their D)EⅡ 44.Whichemployers offerded inteⅡ to toonpension p1anron9s ismilar was∮ as abeⅡ dennedˉ eⅡ tT NC冫 seen assetslessondisaster? n the drawn fro△ EnroⅡ aⅡ oⅡ e hVestment for to opt0n。A)401(kJshouId tomore山 d“ b0pIa∞ takePrB)En1p1oyeeshaVesibiIities up respoⅡthemse1ves。 Change n s ⅡⅡ二 d 。 people’∫t easy C ) s u c h e v e Ⅱt s C O u I d h a p p e n
n °D) Economicsecurity won't be taken for granted by future young workers. will 45. Why doesthe author say at the beginning&The miserablefate of Enron's employees history...&? be a landmark in business the A) Because companyhas gonebankrupt. B) Becausesuch eventswould never happen again. C) Becausemany Enron workers lost their retirement savings' it D) Because signifiesa turning point in economicsecurity. 2 Passage the Statins are a classof drugs that work to decrease level of cholesterolin the blood. They are able to perform this function by effectively btocking the cholesterol-producing enzyme in the liver. In recent years, statins have increased in utility and popularity. Although a certain amount of cholesterolis imperative for the human body to function, an elevated level can cause a precarious situation in the body. Cholesterol affixes itself to arteries, lining them and inhibiting btood flow. Since less blood can travel through those encumberedarteries, the blood flow to the heart is adversely affected. Scientists have found that the walls of arteries in the body can become inflamed from this plaque buildup. In many instances,the end result of this decreasedblood supply and inflammation is a heart the a attack - sometimes fatal one. In other cases blood supply to the brain is compromised by the ptaque buildup, often causing a stroke. Decreasedblood flow to the legs can causeleg pains or cramps.In short, arterial plaque buildup is never a healthy situation. Statins diminish the amount of cholesterol generated by the body. Although the drugs are not always able to reduce the amount of plaque that may already be clogging arteries' they can slow the production of new plaque. The drugs are also able to stabilize the plaques that are already present and make them lesslikely to causeproblems in the body. Lowered doesnot guaranteethat a heart attack won't occur' but statin use will lower the cholesterol risk for most patients.Not everyonewho has a heart attgck has high cholesterollevels'but most do have plaque formations on their arteries. It shoutd be noted that the plaque is not always formed by high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Statins are generally prescribed by doctors for people with elevated cholesterol levels. As the mean weight of the American Millions of men so populationhas risenn has the number of individualswith high cholesterol. and women in this country are prescribed statins in an effort to decreasethe amount of cholesterolin their blood. Remarkably, theseeffects can be seenin as little as two weeks after beginninga statin regime. 46. Which of the following is suggestedabout the American population? A) Their life expectancyhas decreasedin the past few decades' deathsin the United States. B) There are a record number of heart disease levels' C) Their diet may be affectingtheir cholesterol D)They want an easyfix for a difficult problem. that statins'job is primarily to-' 47.Theauthor concedes A) stow the production of cholesterolin the body B) eliminatethe possibility of a heart aftack the C) inerease amount of blood flowing to the heart' ‘冫in D) attack the cholesterol the human body Ot---E=-. the 48. The author organizes passageA) enumerating reasonswhy statins are useful drugs B) debatingthe importance of statins C) criticizing theAmerican public,s diet and health D) outlining ways to reducecholesterolin the blood 49. The author's main point is that_ A) heart attacks are not the only danger ofhigh cholesterol B) statins can diminish the amount of cholesterol the blood in C) most peoplehave plaque buildup in their arteries D) statins are not able to decrease amount of plaque lining the arteries the Passage 3 Several hundred million years ago, plants similar to modern ferns covered yast stretches of the land. Some wer as large as trees,nched at the top of trunks as straight as pillars. Others were the size of bushes and formed thickets of me undergrowth. Still others lived in the shade of giant club mossesand horsetails along the edgesof swampy lagoonswhere giant amphibiansswam. A great number of these plants were true ferns, reproducing themselveswithout fruits or seeds. Others had only the appearance of ferns. Their leaves had organs of sexual reproduction and produced seeds.Although their &flowers& did not have corollas thesefalse ferns (today completely extinct) ushered in the era of flowering plants. Traces of thqseflora of the earliest times have been preserved in the form of fossils. Such traces are most commonlyfound in shaleand sandstone rocks wedgedbetweencoal beds. Today only tropical forests bear living proof of the ancient greatness of ferns. The speciesthat grow there are no longer those of the Carboniferous period, but their variety and vast numbers, and the great size of some, remind us of the time when ferns ruled the plant kingdom. 50. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristicof the plants describedin the passage? A) They oncespreadover large areasof land. B) They varied greatly in size. coexistedwith amphibians, mosses, and horsetails.D) They clungto treetrunks and bushes support for 51.What does passage the mainlydiscuss?A) Plant reproduction. 9An Passage 4 ancient form of plant life. B) How to locate fossils. D) Tropical plant life.Q;fheyChlorine is a mainstay in most swimming pools in the United States, and is used to eradicatebacteria. A bacteria-freepool will usually ensurethat swimmers won't contract a serious illness if they spend time in, and possibly ingest, the water. When chlorine is added to pool water, a chemical reaction occurs whereby the chlorine breaks down into a legion of chemicals that combine to kill bacteria that may be in the water. These chemicals, specificallyhypochlorousacid and hypochlorite ion, eliminate bacteria by annihilating and then oxidizing the abhorrent cells. When this chemical reaction occurs, the bacteria are renderedessentially harmless.This chemicalreactiondoesn't occur immediately- individual [, componentswithin chlorine take varying amounts of time to interact with the bacteria, 1creating an almost time.release-typeof kill in the pool water. Chlorine must be regularly replenished. As they react, the hypochlorous acid and pH hypochlorite ion combine to create a particular acceptable level in the pool water. A pH a is a measureof the alkalinify a pII value of 7 represents neutral value, regularly monitored to snd 7.4 is the pH value of the human tear. The pH ratio must be ensure a consistentoptimum rate - one usually kept within the spectrum of 7 to I as measured by a reliable pH measuring kit. As the chemicals in chlorine complete their reactions,they break down and are no longer effective in keeping the pool water neutralized. Additional chlorine must be added to water at specific times. Outdoor pools that are in the direct sunlight need to have water added more often because chemical reaction time for chlorine is increased and its effectiveness is reduced in these conditions. Since the hypochlorite ion is an especiallypotent chemical capableof fading fabrics and paint most people are meticulous about rinsing chlorine from potentially affected areas. Although chlorine is inexpensive and widely available, some people find the bleach smell to be repugnant and the distinct aroma present at many swimming pools to be overwhelming. Thesepeoplemay not be able to enjoy aquatic pursuits in those pools that employ chlorine as a cleansingagent. Other people may find that inhaling chlorine at the high levelspresent around some pools may be difficult to tolerate. Still others may experience skin irritation after swimming in a pool containing chlorine. Although there are other chemicals and compounds available to clean swimming pools, they may be prohibitively expensive or incapable of killing all types of bacteria present in the water. a 52. According to the passage, stablepH value in pool water is dependentupon which of the following -.. A) Ensuring that there is only a minimum amount of bacteria in the water B) Monitoring and adding chlorine when warranted !: C) Paying closeattention to the reactions of chemicalsin the pool waterD) Ensuring that water is protected from direct sunlight 53. The author's primary purpose is to--_--. A) offer an unbiased opinion of chlorine's efficacy B) provide an argument for using chlorine C) discussthe chemical reaction taking place within a pool D) show how chlorine can keep pool water safe which statementis probably NOT true of chlorine? 54. Basedon the passage, A) It can be harmful if swallowed. high levelsin pool water are probably not harmful. B) Occasional C) It can kill most common types of pool water bacteria. D) A pool's sizewill dictate the amount needed. 55. The author includes the information about the pII of human tears mainly to----. A) give the reader a baseof reference B) provide a visual image for the reader 56.All of the following statementsare true about chlorine EXCEPT that A) chlorine's eflicacy is affectedby sunlight B) chforineis made up of two chemicals:hypochlorousacid and hypochlorine ion C) chlorine is usually said to be malodorous in D) chlorine levelsmust be routinely assessed pool waterFdtC)persoⅡ aⅡ ze Passage5thepassagehaⅡ ce to eⅡinterestsWer D)aⅡthecipated s an住 reader’questioⅡFor150years energy solar thatave scientists△ the betriedtoline deterⅡ thethesoIar stant,the coⅡ cIoud-free andamountofsoIarreachesYet, Earth。 measuredeveninmoste pIanet,the regions of钆 parddes ofthe h the from everot t C0nsta⒒ canⅡe1y.Gas prec、 d aⅡ preventmolecuIes somedustⅡ at【 ospher0absorb reaching With ’ su⒒ s the thed aⅡ scattersunⅡ ghtwaveIengthslightd. grouⅡ of satel1ite§ ,hOWever,sCienJsts behg imPeded spaCe by the have aⅡ y iⅡ been abIe Max,a to moasure the fmmthet adVeⅡoutputWithoutso1ar s atmosphere。 Earth’ beeⅡsateI1ite the 、 suⅡal NatioⅡAemnauti岭 aⅡ dAsA),has n Admh” trati° σ a c住oⅡ ma1fuⅡ was in themeasurhgoutput ⒒ssinceAlthough February1980。 a feW years,thetrol ite’ sateⅡ s coⅡmited system Ⅱ 1the froⅡ reaⅡ y ?for observatioⅡ shuttle er a△ite sateⅡby repaired orb⒒ iⅡ that theauts astroⅡ stant coⅡspace1984. iⅡax9s n江s obserVatioⅡ iⅡdicate haVesolar、 notcoⅡ stant。The aⅡts te’ satelⅡ si!strumeⅡ amounJⅡ a g todetected thanVariations the iⅡ frequent,smaⅡ of s Ⅱ e t△ sun’ neaⅡ eve beⅡ these oⅡsuni§ eⅡ ergy eⅡ ergyeraⅡ y output,geⅡ aⅡd lastiⅡ g withnore nO【 to a05perceⅡ t O。sCientists output frQm the are few days few Weeks。 oflarge ’ s suⅡ groups d ce appearaⅡ aⅡ Ve1y reIa△ dark d、appearaⅡ ce s regioⅡ on theⅡ uC“ ations the magⅡ suⅡcide coiⅡspots of suⅡ haVesurfacethatg stroⅡs sun’ disk etic elds Ⅱsunspots d aⅡ atemperatureabout2,000degrees iu theFahrenheit staⅡt CoⅡcooler haVethanthe Wi伍restofthe’ ssur助ce? 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