UNIT 3 Globalization 全球一体化 【1】DGlobalization‖―lots of people seem to think it means that the world is turning into some consumer colony of American. Coke, CNN, McDonald‘s, Levi‘s, Nike―if they have
n‘t taken over the world yet, the feeling goes, they will soon. (Odd: Japan is the world‘s second largest economy, and yet I‘ve never heard of anyone who buys Sony or eats sushi believing that it‘s part of some plot to turn the world into Japan.) D全球化‖DD 很多人一想到这个词就觉着它代表着世界正在变成美国的消费殖民地。 可口可乐、 CNN 广播、 麦当劳、利维斯、耐克DD如果它们还没有掌控这个世界，即使现在他们还没有掌控世界, 从感觉上来看也 快了。 （令人奇怪的是：日本是世界上第二大经济体，可我从没听说有谁买了索尼产品或是吃了寿司就相信 这是密谋将世界日化的一部分。 ） 【2】But regardless of whether you‘re buying or selling, in the past 20 years much of the world‘s economy has become increasingly integrated and foreign direct investment has grown three times as fast as total domestic investment. From 1980 to 1995 the value of trade worldwide rose dramatically, with the total value of world exports estimated at U.S $5.1 trillion in 1995, up from U.S $2 trillion in 1980. 但无论是买方还是卖方，过去的二十年间世界经济的大部分已经日益融合，外国直接投资的增长速度是 国内总投资的三倍。从 1980 年到 1995 年，全世界贸易额惊人的增涨，世界出口总额估计值从 1980 年的 2 万亿美元, 增长到 1995 年的 5.1 万亿美元. 【3】Yet the globalization phenomenon is more than the mere transfer of goods. It‘s the advent of cheap and ubiquitous information technologies that is dissolving our sense of boundaries. More and more television channels and the Internet have contributed to what expert Daniel Yergin calls a Dwoven world.‖ 然而全球一体化的现象不仅仅是简单的货物运输。正是由于有了廉价并且无处不在的信息技术，消融了 我们对国界的意识。越来越多的电视频道和互联网已经促成了专家 Daniel Yergin 所说的D交织的世界‖。 【4】 When we talk about Dglobality‖, we‘re trying to define a world in which culture meet and, rather than fight, they blend. Because when cultures receive outside influences, they ignore some and adopt others, and then almost immediately start to transform them. 当谈论D全球化‖时，我们是在试图定义这样一个世界,在这样一个世界中当不同的文化相会，他们是相互 融合而不是互相冲突。因为当文化接受(受到了)了外部影响，他们会忽略一部分而接受另外一部分，然后几 乎是马上开始改变他们(它们)。 【5】DAs things get more global,‖ commented Norman Klein, a communications professor in Los Angeles, Dthey‘re actually becoming more localized.‖ D当事物变得更全球化，‖Norman Klein,洛杉矶的一位通信教授，评论道，D他们实际上使人们全球性的 活动变得更象是本土化的。‖(D它们实际上是变得更本地化‖) Big Bird in China 大鸟在中国 【6】I went to China, India and Los Angeles to discover what globalization feels like in three of the most diverse places on Earth. Almost immediately I found that the ideas I started out with turned out to be too small, too old, or just plain wrong. 我到中国、印度和洛杉矶去探究，在地球上这三个最不同的地方全球化将会是一个什么样子。马上我就 发现，出发时我所持有的观点被证明是太狭隘，太陈旧，或就是(换句话说是)根本错误的。 【7】For the past year and a half in Shanghai, for example, Chinese children have been turning into that American children‘s classic TV show Sesame Street. But here it‘s called Zhima Jie, and when you look closer, it‘s not simply the American show. The show‘s team of actors and educators has been collaborating to produce a program that promotes Chinese, rather than American, values. The kids are loving it . 例如，在上海, 过去的一年半当中中国的孩子正在收看经典的美国幼儿电视节目 Sesame Street。在这它 被称为芝麻街，(但)当你认真仔细看，会发现这不是原始的美国节目。节目组中的扮演者和教育者们都在合 力将其打造成为一个弘扬中国价值观的节目，而不是(多与)美国的价值观。孩子们都喜欢这个节目。 【8】DThe Chinese want an environment that‘s relaxed and fun that their children can be learning in,‖ senior producer Cooper Wright told me on the phone from New York. DThey think they have enough formal settings for learning already. But they wanted it to include a lot of their ancient culture. The parents get home late, they all work, and they don't have time to teach their children this, so they fell the show will help with that.‖ D中国人希望他们的孩子能在一个轻松而又有趣的环境中学习，‖(D中国人希望一个轻松有趣的环境, 这 样他们的孩子才能置身当中进行学习‖), 高级制片人 Cooper Wright 从纽约打来电话告诉我，D他们认为正式 的学习环境已经够多了。而他们需要蕴含着许多他们古老(传统)文化的节目。这些父母都工作，回家晚，他 们没有时间去教孩子这些，因此他们感到这个节目会有助于教育孩子。‖ 【9】Da Niao, Big Bird‘s Chinese cousin, is played here by a gentle young man who still works as a truckmechanic. The other characters are all Chinese: a lively three-year-old red monster called Little P a furry blue pig, a kindly grandfather, a very sweet mother, and a little boy, An An, who is so funny and cute and smart. Da Niao,大鸟(大鸟, big bird)的中国表兄，在这是由一位文雅的年轻男子扮演，他仍然从事卡车机修工的 工作。(在这是由一位同时从事卡车机修工作的文雅年轻男子扮演。)其他的角色都是中国人：一个可爱的三 岁红色的怪物， 叫做小李子； 一头毛茸茸的蓝色猪， 一位和蔼的祖父， 一个非常亲切的妈妈， 以及小男孩DD 安安，他那么有趣可爱又聪明。 【10】 This group does many of the usual Sesame Street activities―teaching numbers, for instance―but instead of the alphabet they teach the origin and meaning of Chinese characters. They explain the history and customs of certain festivals. They describe certain ancient art forms. And they also teach sharing and cooperation. 这个团队做许多美国芝麻街(Sesame Street)常做的事DD例如教数字DD但他们将其(字母教育)改为教 中国汉字的起源和意义。他们讲解历史以及节日的风俗，描述特定的传统艺术形式。他们也教孩子们分享和 合作。 【11】Dwe want to concentrate on reflecting Chinese families ,‖ explained Professor Li Ji Mei, who designed part of the show‘s curriculum, Dsuch as what children could do to show their respect for the family. Another important part of the program is to make children realize how much their parents do for their well-being. In reflecting Chinese society,‖ she concluded, Dwe reflect how people should help each other and how to share the joy in sharing.‖ D我们想将重点放在反映中国家庭上，‖设计了这个节目部份课程的李继梅教授解释道， D象是孩子们要 如何做来表示尊重家庭。 节目另外一个重要的部分是想让孩子意识到父母为了他们的幸福生活付出了多么多 (这么多)。在反映中国社会方面，‖她总结道，D我们表现在人们应该怎样互相帮助以及怎样在分享中分享快 乐。‖ 【12】 asked Professor Li if she thought there was much difference between Chinese and American children. DI I think American children are more active,‖ she replied immediately. DThey‘re freer in expressing themselves, take the initiative more and they‘re more independent. When Chinese babies fall on the ground, they lie there and expect their parents to pick them up. ‖ but Ye Chao, the show‘s producer in Shanghai, notes, DI think the difference today between children in Chinese cities and rural areas is far bigger than between American and Chinese children.‖ 我问李教师是否考虑到了在中国和美国孩子中存在的诸多不同(我问李教师是否认为中国孩子和美国孩 子之间有很多不同)，D我认为美国孩子更活跃，‖她马上答道，D他们在表达自我方面更加自由，更具有首创 精神，他们更独立。当中国的孩子摔倒在地上时，他们会躺(赖)在那儿希望父母拉他们起来。‖但叶超，节目 在上海的制作人，解释(补充)道，D我认为今天中国城市里的孩子和偏远山村里的孩子的差距远大于中美儿童 之间的差距。(我认为今天中国城市和偏远山村孩子之间的差距, 远大于中美儿童之间的差距。)‖ 【13】Cooper Wright, the senior producer in New York, believes American children could stand to gain from some of the material in the Chinese show. DI think we could benefit a lot from the aesthetics,‖ she said. Dand the respect for elders. I think some of the segments with the grand-father are wonderful, and I'd hope they could influence our shows.‖ Cooper Wright，纽约的高级制片人，相信美国儿童也能从中国节目素材中有所获益。D我们在美学方面 收益颇丰，‖她说，D并且在尊重老人方面也会有收获。我认为有些关于祖父的节目是很有意思的，我真希望 它们能够影响我们的节目。‖ 【14】By now, 19 counties around the world are producing their own versions of Sesame Street, using television to interpret their unique cultures. It seems to be working. Does Big Bird feel he‘s promoting America to his tiny viewers? DI don‘t think so,‖ Ye Chao said. Dwe just borrowed an box and put Chinese content into it.‖ 到目前为止，全世界已经有 19 个国家正在推出他们自己版本的芝麻街，利用电视来解读他们独独特的 文化。这看起来是有效的。大鸟是否感到他正给小电视观众们宣扬美国？D我不这么认为，‖叶超说，D我们仅仅是借用了一个美 国的外壳却放入了中国的内容。‖ Maharaja Macs 印度汉堡 (王公巨无霸)【15】McDonald‘s may be the most notorious name in the whole complex business of American culture going abroad. There are approximately 24,500 McDonald‘s restaurants in over 115 a new McDonald‘s openssomewhere in the world every six hours. Like Coke, though, it‘s easy to denigrate as the symbol of the unhealthy, commercial side of American culture. Some Japanese critics have blamed sugar-laden junk food for juvenile crime. 在整个向海外输出美国文化的举措中，最臭名昭著的(可能)要数麦当劳了。在全世界 115 个国家中大约 有 24500 家麦当劳餐厅，世界上每六小时就有一个新麦当劳店开业。就象可口可乐一样，它很容易被诋毁成 不健康和美国文化商业化的象征。 一些日本的评论家已经谴责是这种充满高糖的垃圾食品引发了青少年犯罪 (一些日本的评论家曾谴责其为诱发犯罪的高糖垃圾食品)。 【16】American scholar Benjamin Barber has gone even farther, summing up everyone‘s fears of cultural homogenization in the simple but oddly distressing term, DMc World.‖ 美国学者 Benjamin Barber 在先前的基础上更近了一步， 他以一个简单而令人苦恼的词D麦当劳世界‖， 来 总结出每个人都害怕(的)文化一体化 【17】 McDonald‘s has actually been remarkably responsive
they offer ayran (a popular But chilled yogurt drink) in Turkey, and teriyaki burgers in Japan. In New Delhi, India, where Hindus shun beef and Muslims refuse pork, the burgers are made of mutton and called maharaja Macs 可麦当劳实际上在极力迎合当地文化，他们在土耳其提供 ayran（一种大众的冷酸奶饮品）,在日本推出 红烧汉堡包。在印度新德里，那(里)印度教徒回避牛肉而穆斯林不吃猪肉，汉堡包用羊肉做，被称之为印度 汉堡(王公巨无霸)。 【18】DWe even separated the two menus―being Indian, we had a good understanding that vegetarians wouldn‘t want to have to read about meat dishes.‖ What this has meant is that mixed groups of people, with drastically different tastes and customs, have finally found a place where they can all eat together. Is this an American idea? Does it matter? 我们甚至将菜单分成两种---作为印度人, 我们非常理解素质主义者不想被迫去读肉类菜品‖这就意味着, 一群有着不同饮食口味和风俗的人, 最终能够找到一个一起吃饭的地方.这是一个美国的主意？ 那又怎样? 【19】Pamela Singh, my interpreter, was impressed. It was her first time in an Indian McDonald‘s, and she didn‘t mince words. DI‘d eat here again,‖ she said. DIt's quick, it's clean, it's cheap and it's better than those horrible oily places―you won't get sick. If a local company did what McDonald‘s does. They'd do just as well. But I haven't seen anywhere this concern for the level of cleanliness. I applaud these people.‖ Pamela Singh,我的翻译，她第一次走进印度的麦当劳之后， （印度的）麦当劳就给她留下了深刻的印象。 她直言不讳。 D我会再来这里吃东西的， ‖她说， D它快捷， 干净， 便宜而且它比那些可怕的油腻的地方要好DD 在这种干净的地方你不会恶心（生病） 。如果一个本地的饭店能做的象麦当劳一样，他们也能做的同样好。 但我没有见到在其他的地方都对清洁程度有如此的关注，我赞同这些人‖ 【20】I did some reading up on McDonald‘s around the world, and I found that while it undeniably represents change, it's usually positive. Take bathrooms. Till McDonald‘s arrives, customers of many Asian restaurants were resigned to bathrooms that were horrifying. Now they're demanding better. (I approached one mother in a Shanghai McDonald‘s whose toddler was gnawing French fries. Did she think the food was good? DNo‖ she replied. Do why did she come here? Because it's clean, she said.‖) 我研究过全球的麦当劳,发现它是无可否认的代表着变革,而这种变革通常是有正面意义的。以洗手间为 例, 在麦当劳出现之前， 多数亚洲餐厅的顾客们都要忍受那些恶心的卫生间。 现在他们追求更好的环境条件。 （在上海的一家麦当劳里，我主动走近一位母亲，她刚会走路的孩子正在啃薯条。她认为这些食物好吗？ D不。‖她回答道。那为什么要来这？D因为这里干净。‖她说。 ） 【21】But the fact that staff are all local people means that the restaurant, though obviously foreign, isn't instantly perceived as being American. In New Delhi, as in Brazil or Manila, you may well by your burger from the kid down the street who speaks the local dialect. Dpeople call us multinational. I like to call us multilocal,‖ commented James Cantalupo, president and CEO of McDonald‘s International. 事实上，如果员工都是本地人，就意味着虽然这家餐厅明显是国外餐厅，但不会立即被觉察是美国的。 在新德里，就象在巴西或是马尼拉，你会从那个住在街上说着本地方言的孩子手中买过汉堡。D人们称我们 多国际的。 我喜欢叫我们多元本地化。 ‖James Cantalupo， 麦当劳国际部的董事会主席和首席执行官， 解释道。 How Many Americas 有多少是美国？ 【22】DCulture,‖ anthropologist James Watson has commented Dis not something that people inherit as an unchanging bloc of knowledge from their ancestors. Culture is a set of ideas, reactions, and expectations that is constantly changing as people and groups themselves change. ‖ D文化，‖人类学家 James Watson 曾经评论道，D它不是人们从祖先那继承到的一成不变的知识累积。文 化是一系列观念、反应以及期望，这些是随着人和群体自身改变而变化的。‖ 【23】Which brings us around to the subject of America? Where does the U.S. really fit into the big global picture? After all, America isn't the only purveyor of global goodies―it absorbs more foreign customs and objects than most Americans are probably aware of. But let me tell you first about a tiny moment I had in St. Petersbury,Russia. 到底是什么让我们开始讨论美国化这个主题？在全球这张大图上，美国放在什么地方更合适呢？毕竟， 美国并不是唯一的全球D货物‖供应商，相反，它吸纳了更多的外国风俗和事物，它的吸纳程度比大多数美国 人意识到的还要多。但是, 我们先来谈谈在俄罗斯圣彼得堡的一个场景吧.) 【24】One early summer evening I was wandering the fringes of a rock concert and political rally in the square outside the Winter Palace. The music was like rock music anywhere and the square was full of teenagers in running shoes and jeans and T-shirts, some with punk haircuts and green fingernails. One boy, who was dancing alone, wore a T-shirt that said-in English, oddly―Dthank God I‘m not in America.‖ 初夏的一个晚上， 冬宫外的广场正在举行摇滚音乐会和政治集会,我走在的人群的外圈。 这儿的音乐和任 何地方的摇滚音乐一样，广场上满是穿着 T 恤、牛仔裤和跑鞋的青年人，他们有的梳着朋克头留着绿指甲。 一个男孩独自一人在跳舞，他的 T 恤上用英文奇怪的写着DDD感谢上帝，我不在美国。‖ 【25】I asked him why. DWell,‖ he replied, DI love my country.‖ 我问他为什么呢。D哦，‖他回答，D我爱我的国家。‖ 【26】Let‘s not dwell on the paradox to which he seemed oblivious, that in that moment he represented lots of Western, if not strictly American elements, from the jeans to the ironic slogan on his chest. Being able to enjoy the very things you're criticizing strikes me as a fundamentally Western experience, and possibly a positive one. 我们不要去深究看起来他自己都没有意识到的自相矛盾的说法。彼时彼刻，他自己就代表了许多就算不 是美国的, 至少也是西方的文化，从牛仔裤到胸前讽刺的口号。能够欣赏你所批评的东西本身就让我感受到 一种最基本的西方经历，这可能是一种积极的经历。 【27】But those who are quick to criticize America often seem unaware that America is not some one-size-fits-all culture, but arguably the most multicultural society on Earth. Thousands of things that we think of as American came from somewhere else: Christmas trees, hot dogs and beer. An elderly Indian professor named Yogendra Singh understands this better than the boy in St. Petersburg. 但是，那些急于批评美国的人，他们似乎常常忽视了这样一个事实，其实美国文化并不是全球通用（普 世）的文化，它可能是地球上最多元文化的社会。成千上万的我们认为是美国的东西实际上是来自于其他地 方：如圣诞树，热狗和啤酒。Yogendra Singh，他是一位年长的印度社会学教授，在这个问题的理解上远胜 于圣彼德堡的那个男孩。 【28】DWhat is Western culture?‖ he asked as he sat barefoot in his New Delhi living room. DThere‘s very little understanding of the diversity of Western cultures. But American culture draws on so many other cultures. American could be the best example of how cultures appreciate each other.‖ D什么是西方文化？‖他赤足坐在新德里家中的客厅中问道。D我们对西方文化多样性知之甚少。美国文 化中汲取利用了那么多其他的文化。在文化间互相欣赏这点美国是最好的例子.‖ 【29】 Americans are so quick to adopt foreign food, phrase, clothing, that it may be hard to see them as foreign for long. It has happened in India, too a country with 25 states and mote than 400 languages. DThe history of India is based on linkages with other cultures,‖ Professor Singh said. DEven a local culture includes or incorporates elements from other cultures.‖ 美国人很快就能接受外国的饮食，词语，服饰，他们很难长时间的视其为外来品。印度也是一样，这是 一个有着 25 个邦和 400 多种语言的国家。D印度的历史就是基于和其他文明的联系这个基础上，‖Singh 教授 说，D甚至是一个本地的文化也包含或是兼并有源自其他文化的元素。‖ 【30】In other words, people forget where certain things came from, and they don't care. We adopt elements of myriad immigrant cultures because they help us express ourselves better. This, I think, is the essence of cultural interchange: not adopting foreign things wholesale, but choosing them according to the values and ideas of your own culture. 换而言之，人们忘记了某些东西是从哪来的，他们并不关心这一点。我们吸收了无数外来文化因为这些 能帮助我们更好的表达自我。我认为文化交流的精髓是：不全盘吸收国外的东西，选择那些和你自己文化价 值和观点有用的东西。(我认为这些才是文化交流的本质:不要全盘接受外来的东西, 而是根据你自己文化的 观念和价值来进行选择.) 【31】DPeople complain about MTV,‖ a graceful Indian dancer named Tripura Kashyap told me in Bangalore. DBut the West is so much more than MTV. In Europe their minds are much more free than ours. Western culture has made them into human beings that are so confident, so outgoing they‘re more willing to take the risks to experiment. Here, we don't risk experiment.‖ D人们抱怨 MTV，D一位优雅的(印度)舞蹈者，在班加罗尔对我说，她的名叫 Tripure Kashyap 。D但西方 世界绝不仅仅是 MTV。在欧洲人们的思想比我们自由多了。西方文化所铸就的人是那么自信，那么的外向。 他们更愿意冒险去尝试一些体验。在这儿，我们不会。‖ 【32】Tripura studied classical Indian dance as a child. A beautiful, historic art form, but one that is also rigid and archaic. DI was very interested I moving away from traditional forms, because they were very limiting,‖ sheexplained. DI think if you want to express contemporary themes you need new forms.‖ Tripure 从孩提时，就学习古典印度舞蹈。那是一种美丽、有历史渊源的艺术形式，可也是僵化而陈旧。 D我曾非常有兴趣的致力于改造(远离)传统的艺术形式，因为它们的局限性非常大。‖她解释道，D我认为如果 想要表达当代的主题，就需要新的形式。‖ 【33】She went to Wisconsin to study dance therapy, and returned to Bangalore to form her own dance company. Her style now includes traditional elements, an Indian martial art called Dchhau,‖ jazz, ballet, and modern dance. 她去 Wisconsin 学习舞蹈疗法，然后又回到班加罗尔，成立了自己的舞蹈公司。她现在的舞蹈风格中包 含了传统基础的东西，还有一种被称为DChhau‖印度武术，爵士乐，芭蕾舞，以及现代舞。 【34】DMy parents really hate my dance,‖ she said with a smile, Dthey just can't take it. But I feel these cross-cultural influences are very important. The way I express myself now is mote authentic. It's more me.‖ D我的父母真的讨厌我的舞蹈，‖她带着微笑说，D他们就是不能接受它。但我感到这些跨文化的影响(力) 是非常重要的。这种诠释自己的方式更加真实. 是更真实的我‖ 【35】The Russian boy with the sarcastic T-shirt has yet to discover what Tripura, Big Bird, and most Americans already know: you can love your own county without having to reject all the others. I am convinced that globalization will give us new ways not only to appreciate other cultures more, but to look on our own with fresh wonder and surprise. 那个穿着带有讥讽图案 T 恤的俄罗斯男孩还有待于发现 Tripure、大鸟以及绝大多数美国人已经认识到 的一点：你可以爱你自己的国家，并不需要去排斥所有其他的国家。(你可以在不排斥其他国家的前提下来 热爱你的国家.)我确信全球化将带给我们新的方式，不仅仅是可以更多的欣赏其他的文化，更能让我们用全 新的惊奇的方式审视自我的文化(蓝字删掉)。Unit 4 Downsizing裁员 Adom Cohen, Cathy Booth Thomas 1. The e-mail looked harmless enough. Be at the Renaissance Austin Hotel, 20 minutes away, in about an hour. Just another stupid meeting, no doubt. But by the time Dell information technology specialist Chuck Peterson walked into a room filled with 75 of his co-workers and a few managers he had never seen before, he knew what was up. DNone of them would look at us,‖ he says. DThey had their backs to us or they were looking at their feet.‖ 这封 E-mail 看起来并没有任何伤害。在 Renaissance Austin 旅馆召开会议，到旅馆的路程是二十分钟路程， 大约一个小时后召开。毫无疑问，又不过是一个无聊的会议。 但是，当戴尔公司信息技术专家 Chuck Peterson 步入房间那一刻，就知道要发生什么了，房间里是他的 75 个同事和几个以前从来没有见过的经理。D他们没 人看我，D他说，‖他们都背对着我或是看着他们自己的脚D。 2. The bosses stuck to their script. The economy is bad. We can‘t afford to keep you. So we‘re not. Hand in your badges on the way out. There were no individual explanations for why these workers－out of a work force of 40,000－had been picked. The members of the firing squad never even introduced themselves. It was over in eight minutes. 这些上司们除了照着讲稿没有多讲一句话。 经济形势不好， 我们无法支付雇用你们的开支， 所以不雇你们了。 出门的时候上交你们的公司证章。对于为什么是这些人从 40000 名员工被挑出来，没有做个别的解释。解聘小组的成员甚至都没做自我介绍。一切在八分钟内就结束了。 3. Peterson, 40, is one of 1,700 full-time Dell workers who lost their jobs since February, in an economy that has been shedding 100,000 workers a month since the beginning of the year. Last week Winstar Communications, once a wireless wonder, hung up on 2,000 employees－44% of its staff. TiVo, Sycamore Networks and Extreme Networks added more bodies to the tech sector‘s growing pile. AOL Time Warner has announced 2,400 job cuts in response to the slowing economy and pressure from Wall Street. By week‘s end unemployment had hit 4.3%, a slight but ominous rise. Worse, job creation was down, more evidence that recession is at hand. Peterson，40 岁，是自二月份以来戴尔公司解雇的 1700 名全职工人的一员，整个经济环境如此，从年初的一 个月就有 100，000 人被解雇。上周，星胜通讯公司，一度是无线行业的奇迹，解雇了 2000 名雇员－－占其 员工总数的 44％。TiVo，美国光纤网络公司和极进网络公司也加入了裁员大军当中。美国在线时代华纳集团 宣布削减 2400 个工作职位以应对缓慢的经济增长和华尔街的压力。到周末，失业率已达 4.3%，裁员人数增 长虽然很小却是不祥之兆。更糟的是，工作机会在减少，越来越多的迹象表明经济衰退即将到来。 4. Dell‘s cuts illustrate both the abruptness of the downturn and the almost chaotic nature of today‘s layoffs, even for companies trying to do right. Dell isn‘t a Rust Belt dinosaur or a business-plan-and Ca-prayer dotcom. Its workers helped write one of the great business success stories of modern times. Dell was founded in 1984 to sell computers without a middleman (Direct from Dell, the ads said). Its hyper efficient model helped it pass Compaq to become North America‘s largest PC manufacturer. Nor is Dell‘s good news all behind it. Just last Thursday, Dell almost single-handedly ran the Dow up 400 points when it confirmed that first-quarter profit estimates were on track. Last year the company earned ＄2.3 billion on sales of ＄32 billion. 戴尔公司的裁员表明经济衰退的突发性和目前裁员近乎混乱的特性， 哪怕是想把裁员这件事情做好的公司也 不得不面对。 戴尔公司并不是老工业区即将跨掉的老式公司， 也不是初具创业理念仍就战战兢兢的网络公司。 它的员工书写了现代社会伟大的商业传奇。戴尔公司创于 1984 年，它不通过中间商出售电脑（直接来自戴 尔，广告是这么说的） 。这种高效运营模式使其超过了康柏，一举成为北美最大的 PC 机生产商。戴尔公司的 好消息远不止于此。就在上周四，当证实其第一季度的利润即将实现，几乎仅此一项就让道琼斯指数上升了 400 点。去年，该公司销售额 320 亿美元，盈利 23 亿美元。 5. Many of the fired workers and their supporters are attacking the cuts as unnecessary and poorly handled－and antithetical to the company Michael Dell created. The Dell culture is fiercely meritocratic, with workers expected to do whatever it takes to make the company succeed. The reward: rich option packages that turned many thirtyish tech workers into millionaires or, as Austin calls them, Dellionaires. 许多被解雇的员工以及他们的支持者都抨击裁员是没有必要并且处理拙劣DD这也违背了 Michael Dell 创建 公司的原则。戴尔公司的企业文化是强烈的精英管理文化，它鼓励员工去做任何能使公司成功的事情。作为 回报：它提供丰厚的一揽子股权利益，这使得许多三十多岁的技术工人变成百万富翁，或者按奥斯汀人的叫 法是戴尔富翁。 6. Dell says it did not undertake the cuts lightly. DIt‘s one of the hardest, most gut-wrenching decisions you can make as a leader,‖ Michael Dell told Time. The layoffs are, he admits, Dan admission that we screwed up‖ by overhiring. If there‘s a lesson, he says, it‘s that Dwhen things heat up quite a bit, we should take some pause.‖ 戴尔说在裁员这件事情上，公司也做的不轻松。戴尔告诉时代周刊说：D作为公司的决策者，裁员是最 困难的，最令人揪心的决定之一。‖他坦诚道，裁员等于是承认了公司在过度招聘上做错了。如果说这 是一个教训，他说，那就是D当事情升温到一定程度，就必须打住。‖ 7. The company insists it tried to handle the layoffs as humanely as possible. Dell gave terminated workers their yearly bonuses early, and it handed out severance packages of two months‘ salary and two months of insurance coverage. Dell is also paying for job counseling. 公司坚持说它还在尽力使得裁员更人情味。戴尔公司给那些解聘的工人提前发放了年终奖金，还支付了 两个月的薪水作为解聘补偿和两个月的保险。戴尔还支付了就业咨询的费用。 8. Not every employee got the bad news as impersonally as Peterson. When senior recruiter Kathleen Sullivan, 47, was let go, her boss led her from her cubicle into a Dteam room‖ where they could have some privacy. He apologized profusely and said he hoped they would stay in touch. DThen a tear started rolling down his cheek,‖ she says. DI‘m getting laid off, and I‘m asking him if he needed a Kleenex.‖ 并不是每个雇员都像 Peterson 一样没有人情味地接到解雇的坏消息。当 47 岁的高级招聘员 KathleenSullivan 被解聘时，他的老板把她从大办公室的隔间叫到了一个套间，以便他们不被人打扰。他多次地道 歉并说希望能保持联系。D然后，泪水从他的脸上滚落，‖她说，D我被解雇了，但我还在问他是否需要面 巾纸。‖ 9. But the pain was mostly hers. Sullivan had initially resisted going to Dell. But when it recruited her, she was enticed by the high pay, the retirement plan, the stock options and the heady work environment. During the boom, she says, she once hired 600 people in five weeks. Dell hired 16,000 workers in the past two years alone. 但最痛苦的还是她，Sullivan 曾经拒绝到 Dell 来工作。但当公司招聘她时，高额的报酬，退休计划，股 票利益以及令人兴奋的工作环境吸引了她。她说在公司的繁荣时期，她曾在五周内招募了 600 人。单单 在过去的两年里，Dell 公司招募了 16，000 个员工。 10. With money tight ,there was pressure to cut back on departments that didn‘t generate revenue―administration, marketing and recruiting. Dell was also pushing to have in-house managers do more of their own job interviewing, leaving less work for Sullivan. Echoing Michael Dell, Sullivan blames the company for not doing a better job of anticipating work-force needs. DThis is the first time I heard about reducing numbers,‖ she says. DThe company was growing too fast, and we didn‘t take a long view and look at what we had.‖ 当资金变得紧张起来，那些不产生收益的部门，诸如管理部门，市场部门和招聘部门都面临着被裁减的 压力。Dell 还让业务经理们做他们职权以外的面试工作，留给 Sullivan 更少的工作。响应 Michael Dell， Sullivan 谴责公司在作人力需求计划工作时没有做好。D公司增长得太快了，我们没有做好长远的打算， 也没有考虑好我们都有什么。‖ 11. Gary Davidson‘s firing was mercifully brief. Davidson, 39, a network administrator in a factory that makes laptops, got to work at 7:30 a.m., and his boss called him into the human-resources building. He was told that he was history and was asked to hand over his badge, cell phone and corporate cards. DThey gave me the option of coming back later to clean out my desk,‖ he says. DBy 7:45 a.m., I was out.‖ Gary Davidson 的解雇过程是仁慈的摘要版。39 岁的 Davidson 是一家笔记本电脑制造厂的网络管理员。他早 上 7:30 上班， 老板打来电话叫他去人力资源办公楼。 他被告知被解雇了， 要求上交公司证章、 手机和公司卡。 D他们给我的选项就是晚些时候回来清理我的办公桌，‖他说，D早上 7:45 分，我离开了公司。‖ 12. The news didn‘t come as a complete shock. When Davidson started out, money ran freely. DThe mood was, ?Gosh, Dell has oodles of loot,‘ ‖ he says. D ?Let‘s just spend, spend, spend.‘ ‖ But a year ago, when the dotcom bubble burst, everything changed. It was harder to get anything more than a bare-bones computer to work on, and training was halted for several months. DYou could practically hear the screws being tightened,‖ says Davidson. 解聘这个消息并不是完全让人震惊的。Davidson 刚开始工作时，花钱是很自由的。他说：D那心情就是，?天 呐,戴尔公司这么有钱。我们就花吧，花吧，花吧。‘‖但一年前，当网络泡沫破碎时，一切都变了。除了工作 用的最基本的计算机外很难再拿到其他东西了，培训也停了好几个月。D你可以感到公司的资金在收紧。‖ Davidson 说。 13. By early this year, rumors were rampant that job cuts were coming. But Dell traditionally kept a 10% to 30% buffer of temps and contractors, who normally get the boot during slow times. The company usually lays off an additional 10% of full-time staff after annual evaluations in February. The regular staff had hoped that those traditional purges, which happened again this year, would be all that were needed. 到今年早些时候，关于公司裁员一事已是流言四起。但是, 通常戴尔公司按照传统有占到员工总数的 10%至 30%的临时工和合同工,这些员工通常会在公司不景气时被解雇。 公司一般会在每年二月份的考评后解雇额外 10％的全日制员工。正式员工曾希望今年的裁员和以往一样，只是裁减临时工和合同工就可以了。 14. Many of the fired workers object to the way they were let go. Just days before D-day, as Feb. 15 is now known at Dell, management was denying planned job cuts. On D-day, officers from the Texas Department of Public Safety showed up at the Dell campus to escort the doomed to their cars. Workers were encouraged to sign Dthe bribe,‖ an agreement not to discuss their packager or sue Dell, in exchange for up to four extra weeks of severance. 许多被解雇员工反对他们被解雇的方式。就在 2 月 15 号，计划行动开始日电前几天，管理部门否认有计划 的裁员。在实行裁员当天，德克萨斯州公共安全部警员出现在戴尔园区，由他们护送这批注定被解雇的员工 上车。公司鼓励被解雇员工签署一项D贿赂‖协议，该协议中要求他们不将解聘的补偿金告诉他人或是不准备起诉戴尔公司，作为交换，戴尔提供给他们高达解聘前四周的工资的补偿金。 15. One of the biggest complaints among redundant Dell workers is that the company has not explained how it chose whom to fire. Dell rigorously evaluates its employees, ranking each on a descending 1-to-5 fives get fired first. But performance didn‘t seem to matter this time. DThe first guy in my department to go was the second highest rated on the team,‖ says Davidson. DIt was more like a shotgun blast, or a lottery.‖ 被解雇员工的最大一个抱怨就是公司没有解释它是如何选择被解雇人员的。戴尔公司严厉的考评其员工，按 1：5 的递减比例排队，5 是首先被裁员的。但是员工的绩效表现这一次似乎并不起作用。Davidson 说D我这 个部门第一个走的是团队中第二好的，它更像一次猎枪爆炸或是一次抽奖。 16. Some of the workers let go accuse Dell of targeting older, more highly paid workers. DThe people left are not the ones who built the company,‖ says Peterson. DWe did all the sweat, and now they‘re getting our stock options.‖ Dell counters that older workers who say they were singled out are just expressing sour grapes or don‘t understand where they fit in the process. 一些被解雇的员工指责戴尔公司解雇对象是年纪较大，工资较高的员工。Peterson 说，D那些留下来的并不是 创建公司的人，我们流尽了汗，现在他们却持有我们的公司股权。‖戴尔公司反驳道，那些年纪大的员工说 他们是因为年龄的原因被选出来，恰恰说明了这些人的酸葡萄心理或者他们不明白自己在公司发展中的位 置。 17. Some say management‘s choices don‘t make business sense. Randy Schleicher, 52, who lost his job as a network analyst, says he heard from someone still employed at Dell that the plant making computer portables was on hold for an hour because there wasn‘t enough tech help after the job cuts. At ＄11,000 a minute, he says, that would be an expensive delay. 有些人说管理部门解聘人员的选择是没有商业意义的。Randy Schleicher,52 岁，解雇前是网络分析师。他说 他从仍在戴尔公司留任的员工那听说， 便携式电脑制造厂因为裁员导致没有足够的技术支持而被迫停工一小 时。他说，一分钟的损失是 11000 美元，这是昂贵的耽误。 18. More broadly, economists are now questioning whether large scale headcount reductions are cost-effective. Kim Cameron, professor of management at the University of Michigan Business School, says studies from 1986 to 1992 show that companies that laid off workers went on to trail their industries in productivity, profitability and shareholder value. DA lot of downsizing is simply done as a message to external constituencies, especially Wall Street,‖ he says. Dell‘s stock, for instance, rose 9% the day the cuts were announced. It had fallen 62% since March 2000, putting heat on Dell for this kind of move. 更广泛的，经济学家现在质疑大规模的人员裁减是否合算。Kim Cameron,密歇根州大学商学院管理学教授， 他说从 1986 到 1992 年的研究显示,那些曾裁员的公司在其行业内的生产力、盈利和股东价值继续走低。D很 多裁员仅仅是给外界特别是华尔街传递一个信息,‖他说。例如，戴尔公司的股票在其宣布裁员当天就上升了 9 个百分点。自 2000 年 3 月以来，它已经跌了 62 个百分点，这使得戴尔公司下决心来裁员。 19. In theory, the fired Dell workers should land on their feet. Most have highly marketable skills, and unemployment in the area is near 2%. Every day they troop to a Dcareer center‖ in northwest Austin. They check out websites like computer jobs. com and a bulletin board that boasts 30 Dsuccess stories‖―only limited consolation given that companies where they might naturally land―Intel, Motorola and Verizon―have also been trimming workers. Doug Hutter, 41, with two kids at home, lost his job as an IT specialist Feb. 15. DI‘M starting to get scared,‖ he says. DI‘m wondering where the next house payment is coming from.‖ 从理论上说,被解聘的戴尔员工是能够很快找到工作的。 他们中的绝大多数有很高的市场所需技能， 而且在该 领域失业率约为 2％。他们每天都聚集在奥斯汀西北部的一个D职业中心‖，浏览类似 computer jobs. com 这样 的网站，查看以有 30 个D成功故事‖为荣的电子公告盘。但是他们习惯登陆的那些公司，诸如因特尔，摩托 罗拉和 Verizon 无线公司，仅能给他们有限的安慰，因为他们也都在裁员。Doug Hutter,41 岁，家里有 2 个孩 子，作为一个 IT 专家在 2 月 15 号失业。D我开始感到恐惧，‖他说，D我想知道下个月的房款从何而来。‖。 20. But if Dell‘s projections hold, it could be rehiring people like Hutter soon, and some other recent casualties are already saying they intend to be at the front of the line. DOf all the places I‘ve worked, I‘ve never felt more appreciated,‖ says Davidson. DI‘d go back in a heartbeat.‖ 假如戴尔公司的计划搁置，很快就会重新雇佣像 Hutter 这样的人，其他一些新近被解雇的员工已经在说他们 愿意第一个重返公司。D在我所工作过的所有地方，我从未感到象在戴尔公司这么受到赏识，‖Davidson 说，D我会兴奋的重返公司。‖ 21. Michael Dell has been feeling beaten up over the job cuts, particularly in Austin, where, as an employer of some 20,000 local workers, his company is intensely scrutinized. DWhenever we do something good, it‘s a little bit of news,‖ he says with a sigh. Dwhenever we do something bad, it‘s all over the place.‖ But Dell is still widely regarded as a good employer, a solid corporate citizen and a millionaire maker, it‘s unlikely a single round of job cuts will change that. Michael Dell 感到已经被裁员事件击败了，特别是在雇佣了 20000 名本地员工的奥斯汀，他的公司受到密切 观注。D真是好事不出门，坏事传千里。‖他叹息着说。 （另一种翻法：D当我们做了好事，几乎看不到新闻，‖ 他说，D但是一旦我们做了不好的事情，所有人都在批评。‖）但是，戴尔仍被广泛认为是个好的雇主，一个 稳固的企业法人和百万富翁制造者，仅仅一轮裁员是不能改变这个事实的。Unit 5 Workers of the World, Get Online 全世界的劳动者，上线 Daniel McGinn and Joan Ranmond 1. When George Yano opened his garage in the Cleveland suburbs 47 years ago, the shelves were lined with Mitchell‘s manuals, the multivolume bible for mechanics. Back then, all Yano needed was the right book and a good ear to make any car run smoothly. Today the manuals are gone, replaced by a Pentium-based computer and ＄1,800 worth of CD-ROMs. The fix-it-by-sound method has disappeared, today‘s cars are controlled by noiseless computer chips. To keep up with the changes, Yano‘s son Andy, 43, spends two nights a week in continuing education courses. It‘s a different world than when his father, now 74, looked under his first hood. DThey used to call us grease monkeys,‖ Andy says, pausing as he pulls a schematic drawing off the Internet as his father looks on. DIf anybody told me I would have a computer in the garage, I would have told them they were crazy.‖ 1. 四十七年前，当 George Yano 在克利夫兰郊区开汽车修理厂时，架子上放着一排 Mitchell 手册，机械 维修宝典。在那个时候，Yano 只需要一本正确的书和一只好的耳朵就可以修好所有的车。现在维修指南被 具有奔腾处理器的计算机和价值 1800 美元的 CD-ROM 所替代。通过听声音来修车的方法也消失了；现在的 汽车都由无声的计算机芯片来控制。为了跟上这些变化，Yano 的儿子，43 岁的 Andy，每周花两个晚上的时 间去上继续教育课程。现在的世界和他已经 74 岁的父亲当年第一次修车时候大不相同了。D过去他们通常叫 我们油猴子，‖Andy 停顿了下，在他父亲的注视下从网上下载一个示意图，D如果以前有人叫我在汽修厂里 面放一台电脑，我会告诉他们他们疯了。‖ 2. Workers of the world, get out your crystal balls. Just as the last decades have brought immense changes to the workplace―the influx of women, the advent of computers, the decline of organized labor, the rise of the service sector―the decades ahead will bring changes just as dramatic. Trying to make refined predictions of what work will look like decades from now is an exercise in folly, economists say, since the biggest changes will probably come from technological innovations we can only dream about. DTo try to predict technology, you really go out on a limb,‖ says David Bills, author of The New Modern Times, a book on the past and future of work. But what lies ahead is not completely unpredictable. Demographers can tell us much about what the work force will look like 10 or 15 years out. Charting other changes is a matter of extrapolating from existing trends while hoping not to be embarrassed. 2. 全世界的劳动者们，拿出你们占卜用的水晶球来预测下未来。正如过去几十年来在工作场所发生的诸 如女性工作者的涌入，计算器的出现，公会的衰落，服务业的兴起等巨大的变化一样，未来几十年也会发生 引人注目的变化。经济学家们说，试图对几十年后的工作做精确的预测是愚蠢的行为，因为最大的变化可能 源于我们只有在梦中才能想象到的技术革新。D想预测技术，你真是太冒险了，‖《The New Modern Times》 的作者 David Bills 说，这本书是写过去和未来工作的。但是未来并不是完全不可预测的。人口学家可以告诉 我们很多关于 10 或 15 年后的劳动力构成状况。描绘其他变化需要从目前的趋势做推测，同时希望不要让我 们身处困境。3. On the second floor of a Washington, D.C., office building, a group of 45 economists is hard at work on the government‘s sketch of tomorrow‘s workplace. Every other December, the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes its employment projections. The paperback guide, a standard accessory in high-school guidance offices, predicts which occupations will grow and shrink over the next decade. The hot growth areas: health care and computer-related work. Things look less rosy for bookkeepers, typists, copy-machine operators―and anyone whose job can be vaporized by automation. Other changes are obvious. With longer life spans and the cash-strapped Social Security fund, working into old age will become more common. The workplace, like the country, will be home to many more immigrants. And if you work in a factory today, you―or your children―are more likely to work in an office tomorrow. 3.在华盛顿政府办公大楼二层， 有一个由 45 名经济学家组成的小组， 他们在为政府对未来的工作场所的蓝图 而努力工作。每隔一年的十二月份，美国劳工局都会发布就业预测分析。这本平装的指南是高中就业指导办 公室中基本的派发品，它预测下一个几十年中哪些职业会增长哪些会萎缩。热门增长的区域有：健康保健以 及和计算机相关的工作。不乐观的职业是簿记员、打字员、复印机操作员，以及其他会被自动化替代的职业。 其他的变化也是很明显的。随着人寿命的增长和社会保障资金的现金短缺，退休后仍然继续工作将变得更为 普遍。将有更多的外国移民定居我们国家，和我们一起工作。而且如果你现在是在工厂上班，未来你或你的 孩子更有可能会在办公室里工作。 4. That last change may be the most profound. In the future, says Robert Reich, the former Labor secretary who‘s arguably the nation‘s foremost contemplator of the future of work, we won‘t be able to classify workers under the blue-collar/white-collar division of yore. We also won‘t see so many Americans with only a high-school education earning comfortable middle-class wages. In Reich‘s view, the upper crust of today‘s white-collar workers will be classified as something that he calls Dsymbolic analysts.‖ That rubric will include jobs―like lawyers, doctors, investment bankers and some teachers―that usually require graduate degrees. These will be well-paid positions involving Dsome of the most intensive knowledge work in the New Economy,‖ he says. At the bottom of the ladder will be the so-called personal-service workers, the remaining low-pay jobs that haven‘t moved overseas or been replaced by a computer. Think of the fast-food worker as the epitome of this job segment. 4.最后的变化可能是最深刻的。Robert Reich，前劳工部秘书长，是对国内未来职业思考最为深刻的沉思者, 他认为，未来我们不能再像以往一样将工作者分为白领或蓝领，也看不到这么多只有高中学历的美国人轻松 地挣着中产阶级的收入的现象。 Reich 的观点， 以 今天白领工作者的顶层会被归类成如他所称的D象征性的分 析师‖。那类包括的工作有律师、医生、投资银行家和一些教师DD这些职位通常需要研究生学位。他说这 些高收入的职位包括D一些在新经济中知识密集型最高的工作‖。在这个阶梯的底端是那些所谓的人员服务工 作者，残存的还没有被移到海外或被计算机所替代的低技能低收入工作。想象一下，快餐店的服务生就是这 类工作的缩影。 5. If the lives of the folks at the top and bottom of the ladder don‘t sound much different from what they lead today, that‘s because the greatest changes face workers in the middle, whom Reich calls, mercifully, Dthe new middle class.‖ The rise of a middle class in America was largely a blue-collar phenomenon, and despite overseas competition, there are still millions of workers earning more than ＄35,000 a year on an assembly line. Those jobs will dwindle on years to come. DJobs bending metal or doing the machining in a factory will become fewer and fewer,‖ Reich days. Tomorrow‘s middle class will be made up largely of Dtechnicians,‖ he says, whose jobs will usually require training on top of a high-school diploma. They will be the plumbers of the computer age. The technician class will include everyone from inventory managers to paralegals to high-tech auto mechanics like Andy Yano. DAlmost all ?technician‘ jobs involve computers,‖ Reich says. DYou‘ll have to have more education than the old middle class.‖ 5.如果说工作在就业阶梯底层与顶层的人们与他们今天所过的生活没有认为有什么不同，那是由于工人的中 间阶层发生了最大的改变，那些被 Reich 称为仁慈的D新中产阶级‖。在美国，增加的中产阶级中很大一部分 是蓝领工人，尽管还有海外移民竞争者，但仍有几百万装配工人年收入超过三万五千美元。这些工作岗位将 逐年减少，如D工厂中的钣金或者操作设备等工作会越来越少。‖Reich 说，D未来的中产阶级将由大量的技术 人员组成，他们的工作将通常需要在高中毕业以后继续培训。他们将是计算机时代的水暖工。这些技术人员 将包含从库存管理到律师助手以及像 Andy Yano 一样高科技汽车修理人员的每一个人。D几乎所有的?技术‘ 工作都离不开计算机。‖Reich 说，D和老的中产阶级相比，你必须接受更多的教育。‖ 6. Ed Lotterman, a regional economist at the Federal Reserve Bank in Minneapolis, already sees the changes. At local foundries, print shops and cabinetmaking plants, he sees many jobs that require more than the on-the Cjob training that sufficed in years past, but less than a college degree. Community colleges will train many of theseworkers, some of whom may receive proposed federal grants for two years of higher education. And there may be a boom in privately run training schools. 6. Ed Lotterman 是 Minneapolis Federal Reserve 银行的地区经济师，他已经看到了这样的变化。在当地的铸造 厂、印刷厂和橱柜生产厂，他注意到在过去几年许多只要通过在职培训就能胜任的职位，现在需要进行一些 大学课程的培训才能满足工作需要。小区学院会对这类工人中的许多进行培训，部分工人将得到联邦教育拨 款以资助他们两年的大学教育，拨款提议正在讨论中。私立培训学校将得到蓬勃发展。 7. Even the knowledge workers―those highly educated, high-earning professionals who should thrive in the new economy―face some big changes. In the wake of the early-1990s downsizing, it seemed as though nearly every laid-off executive had to call himself a consultant lest he admit to being permanently unemployed. But freelance talent-for-hire will become more the norm than the exception, experts say. A research project by the Human Resource Institute found that just 61 percent of the large companies it surveyed expected more than three quarters of its work force to consist of full-time, regular employees a decade from now, down from 84 percent today. While that may sound scary, Wharton professor Mike Useem says the midcareer executives he works with are already becoming comfortable with the notion of bouncing between employers and assignments rather than climbing the ladder at a single employer. Of course, they have no choice. 7.即使是知识工作者―那些将在新经济中健壮成长的高学历、高收入的专业人士，也面临着巨大的变革。 在经历过 1990 年初那场大裁员之后，似乎每个下岗的主管都自称是顾问，以免承认自己永久失业。专家们 坦言，待岗的自由职业人才将成为更正常现象，而非例外。人力资源研究院的一个研究项目显示在被调查的 大型企业中只有 61％预计 10 年之后它们 3／4 的员工将由全职、常规人员组成，而现在这些人员的比例为 84％。尽管这听上去令人惊慌，沃顿商学院的 Mike Useem 教授说，他所共事的那些正处于职业生涯中期的 管理人员已经心平气地接受频繁更换雇主和工作，而不是那种在一个老板下从一而终的观念了。当然，他们 也别无选择。 8. According to Watts Wacker, a futurist with SRI International, the talent-for-hire trend of the next century is a return to the guild system of the Middle Agese, in which tradesmen traveled from town to town practicing their craft for a variety of clients. Many knowledge workers will telecommute to their various offices. 8.斯坦福研究所的未来学家 Watts Wacker 认为， 下个世纪人才待岗趋势是向中世纪的行业公会制度的回归。 那时候，手艺人走乡串镇用自己的手艺为各种各样的客户服务。未来，许多知识工作者将通过与他们多个办 公室相联的计算机终端远程办公 9. Even without telecommuting, if you believe one school of thought, we won‘t be seeing our colleagues much in tomorrow‘s workplace. So say folks like Jeremy Rifkin, author of the best-seller The End of Work, a discussion of how technology will take the place of many mass laborers. While it sounds like a chilling scenario with lots of painful unemployment, Rifkin argues it will free us up for more cultural activities and nonprofit work. DThere‘s no reason we shouldn‘t move to a 30-hour workweek now and a 25-hour workweek 10 years from now, with higher pay and benefits,‖ Rifkin says. Economists scoff at the notion―if anything, they say, today‘s unemployment rate and wage pressure show that we face a shortage not a surplus, of skilled labor. But Rifkin has sold more than 100,000 books and keeps a full speaking schedule, suggesting that there will always be ample work for futurologists. 9. 即便没有远程办公，将来我们也不会象现在一样花如此多的时间和同事在一起上班,如果你相信某一 学派的观点的话。某些象 Jeremy Rifkin 的人也是这么认为的。Jeremy Rifkin 是《The End of Work》一书的作 者，在这本书中他探讨了将来技术是怎样取代大量的劳动力的问题。尽管它听起来是个有许多痛苦失业者的 让人心寒的故事，Rifkin 辩论说，这可以解放我们去参与更多的文化活动和公益事业。D我们现在每周工作 30 个小时,十年后缩短为每周 20 个小时，并且挣得更多,福利更好,这是毫无疑问的。‖ Rifkin 说。经济学家们 嘲笑这个观点DD他们认为，恰恰相反，我们现在所面临的失业率和工资压力并不是由于有技能的劳动力过 剩引起的，而是这类劳动力的短缺。可 Rifkin 的书已经卖出了超过 10 万册，他的讲演时间表也是排得满满 的。这说明未来学家还总是有充足的工作去做的。 10 Not everything will change. Michael Tavoletti has learned that lesson well. It‘s no secret that farming has been a dying occupation for a century, but Tavoletti won‘t give up his 500 acres in central Ohio without a fight. Many of the rhythms of his job haven‘t changed in years: he still feeds his 100-plus head of cattle each morning and tends to fields of corn, hay and wheat each afternoon. But when it comes time to breed his cattle, Tavoletti now uses a computer to analyze what the potential of the offspring might be if he breeds, say, cow 17 with Bull 8. someday, he expects, the computers will help him optimize his planting, fertilizing and harvesting. D［I‘m just］a guy who knows that technology is the key to keeping the farm in the family,‖ he says. He‘s also a walking reminder that no matterwhat forecasters say, someone has to milk the cows. 10. 不是每样事情都会改变的。Michael Tavoletti 已经完全掌握这一点。众所周知农民这个职业已经垂死 挣扎了一个世纪，但 Tavoletti 并不会轻易放弃他在俄亥俄州中心的 500 英亩土地。多年来，他的劳作节奏并 没有改变：每天早上他仍是喂养他的 100 多头牛，每天下午去照顾玉米地、干草和小麦田。但到了给牛配种 的时侯，他现在用计算机来分析他配种的母牛 17 和公牛 8 会产下怎样有潜力的小牛。他希望有朝一日计算 机能帮他优化栽培、育种和收获过程。D我知道是技术让我们家族保住了农场。‖他说。他的案例也活生生地 告诉我们无论D预报员‖对未来如何预测，总得有人去挤牛奶。Unit 6 Saving Nature，But Only for Man仅为人类拯救自然 Charles Krauthammer 1. Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George Bush, Dow to Exxon has professed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, restrictions, projects, regulations and laws advanced in the name of the environment? Clearly not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How to choose? 对环境的意识和敏感，是今天作为一位文明社会成员所必备的态度，就如同我们具有民主的信念一样。可 由于从 Ted Turner 到 George Bush 的每个人，从 Dow 到 Exxon 的每个公司都公开声称热爱地球母亲，问题 是面对着如此众多以环保为名却又相互矛盾的法令法规，规章制度，提案计划，我们如何决断？很显然，并不 是每件以环保为名的提议都值得一做。我们怎么进行选择呢？ 2. There is a simple way. First, distinguish between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things it would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Then apply a rule. Call it the fundamental axiom of sane environmentalism: Combatting ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury. 有个简单的办法。首先，我们将环保分为奢侈性环保和必须性环保。奢侈性环保是指如果不花代价我们拥 有会非常高兴的东西。必须性环保是指无论付出多大的代价我们都得拥有的东西。然后，应用相应的规则。这 个规则我们称之为理智环保主义，它的基本法则是：和直接威胁人们健康和安全的生态变化斗争是必须环保。 其他所有的都是奢侈性环保。 3. For example: preserving the atmosphere --- stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect --- is an environmental necessity. In April scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion not only causes skin cancer, it also destroys plankton, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit. 例如：保护大气层DD停止臭氧层的消耗和温室效应DD就是必须环保。据科学家们四月份的报告,臭氧 层破坏导致的危害比先前人们认识到的要严重得多。 臭氧层耗尽不仅仅会引发皮肤癌， 而且会摧毁人类需要的 食物链的底层的浮游生物。 4. The reality of the greenhouse effect is more speculative, though its possible consequences are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, parched plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds the world. Are we prepared to see Iowa acquire New Mexico‘s desert climate? And Siberia acquire Iowa‘s? 虽然温室效应的结果更多的是建立在推测的基础上，但其可能的结果确实是致命的：正在融化冰盖，已经 被淹没的海岸线，气候失常，平原干涸，最后，导致饥荒。美国的中西部是世界的大粮仓。难道我们愿意看到 依阿华州变成新墨西哥州那样的沙漠气候？还是西伯利亚的气候变的象依阿华州？ 5. Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters. They happen to occur in the environment. But they are urgent because they directly threaten man. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will win universal public support, begins by declaring that nature is here to serve man. A sane environmentalism is entirely anthropocentric: it enjoins man to preserve nature, but on the grounds of self-preservation. 臭氧层耗尽和温室效应是人类的灾难。 它们碰巧出现在环境中。 非常紧急是因为其直接威胁到人类的生存。 理智环保主义，这种唯一会赢得全体公众支持的的环境保护主义，出发点就是自然服务于人类。理智环保主义 是完全以人类为中心的：它要求人类去保护自然，但仅仅是为了保护人类自身。6. A sane environmentalism does not sentimentalize the earth. It does not ask people to sacrifice in the name of other creatures. After all, it is hard enough to ask people to sacrifice in the name of other humans. ( Think of the chronic public resistance to foreign aid and welfare. ) 理智环保主义可不为了地球感情用事。它不要求人们为其他生物去做牺牲。毕竟，要人们为其他人牺牲自 我都是很难的。 （想想公众因反对对外国进行援助和提供福利,而进行的长期抵制吧。 ） 7. Of course, this anthropocentrism runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in earth worship to the point of idolatry. One scientific theory --- Gaia theory --- actually claims that Earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the benignity of nature. My nature worship stops with the April twister that came through Kansas or the May cyclone that killed more than 125,000 Bengalis and left 10 million ( ! ) homeless. 当然，这种人类中心说和现如今那类将地球上升到偶像来崇拜的环保主义是格格不入的。有一种科学理 论DD盖娅理论DD事实上主张地球是一个活着的有机体。 这类环境保护主义侧重于考虑精神层面的东西。 这 只不过是感情用事。比方说，这类环境保护主义对大自然的仁慈一面的看法是非常具有片面性的。当四月份的 飓风横穿堪萨斯州, 五月份的风暴使 12.5 万孟加拉国人丧生并导致 1000 万人（！ ）无家可归,我对自然的崇拜 就终止了。 8. A nonsentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras‘ maxim that D Man is the measure of all things.‖ Such a principle helps us through the thicket of environmental argument. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge. Environmentalists, mobilizing against a bill working its way through the U.S. Congress to permit such exploration, argue that Americans should be conserving energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either/or proposition. The U.S. does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR lies one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. 非感情用事的环保主义是建立在 Protagoras 的格言D人是衡量万物的标准‖基础之上。这个理论可以帮助我 们理清那些错综复杂的关于环境保护的争论。 以当前对于在阿拉斯加州国家野生动物保护区一角钻探石油持续 的争论来说， 环保主义者动员民众反对国会通过目前正在审议的批准此类石油勘探的议案。 他们认为美国人应 该保存能源， 而不是开采能源。 这是个错误的非此即彼的命题。 美国是需要一个高额的能源税来减少能源消费。 但美国也需要更多的能源产出。政府估计在 ANWR 下蕴含着美国已经探明的五个最大油田之一的石油量，其 可能性高达 50％。 9. The U.S. has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the calving grounds of Arctic caribou. 美国刚刚经历了一场战争， 这场战争部分起因就是为石油而战。 能源依赖让美国人民不仅仅付出了金钱还 有生命。 明明能够以和平的方式获得石油， 却因有破坏北美驯鹿繁衍地的风险而放弃， 这真是怪诞的感情主义。 10. I like the caribou as much as the next man. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns are disturbed. But you can‘t have everything. And if the choice is between the welfare of caribou and reducing an oil dependency that gets people killed in wars, I choose man over caribou every time. 我和普通人一样喜欢北美驯鹿。如果他们繁衍方式被扰乱我也非常遗憾。但你不可能拥有一切。假如要在 牺牲北美驯鹿的安宁和减少令人死于战争的石油依赖之间选择，每一次我都是选择人而不是北美驯鹿。 11. Similarly the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at no or little cost, I would agree: the variety of nature is a good, a high aesthetic good. But it is no more than that. And sometimes aesthetic goods have to be sacrificed to the more fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose family over owl. 类似的情况还有俄勒冈州的斑点猫头鹰。 我决不是猫头鹰的敌人。 如果保护他们不需要或只要一点点代价， 我就同意：有种类繁多的物种是件好事，是具有高度美感的好事。但就仅此而矣。有时美的东西必须为更基础 的东西做牺牲。 倘若保护斑点猫头鹰的代价是让 3 万个伐木工家庭无以谋生， 我选择伐木工家庭而不是猫头鹰。 12. The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are merely aesthetic. Nature is our ward. It is not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But it is man‘s world. And when man has to choose between his well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate. 那些环境中的好东西，其重要区别在于哪些是基本性的东西，哪些是仅为美感而存在的东西。自然是我们 的被监护人，不是我们的主人。自然应该被尊重，更要悉心照料。但这是人类的世界。当人类要在自身的幸福 和自然的美好作出选择时，自然就应该做出让步。13. Man should accommodate only when his fate and that of nature are inextricably bound up. The most urgent accommodation must be made when the very integrity of man‘s habitat --- e.g., atmospheric ozone --- is threatened. When the threat to man is of a lesser order (say, the pollutants from coal-and-oil-fired generators that cause death from disease but not fatal damage to the ecosystem), a more modulated accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environment --- because it is man‘s environment. 只有当人类的命运和自然的命运紧密的联系在一起时，人类才需要改变。当人类栖息地的完整性--例如大 气臭氧层--受到威胁，人类必须立即改变自身的行为方式。当人类受到的威胁不是那么大（如：燃煤和燃油发 电机排出的废气导致患病死亡，但对生态系统并没有致命损害） ，恰当的做法是通过权衡考虑经济和健康因素 进行适度的调节。但适应于这两种情况的原则是一样的：保护环境--因为它是人类的环境。 14. The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A sane --- a humanistic --- environmentalism does it not for nature‘s sake but for our own. 感情用事的环保主义会称这是带着一种完全错误的心态来拯救自然。的确，理智的--以人为本的--环保主 义不是为了自然而是为了我们人类自己而拯救自然的。
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