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　　每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关就是Research Proposal。Research Proposal大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；Research Proposal既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
　　How to write a research proposal?
　　能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
　　文章作者 Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to write a research proposal?全文转载如下：
　　Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.
　　A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.
　　Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.
　　The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.
　　The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.
　　This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.
　　Title:
　　It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.
　　Abstract:
　　It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.
　　Introduction:
　　The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.
　　If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.
　　Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.
　　However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.
　　The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:
　　1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.
2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.
3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.
4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.
5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.
6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)
7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.
8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)
　　Literature Review:
　　Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.
　　The literature review serves several important functions:
　　1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.
2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.
3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.
4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.
5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.
6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.
7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.
8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).
　　Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:
　　* Lacking organization and structure
* Lacking focus, unity and coherence
* Being repetitive and verbose
* Failing to cite influential papers
* Failing to keep up with recent developments
* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers
* Citing irrelevant or trivial references
* Depending too much on secondary sources
　　Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.
　　There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.
　　It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)
　　Methods:
　　The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.
　　The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.
　　You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.
　　Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.
　　Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)
　　For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:
　　1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?
2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?
3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?
4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?
　　Results:
　　Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.
　　Discussion:
　　It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.
　　Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing
　　1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.
2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.
3. Failure to cite landmark studies.
4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.
5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.
6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.
7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.
8. Too much rambling — going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)
9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.
10. Too long or too short.
11. Failing to follow the APA style.
12. Slopping writing.
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最后登录在线时间0 小时UID9606注册时间主题精华0帖子积分331留学基金84 留学威望80 积极性80 学识38 阅读权限30
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Research Proposal for Visiting Scholar Program
ZHANG Ning
Ph.D., Management, Sun Yat-Sen University
Assoc. Prof., Economics, Department of Business, Guangzhou University
1.& && &Research Topic, Goal and Expectation
My final research topic is “Informal Public Products and The Political Reform of China”. But because of the time limitation, during my stay at your university, I will just prepare one part of the research work that is the “literature survey”.
The goal of the research is to improve the progress of the political reform of China with a new angle of view, a new perspective, and a new system of thoughts.
The research expectation is to prepare a &literature survey& of the scholarship already published in English that is relevant to my theory of &informal public goods& and its relationship to the modernization of Chinas Political & legal system.
My expectation is that the visiting scholar program will offer me the opportunity to build a strong theoretical foundation for my further research after I return to China.
After I return to China, I will have a good foundation to finish my final research&&“Informal Public Products and The Political Reform of China”.
2.& && &Reasons of Topic Selection（1）&&
The reform progress of China has entered into a new phase, that is political reform period. The period of economic reform of China has passed away. So there is an urgent need of theories to guide the political reform progress of China.
（2）&&The current, single discipline-based, and dominant academic concepts, research topics, and research coverage can’t give a satisfactory explanation and feasible answer to the political reform of China, and also can’t be accepted by most of Chinese people and Chinese government and officials. There is an urgent need to develop a new concept and a new angle of view to provide a theoretical guide for the political reform of China.
（3）&&The research of “informal public products” a newly-developed multidisciplinary topic that covers economics, management, political science, legal science, public policy management, behavior science, and behavior philosophy, etc. So this topic can provide a wide platform and angle of view to do research about the political reform of China. It is believed that the research results will be more academic, more rational, more systematic, and more accepted by Chinese officials, Chinese people, and Chinese government.
3.& && & Brief Contents of My Final Research Paper
Informal Public Products and The Political Reform of China
（1）& & Literature Survey (to be prepared during my time at UW law school)
（2）& & New Concept and Structural Model of Informal Public Product
§& && && &New Concept of Informal Public Product
§& && && &Structural Model of Informal Public Product
§& && && &Evolution and Trend Model of Informal Public Product
（3）& & Informal Public Products in China
§& && && &The Contemporary Top 10 Informal Public Products in China
§& && && &The Structural Model of Informal Public Products in China
（4）& & Informal Public Products in America
§& && && &The Contemporary Top 10 Informal Public Products in America
§& && && &The Structural Model of Informal Public Products in China
（5）& & Comparison and Differences between China and America in Informal Public Products
§& && && &Gap in Structure
§& && && &Gap in Evolution
§& && && &Gap and Intersection in Trend
（6）& & The Effect of Informal Public Products to Formal Public Products and Political Reform
§& && && &The Effect of Informal Public Products to Formal Public Products
§& && && &The Effect of Informal Public Products to Political Reform
（7）& & Development of Informal Public Products and Its Effect on Political Reform in China
§& && && &Development and Common Trends of Informal Public Products
§& && && &Development and Common Trends of Informal Public Products and Political Reform in China
（8）& & Conclusion and Political Suggestion to Political Reform of China with The Angle of View of Informal Public Products
§& && && &Informal Public Products: The Main Field, Obstacle and Potential of Political Reform in China
§& && && &How to Consider, Treat, and Utilize Informal Public Products in China
The contents may be modified up to the further research.
During my stay at UW, I will just prepare the “Literature Survey”. My final research paper will be written and finished after I return to China.
4.& && &Forms or Ways of My Research
Because my research is multidisciplinary and relatively advanced, I would like the following forms or ways to do my research:
& && &（1）& & Go to the UW library, and spend my time at UW preparing a &literature survey& of the scholarship already published in English that is relevant to my theory of &informal public goods& and its relationship to the modernization of Chinas legal system. This will include:
§& && && &A survey of books and articles published in English on &public goods&
§& && && &A survey of books and articles published in English on &informal sector&
§& && && &A survey of books and articles published in English on the modernization of Chinas economy, political system and legal system.
This literature survey could take the form of an &annotated bibliography.&&&I would find the most important books and articles in each area, read it and write a one-paragraph summary of its main points.
& && &（2）& & Audit classes that are relevant to my research.
For &public goods& I would like to audit these law school courses:
§& && && &Law and economics
§& && && &Administrative law
For &informal sector& I would like to audit these law school courses:
§& && && &Law reform in transition economy
§& && && &Comparative law seminar
§& && && &International trade law
For &Chinas modernization& I would like to audit these courses:
§& && && &Chinese law
§& && && &Introduction to the Interdisciplinary Study of China
§& && && &A course on Chinese government offered in International Studies graduate program
§& && && &A course on Chinese economy offered in International Studies graduate program
Auditing these courses will help me prepare the annotated bibliography by giving me a deeper understanding of the books and articles I are reading that are related to my research on &informal public goods&. If I audit these courses or other similar courses and prepare an annotated bibliography during my year in the UW Visiting Scholar program then after my return to China I will be better prepared to write my theory of &informal public goods& with comparisons between China and the US or other Western countries.
& && &（3）& & Meet with my mentor. Most of the information I can get about US theories will come through auditing classes and library, and not from personal meetings with professors. So I just meet with my mentor one time each month or two months for one or two hours to discuss my progress on my annotated bibliography.
5.& && &My Preliminary Thoughts and Viewpoints to be Tested and Proved
（1）&&My final goal of research is to improve the political reform of China. But I think that single discipline and current mainstream research topics cannot give a satisfactory explanation to this field. So I have developed a new and non-mainstream research topic (Informal Public Products) to do this challenged area. The concept of Informal Public Products, defined by my research, is some kind of public products that are not accepted by laws. So law and principles of law is the key of my definition on Informal Public Products.
（2）&&My research attempts regarding policies as products, and regarding formal/ informal public products as formal/ informal public products. Here public products are different from public goods stated in Economics. The former are intangible, and the latter are mostly tangible.
（3）&&Informal Public Products, most of them are intangible products, are those public products (public policies) that are not recognized by laws and other formal rules, but are really existing and playing real role in almost every public sector of the world. Informal Public Products, not formal public products, are the real products provided to the general public. Informal Public Products are determined by public management mechanics, informal culture, current productivity, and so on.
（4）&&Informal Public Products consist of Informal Political Products, Informal Economic and Financial Products, Informal Social Products, and Informal Cultural Products, etc.
（5）&&Informal Public Products are playing more and more important role in all aspects of our life, especially in transit economy and society, such as China. Without the study and consideration of Informal Public Products, we cannot explain why so many political, social, economic, and cultural activities have been happening.
（6）&&There is a dialectic relationship between Informal Public Products and Formal Public Products. Informal Public Products have more essential meaning and play dominant and real role. These two kinds of products play different role in the real world and can transform each other under some conditions.
（7）&&Informal Public Products Theory should become the new dominant theory for political reform of China. My research on Informal Public Products is a multidisciplinary job which may covers law, economics of law, political science, etc.
（8）&&The Development, formalization, legalization of informal public products of China may be the basic path and process of the political reform of China.
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最后登录在线时间0 小时UID9606注册时间主题精华0帖子积分331留学基金84 留学威望80 积极性80 学识38 阅读权限30
Complete, 积分 331, 距离下一级还需 169 积分
积分331留学基金84 留学威望80 积极性80 学识38 贡献130 魅力130 阅读权限30
6.& && &Research Value
（1）&&Academic Value of Innovation. The research is expected to have high academic value of innovation that restructure the discipline system of political & legal science and public policy management, etc. by adding the new concept and analysis model of informal public product into these disciplines.
（2）&&Realistic Value of Practice Guiding and Policy Suggestion. The research is expected to high realistic value that can provide a newly developed theoretical guide for the political reform of China. The research result will exceed the current theories of political reform of China and will be more close to the practice of political reform progress of China.
7.& && &My Current Research Achievements
（1）& &ZHANG Ning．Study on the Outline of the Informal Finance in China and Its Important Correction to the Mainstream Viewpoints．Management World, 2003/3
（2）& &ZHANG Ning．Study on Allfinanz．Economist, 2003/2
（3）& &ZHANG Ning．Allfinanz Should Be the Main Form of Operation in the Future of Financial Industry in China．Contemporary Finance & Economics, 2003/6
（4）& &ZHANG Ning．Study on Informal Finance．Contemporary Finance & Economics, 2002/11
（5）& &ZHANG Ning．Study on Allfinanz Model．Dissertation of Ph.D. Degree of Sun Yat-Sen University, 2003/5
8.& && &Abstracts of My Published Papers& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&
Study on the Outline of the Informal Finance in China and Its Important Correction to the Mainstream ViewpointsZHANG Ning
Abstract&&Aiming to the situation of the weakness of the study on informal finance in China, according to the emerging theory of international informal finance, based on the empirical analysis, this paper gives the study on the outline of the informal finance in China, provides a basic framework for the analysis to the informal finance in China and the principles and strategy for considering and dealing with the informal financial problems in China, and makes the important correction to the mainstream viewpoints from the financial business circle and academic circle. Keywords&& outline of the informal finance in C important correction to the mainstream viewpoints
最后登录在线时间0 小时UID9606注册时间主题精华0帖子积分331留学基金84 留学威望80 积极性80 学识38 阅读权限30
Complete, 积分 331, 距离下一级还需 169 积分
积分331留学基金84 留学威望80 积极性80 学识38 贡献130 魅力130 阅读权限30
9.& && &Budget and Time Schedule
Budget: about US$20,000.
Term: about one year
10.&&Reasons of Going to Your University/ School
（1）&&The visiting scholar program offered by your university is very suitable and helpful for my current research. The online-listed research area and interest, research thoughts, achievements, and methodology of the relevant faculty of your university are very similar and helpful to my research topic, and are very important to guide my multidisciplinary research.
（2）&&The academic idea, tradition, mechanics and resources of your university are also very suitable and helpful for my current multidisciplinary research.
（3）&&Something I lack in my current research is just the advantage of your university.
（4）&&I like your campus very much.
If you have any question, or suggestion, or need to learn more about me, please don’t hesitate to contact me via email.
最后登录在线时间2655 小时UID7注册时间主题精华51帖子积分97190留学基金119875 留学威望122632 积极性121442 学识117076 阅读权限255
留学成就事业
积分97190留学基金119875 留学威望122632 积极性121442 学识117076 贡献120959 魅力121514 阅读权限255
不错，好贴。
Medal No.1
Medal No.1
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留学奠基石 - 金东方留学官方论坛
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