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?var300是什么药
是摇头丸，是安非他明类衍生物，是亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺的片剂，属中枢神经兴奋剂，是我国规定管制的精神药品。 “摇头丸”有强烈的中枢神经兴奋作用，有很强的精神依赖性，对人体有严重的危害。
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Large images consume large memory and make our computers struggle.
Memory cost for an image is computed from the image size.
For a 6x4 inch image printed at 300 dpi, the image size is calculated as:
& (6 inches & 300 dpi) & (4 inches & 300 dpi) = 1800 & 1200 pixels
1800 & 1200 pixels is
= 2,160,000 pixels (2 megapixels).
The memory cost for this RGB color image is:
& 1800 & 1200 & 3 = 6.48 million bytes.
The last "& 3" is for 3 bytes of RGB color information per pixel for 24 bit color (3 RGB values per pixel, one 8-bit byte for each RGB value, which totals 24 bit color).
The compressed JPG file will be smaller (maybe 10% of that size), selected by our choice for JPG Quality, but the smaller it is, the worse the image quality. The larger it is, the better the image quality. If uncompressed, it is three bytes per pixel.
Different color modes have different size data values, as shown below:
Image Type
Bytes per pixel
1 bit Line art
1/8 byte per pixel(1 bit per pixel, 8
bits per byte)
8 bit Grayscale
1 byte per pixel
16 bit Grayscale
2 bytes per pixel
24 bit RGB
3 bytes per pixelMost common for photos, for example JPG
32 bit CMYK
4 bytes per pixel, for Prepress
48 bit RGB
6 bytes per pixel
File Compression techniques can make this data smaller while stored in the file, but it comes back out of the file uncompressed, with the original number of bytes when open in memory. JPG artifacts (lossy compression) just means the pixels may not all be the same original color, but there is the same number of pixels when uncompressed.
Calculator to Convert Valuesof Bytes, KB, MB, GB, TB
Type a value, and click its Convert button, to convert to all the other values.
If unfamiliar, then click the 1 GB default first, to see the issue.
Kilobytes KB
Megabytes MB
Gigabytes GB
Terabytes TB
This Calculator requires JavaScript be enabled in your browser.
Seeing 1e-7 would mean to move the decimal point 7 places to the left, 0.0000001
Seeing NaN would mean the input is Not A Number.
About Megabytes
The&memory&size of images is often shown in megabytes. You may notice a little discrepancy from the number you calculate with WxHx3 bytes. This is because (as regarding memory sizes) "megabytes" and "millions of bytes" are not quite the same units.
Memory sizes in terms like KB, MB, GB, and TB count in units of 1024 bytes, whereas humans count thousands and millions in units of 1000 bytes.
A million bytes is
= 1,000,000 bytes, powers of 10, or 106. But binary units normally are used for memory sizes, powers of 2, where one kilobyte is 1024 bytes, and a one megabyte is
= 1,048,576 bytes, or 220. So a number like 10 million bytes is 10,000,000 / () = 9.54 megabytes. One binary megabyte holds nearly 5% more bytes than one million, so there are about 5% fewer megabytes.
Specifications for megapixels in Digital cameras, and disk drive size in gigabytes are both correctly advertised as multiples of decimal thousands... millions are . Or Gigabytes are 00. That is a larger number of MB or GB, but this is NOT cheating, it is extremely natural, because humans do count in powers of 10. However, after formatting the disk, the computer operating system has notions to count it in binary GB. The device manufacturer did advertise it correctly, and formatting did NOT make the disk smaller, the units just changed (in computer lingo, 1K became counted as 1024 bytes instead of 1000 bytes). This is why we buy a 500 GB disk drive (sold as 1000's, the actual real count, the decimal way humans count), and then we format it to 465 gigabytes of binary file space (a dummy number using 1024). All precisely correct, 500 GB / (1.024 x 1.024 x 1.024) = 465 GB. But users who don't understand this assume the disk manufacturer cheated them somehow. Instead, the disk just counted in decimal, same as we do. No crime in that, mega does mean million, and we do count in decimal (powers of 10 instead of 2). It was the operating system that confuses us, calling it something different.
However, Memory chips (also including SSD and Compact Flash and SD cards and USB flash sticks, which are all memory chips) are different, and are described in binary kilobytes (1024) or megabytes () or gigabytes (24). Also file sizes are usually in binary 1024K units. There are good technical reasons for memory chips to use binary numbers, because each address bit is a power of two - the sequence 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024... makes it be extremely impractical (unthinkable) to build a 1000 byte memory chip. It simply would not come out even. The binary address lines count to 1024, so it is necessary to add the other 24 bytes to fill it up. But there is no good reason today for file sizes in binary today, it is just an unnecessary complication, however counting in binary 1024 units is still done on them.
The definition of the unit prefix "Mega" absolutely has always meant millions of course (decimal factors of 1000) - still does, it does NOT mean 1024. However, memory chips are necessarily dimensioned in binary units (factors of 1024), and they simply incorrectly appropriated the terms kilo and mega, years ago... so we do use it that way. Since then, with the goal to preserve the actual decimal meanings of Mega and Kilo, new SI units
were defined for the binary powers of 1024, but they seem ignored, they have not caught on. So, this still complicates things today. Memory chips are binary of course, but there is absolutely no reason why our computer operating system still does this, regarding file sizes. Humans count in decimal.
Note that you will see different numbers in different units for the same file size dimension:
Photo editors normally show image size in binary units, either KB (uncompressed bytes divided by 1024) or MB (bytes divided by 1024 twice). Some editors (Irfanview) show both numbers, the binary representation and actual decimal byte count.
The numbers we need to know is the image size in pixels. Then image size in bytes is (width in pixels) x (height in pixels) and then x 3 (for 3 bytes per pixel, if normal 24 bit color). That is the real decimal data size in bytes. Then for binary numbers, then divided by 1024 bytes for KB, or divided by 1024 bytes twice for MB. After that, you can go back to real decimal byte count by multiplying by 1.024 (once for KB, or twice for MB, or three times for GB).
The Windows Explorer shows the file size in units of KB (bytes divided by 1024 once). But a larger factor is that the file is probably compressed, so the file on disk is likely smaller than the image size.
The Windows command line DIR command shows exact decimal file size in bytes. The operating system records file size in decimal bytes, but it tends to show humans the value in binary KB or MB. I cannot think of any reason why that convention is retained today.
Right clicking the file in the Windows Explorer (file explorer) and selecting Properties will show size in KB or MB, and also in bytes. Two sizes are shown, the actual file size, and the slightly larger space occupied because the disk has to allocate space in clusters (probably 4096 byte units for NTFS today).
Example For a 4000 x 2500 pixel image, then: (24-bit RGB is most common)
4000 x 2500 pixels =
= 10 megapixels
x 3 = 30 million bytes (if 24-bit RGB)
30,000,000 bytes / (1024 x 1024) = 28.61 megabytes (MB)
This is simply how large the data is - For ANY 24-bit 10 megapixel image,
but JPG files compress it smaller (only while in the file).
57.220 MB if 48-bit RGB (6 bytes RGB per pixel)
38.147 MB if 32-bit CMYK (4 bytes CMYK per pixel)
28.610 MB if 24-bit RGB (3 bytes RGB per pixel)
19.073 MB if 16-bit GrayScale (2 bytes per pixel)
9.537 MB if 8-bit GrayScale (1 byte per pixel)
1.192 MB if 1-bit Line Art (1 bit per pixel)
Notice that when you increase resolution, the size formula above multiplies the memory cost by that resolution number twice, in both width and height. The memory cost for an image increases as the square of the resolution. The square of say 300 dpi is a pretty large number (more than double the square of 200).
When people ask how to fix memory errors when scanning at 9600 dpi, the answer is to use 300 dpi if you don't have 8 gigabytes of memory, or a 9600 dpi scanner.
Scanning any 6x4 inch photo will consume the amounts of memory shown in the table below. I hope you realize that it rapidly becomes impossible.
ScanResolution
6x4 inchImage Size(pixels)
PixelCount
Memory size in bytes
24 bitRGB Color
8 bitGrayscale
25,920,000
34,560,000
103,680,000
34,560,000
138,240,000
414,720,000
138,240,000
17,280,000
552,960,000
1,658,880,000
552,960,000
69,120,000
2,211,840,000
6,635,520,000
2,211,840,000
276,480,000
When we double the scan resolution, memory cost goes up 4 times. Multiply resolution by 3 and the memory cost increases 9 times, etc. So this seems a very clear argument to use only the amount of resolution we actually need to improve the image results for the job purpose. More than that is waste. It's often even painful. Well, virtual pain. &&grin&
Copyright &
by Wayne Fulton - All rights are reserved.