Building a State in Apache Land by Charles D. Poston - Free Ebook
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Building a State in Apache Land
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For other uses, see .
"Good luck" redirects here. For other uses, see .
is often considered to bestow good luck.
The definition of luck (or chance) varies by philosophical, religious, mystical, or emotional context of the according to the classic 's dictionary, luck is "a purposeless, unpredictable and uncontrollable force that shapes events favorably or unfavorably for an individual, group or cause". Yet the author
defines it as "events that influence one's life and are seemingly beyond one's control".
When thought of as a factor beyond one's control, without regard to one's , , or
result, there are at least two senses that people usually mean when they use the term, the prescriptive sense and the descriptive sense. In the prescriptive sense, luck is a
concept that there are forces (e.g. gods or spirits) that prescribe that certain events occur very much the way laws of physics will prescribe that certain events occur. It is the prescriptive sense that people mean when they say they "do not ". In the descriptive sense, people speak of luck after events that they find to be fortunate or unfortunate, and maybe improbable.
Therefore, cultural views of luck vary from perceiving luck as a matter of
to attributing to such explanations of
or . For example, the
believed in the embodiment of luck as the goddess , whereas the
believes that "luck is mere luck" rather than a property of a person or thing.
viewed luck as , which he described as "a meaningful coincidence".
are popular worldwide and take many forms.
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
1927 advertisement for lucky jewellery. "Why Be Unlucky?".
The English noun luck appears comparatively late, during the 1480s, as a loan from
(Dutch or Frisian) luk, a short form of gelucke ( gelücke). Compare to old Slavic word lukyj (лукый) - appointed by destiny and old Russian luchaj (лучаи) - destiny, fortune. It likely entered English as a
term, and the context of gambling remains detectable in the word' luck is a way of understanding a personal chance event. Luck has three aspects which make it distinct from
Luck can be good or bad.
Luck can be accident or chance.
Luck applies to a sentient being.
Some examples of luck:
Finding a valuable object or money
Winning an event despite negative logical assumptions
You correctly guess an answer in a quiz which you did not know.
Avoiding an accident at the last moment
Being born in a wealthy family
Before the adoption of luck at the end of the Middle Ages, Old English and Middle English expressed the notion of "good fortune" with the word
(Middle English spede, Old English ); speed besides "good fortune" had the wider meaning of "prosperity, profit, abundance"; it is not associated with the notion of probability or chance but rather with that of a bestower of success can also be called speed, as in "Christ be our speed" (William Robertson, Phraseologia generalis, 1693).
The notion of probability was expressed by the Latin loanword chance, adopted in Middle English from the late 13th century, literally describing an outcome as a "falling" (as it were of ), via Old French cheance from Late Latin cadentia "falling". , the Roman goddess of fate or luck, was popular as an allegory in medieval times, and even though it was not strictly reconcilable with Christian theology, it became popular in learned circles of the High Middle Ages to portray her as a servant of God in distributing success or failure in a characteristically "fickle" or unpredictable way, thus introducing the notion of chance.
Luck is interpreted and understood in many different ways.
Luck refers to that which happens to a person beyond that person's control. This view incorporates
that are chance happenings, a person's place of birth for example, but where there is no uncertainty involved, or where the uncertainty is irrelevant. Within this framework, one can differentiate between three different types of luck:
Constitutional luck, that is, luck with factors that cannot be changed. Place of birth and genetic constitution are typical examples.
Circumstantial luck—with factors that are haphazardly brought on. Accidents and epidemics are typical examples.
Ignorance luck, that is, luck with factors one does not know about. Examples can be identified only in .
Another view holds that "luck is probability taken personally." A
approach to luck includes the application of the rules of
and an avoidance of
beliefs. The rationalist thinks that the belief in luck is a result of poor reasoning or . To a rationalist, a believer in luck who asserts that something has influenced his or her luck commits the "" logical fallacy: that because two events are connected sequentially, they are connected causally as well. In general:
A happens (luck-attracting event or action) and then B
Therefore, A influenced B.
More contemporary authors writing on the subject believe that the definition of good destiny is: One wh has the physical and mental capabilities of achievi has good appearance, has happiness in mind and is not prone to accidents.
In the rationalist perspective, probability is only affected by confirmed causal connections.
both explain some reasoning problems in common beliefs in luck. They involve denying the unpredictability of
events: "I haven't rolled a seven all week, so I'll definitely roll one tonight".
There is also a series of , or
beliefs regarding fortune. These beliefs vary widely from one to another, but most agree that luck can be influenced through spiritual means by performing certain
or by avoiding certain circumstances.
Luck can also be a
in an organization of fortunate and unfortunate events. Luck is a form of
which is interpreted differently by different individuals.
coined the term , which he described as "a meaningful coincidence".
co belief in luck or fate is criticised in
chapter 65, verses 11-12:
What will happen to you for offering food and wine to the gods you call good luck and fate? Your luck will end.
Belief in t most acknowledge providence as at least a partial, if not complete influence on luck. , in its early development, accommodated many traditional practices which at different times, accepted
and practiced forms of ritual
in order to divine the will of their supreme being or to influence divine favoritism. The concepts of "" or "" as they are described by believers closely resemble what is referred to as "luck" by others.
religions, such as the ,
and , had particularly strong beliefs regarding the relationship between rituals and the gods, which could in a similar sense to Abrahamic religions be called luck or providence. In these cultures, human sacrifice (both of willing volunteers and captured enemies), as well as self-sacrifice by means of , could possibly be seen as a way to propitiate the gods and earn favor for the city offering the sacrifice. An alternative interpretation would be that the sacrificial blood was considered as a necessary element for the gods to maintain the proper working order of the universe, in the same way that oil would be applied to an automobile to keep it working as designed.
Many traditional
practices, such as
and , have a strong belief in superstition. Some of these religions include a belief that third parties can influence an individual's luck.
are both respected and feared, based on their ability to cause good or bad fortune for those in villages near them.
Some encourage the belief in luck as a
idea, but which may produce , and alter one's responses for the better. Others, like
and , feel a belief in luck has more to do with a
for events in one's life, and the subsequent escape from personal responsibility. According to this theory, one who ascribes their travails to "bad luck" will be found upon close examination to be living
. In personality psychology, people reliably differ from each other depending on four key aspects: beliefs in luck, rejection of luck, being lucky, and being unlucky. People who believe in good luck are more optimistic, more satisfied with their lives, and have better moods. If "good" and "bad" events occur at random to everyone, believers in good luck will experience a net gain in their fortunes, and vice versa for believers in bad luck. This is clearly likely to be self-reinforcing. Thus, a belief in good luck may actually be an adaptive .
as depicted in Sebastian Brant`s book, author
Luck is an important factor in many aspects of society.
rather than skill or effort. For example,
does not involve any random factors such as throwing dice, while
has the "luck of the draw" when selecting tiles. In , especially games with a communal board, pure luck may decide a winning hand. Luck in games involving chance is defined as the change in a player's equity after a random event such as a die roll or card draw. Luck is positive (good luck) if the player's position is improved and negative (bad luck) if it is worsened. A poker player who is doing well (playing successfully, winning) is said to be "running good". There is, currently, no academic research as to explain how some profitable players who ascribe their profitability to a mix of probability and chance understand luck in the game.
In , it's unusual for the best team in the league to win the .[] By several measures, the 2005
were one of the luckiest World Series winners in modern baseball history, winning as many as nine extra games due to chance.[] Experts from statisticians to oddsmakers say chance plays an unusually big part in the game, partly because play is spread out over such a large area.[] The game's complexity is also relevant: The scoring value of a , for instance, depends largely on factors outside the hitter's control—namely the ability of the previous batters to get on base.
Many countries have a national . Individual views of the chance of winning, and what it might mean to win, are largely expressed by statements about luck. For example, the winner was "just lucky" meaning they contributed no skill or effort.
"Leaving it to chance" is a way of resolving issues. For example, flipping a coin at the start of a
may determine who goes first.
Main article:
Most cultures consider some
to be lucky or unlucky. This is found to be particularly strong in , where the obtaining of "lucky" , automobile
numbers, and
are actively sought, sometimes at great
expense. , as it relates to luck, is closer to an art than to a science, yet numerologists, astrologists or psychics may disagree. It is interrelated to , and to some degree to
and is based on converting virtually anything material into a , using that number in an attempt to detect something meaningful about reality, and trying to predict or calculate the future based on lucky numbers. Numerology is
by nature and started when humans first learned to count. Through human history it was, and still is, practiced by many cultures of the world from traditional
to on-line .
Different thinkers like
have discussed the .
did a ten-year scientific study into the nature of luck that has revealed that, to a large extent, people make their own good and bad fortune. His research revealed that "Lucky people generate their own good fortune via four basic principles. They are skilled at creating and noticing chance opportunities, making lucky decisions by listening to their intuition, creating self-fulfilling prophecies via positive expectations, and adopting a resilient attitude that transforms bad luck into good." Researchers have suggested that good luck and good mood often co-occur (Duong & Ohtsuka, 2000) and that lucky people are happy and optimistic whereas unlucky people feel anxious and depressed (Day & Maltby, 2003; Wiseman, 2003).
Although previous studies have explored the antecedences and consequences of luck using attribution theory (e. g., Fischoff, 1976; Weiner et al., 1987), personality variables (Darke & Freedman, 1997a;b), and more recently a cognitive priming approach (DeMarree et al., 2005; Kramer & Block, 2008) research on the underlying mechanism of how luck influences consumer judgment and behavior has been noticeably absent in the extant literature. Moreover, in much of this previous work, luck is manipulated in a way that is very likely to elicit positive affect as well. Thus, it is difficult to articulate whether the observed effects of luck are due to chronic beliefs about luck, temporary changes in how lucky people feel, or because of changes caused by the positive affect that is experienced. Their research showed that priming participants subliminally with luck-related stimuli made them feel luckier and happier. It was also found that the effects of priming luck using
increased participants' estimates of the likelihood of favorable events, their participation in lotteries, the amount of money they invested in relatively risky financial options and these effects appeared to be mediated by temporary changes in perceptions of luck rather than by affect).
, the founder of , taught his followers not to believe in luck. He taught that all things which happen must have a cause, either material or spiritual, and do not occur due to luck, chance or fate. The idea of moral causality,
(: kamma), is central in Buddhism. In the , the Buddha is recorded as having said the following about selling luck:
Whereas some religious men, while living of food provided by the faithful make their living by such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood as palmistry, divining by signs, interpreting dreams ... bringing good or bad luck ... invoking the goodness of luck ... picking the lucky site for a building, the monk Gautama refrains from such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood. D.I, 9–12
However, belief in luck is prevalent in many predominantly Buddhist countries. In , Buddhists may wear verses (takrut) or lucky amulets which have been blessed by monks for protection against harm.
This section's factual accuracy is . (April 2015)
(note: It is very difficult to capture a particular view of a religion in just one verse, therefore it is very dangerous to take verses out of context and also to not compare that verse to what the rest of the religious text is saying. Therefore to serve you best, please read the texts and the contexts to get a bigger picture of what is going on.)
9:11 states: 'chance happeneth to them all'.
Often in the
events were depicted as happening as a result of what you've done. "You Reap what you sow." Galatians 6:7 We see in the book of Genesis people are filled with evil in their hearts and God decides to send a flood to wipe them out. We also see David committing adultery and because of this he has bad consequences. However, we also see that the rule of sowing and reaping does not work for all. Not all Righteous are going to have a perfect life with no trials. We see this in the Old and New Testament. In the book of Job we see a perfectly Righteous man being accused by Satan as only doing good because God creates a 'hedge around him.' (protects and provides for him) Satan is not convinced that Job loves God more than his own life. Many bad things befall him, and in the end God restores him back to more than what He had before.
34:19 'The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delive'
16:33 '"I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world."'
Many people toss around 'The will of God' by saying 'God works in mysterious ways'. This is a quote from the book of Isaiah. However, in
we see Christians are called to know God's will—Romans 12:2 'Do not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God's will is—his good, pleasing and perfect will."
Yet, we see that Jesus came to do the will of God. So very often God's will, from a Christian perspective, was not being done until Jesus came on the scene. People never got a good picture of who God is until Jesus came.
1:3 'The Son is the radiance of God's glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty in heaven.'
it is said that by proper worship, with a meticulous prayer procedure (Sanskrit: Shri Lakshmi Sahasranam Pujan Vidhi) the blessings of , the Hindu goddess of money and fortune, may be obtained. Lakshmi Parayan (prayer) is performed in most Hindu homes on the day of , the festival of lights. At that time also
are drawn, decorative designs on floors of living rooms and courtyards during Hindu festivals that are meant as a sacred welcoming area for the luck.
There is no concept of luck in
other than actions determined by Allah based on the merit of the choice made by human beings. It is stated in the
(The Wind that Scatter) verse:22) that one's sustenance is pre-determined in heaven when the Lord says: "And in the heaven is your provision and that which ye are promised." However, one should supplicate towards Allah to better one's life rather than hold faith in un-Islamic acts such as using "lucky charms". However, in
there is a word which directly means "luck", which is ?? ?a??, and a related word for "lucky", ????? ma??ū?.
retain some native beliefs of
origin such as the . A number of practices, such as shutters painted blue are also used to repel evil spirits.
novel , the character
was the incredibly lucky result of a centuries-long breeding program initiated by the alien
directed to just such an outcome. The consequence of her state was that she had led such a charmed and worry-free life that she was emotionally immature and unprepared for "harsh reality."
The premise of the 2001
thriller film
is that luck can be amassed and transferred as any other commodity and fortune flows from those who have less to those who have more.
In 's , Harry drinks a potion called , also known as 'Liquid Luck'. It makes the drinker lucky for a period of time, during which everything they attempt will be successful.
While the video game
depicts Luck as a statistic (one of seven that define characters), one character offers an implant called a Probability Calculator. Its effect is similar to that described in Science above, allowing its recipient to understand probabilities better. Notably, one of the major non-player characters, Robert House, has a perfect luck score, and in-story had done everything from calculating the date of a nuclear war (being off by mere hours) and taking control of a 'vault' fallout shelter in a game of chance.
. "" Harriman House Ltd 1977.
. "" , 2008.
Harvard Business Review Press, 2012
Gunther, 1977. .
Ibidem, Gunther, 1977.
. The Obscure Goddess Online Directory.
by Daniel Clement Dennett, p. 92. "We know it would be superstitious to believe that "there actually is such a thing as luck" - something a rabbits' foot might bring - but we nevertheless think there is an unsuperstitious and unmisleading way of characterizing events and properties as merely lucky."
p. 32. "Luck accordingly involves three things: (1) a beneficiary or maleficiary, (2) a development that is benign (positive) or malign (negative) from the stand point of the interests of the affected individual, and that, moreover, (3) is fortuitous (unexpected, chancy, unforeseeable.)"
...the definition in the Oxford English dictionary: "the fortuitous happening of an event favorable or unfavorable to the interest of a person"
p. 28. "Luck is a matter of having something good or bad happen that lies outside the horizon of effective foreseeability."
p. 32. "Luck thus always incorporates a normative element of good or bad: someone must be affected positively or negatively by an event before its realization can properly be called lucky."
p. 32. ..."that as a far as the affected person is concerned, the outcome came about "by accident." "
Sumit Kumar Sirkar, Pothi (2010). . . p.&#160;5.
Burland, C. A (1985). The Aztecs: gods and fate in ancient Mexico. London: .
Maltby, J., Day, L., Gill, P., Colley, A., Wood, A.M. (2008).
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Miller, Ed (Nov 27, 2009). . < 2014. I’ve always thought that one of the worst things that can happen to new poker players is for them to run really good right out of the gate. If they rack up a number of big wins early on, a couple of bad things can happen.
Wiseman, R. (2003). The luck factor. London, UK: Random House.
Duong, T.,&Ohtsuka,K. (2000). TheVietnamese-language SouthOaksGambling Screen for the Australian context. In J. McMillen, & L. Laker (Eds.), Developing strategic alliances: Proceedings of the 9th National Association for Gambling Studies Conference, Gold Coast, Queensland 1999 (pp. 161-171). Kew, Australia: The National Association for Gambling Studies.
Wiseman, R., & Watt, C. (2004). Measuring superstitious belief: Why lucky charms matter. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, .
Fischoff, B. (1976). Attribution theory and judgment under uncertainty. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol. 1, 421-452). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Weiner, B., Frieze, I., Kukla, A., Reed, L., Rest, S., & Rosenbaum, R. M.(1987). Perceiving the causes of success and failure. In Edward E. Jones,David E. Kanouse, Harold H. Kelley, Richard E. Nisbett, Stuart Valins, & Bernard Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behaviors pp. 95-120. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Darke, P. R., & Freedman, J. L. (1997a). The belief in good luck scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 2, 486-511.
DeMarree, K. G., Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Priming a new identity: Self-monitoringmoderates the effects of nonself primes on self-judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 657-671.
Kramer, T., & Block, L. (2008). Conscious and non-conscious components of superstitious beliefs in judgment and decision making. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(6), 783-793.
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Pagès, Jean-Louis (2005). Tunisie-Plus (in French). Limoges: éd. Solilang. p.&#160;33.
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