Character entity references in HTML 4
Introduction to character entity references
is an SGML
construct that references a character of the
This version of HTML supports several sets of character entity
references:
In accordance with
section 14 of , the set of Latin-1 entities has been extended by
this specification to cover the whole right part of ISO-8859-1 (all code
positions with the high-order bit set), including the already commonly used
&, & and &. The names of the entities are taken from
the appendices of SGML (defined in ).
characters may be represented by glyphs in the Adobe font "Symbol".
(e.g., for bidirectional text).
The following sections present the complete lists of character entity
references. Although, by convention,
the comments
following each entry are usually written with uppercase letters, we have
converted them to lowercase in this specification for reasons of
readability.
The character entity references in this section produce characters whose
numeric equivalents should already be supported by conforming HTML 2.0 user
agents. Thus, the character entity reference & is a more convenient
form than ÷ for obtaining the division sign (&).
To support these named entities, user agents need only recognize the entity
names and convert them to characters that lie within the repertoire of .
Character 65533 (FFFD hexadecimal) is the last valid character in UCS-2.
65534 (FFFE hexadecimal) is unassigned and reserved as the byte-swapped version
of ZERO WIDTH NON-BREAKING SPACE for byte-order detection purposes. 65535 (FFFF
hexadecimal) is unassigned.
The list of characters
&!-- Portions & International Organization for Standardization 1986
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
&!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
&!ENTITY % HTMLlat1 PUBLIC
"-//W3C//ENTITIES Latin 1//EN//HTML"&
%HTMLlat1;
&!ENTITY nbsp
CDATA " " -- no-break space = non-breaking space,
U+00A0 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY iexcl
CDATA "¡" -- inverted exclamation mark, U+00A1 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY cent
CDATA "¢" -- cent sign, U+00A2 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY pound
CDATA "£" -- pound sign, U+00A3 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY curren CDATA "¤" -- currency sign, U+00A4 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY yen
CDATA "¥" -- yen sign = yuan sign, U+00A5 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY brvbar CDATA "¦" -- broken bar = broken vertical bar,
U+00A6 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY sect
CDATA "§" -- section sign, U+00A7 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY uml
CDATA "¨" -- diaeresis = spacing diaeresis,
U+00A8 ISOdia --&
&!ENTITY copy
CDATA "©" -- copyright sign, U+00A9 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY ordf
CDATA "ª" -- feminine ordinal indicator, U+00AA ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY laquo
CDATA "«" -- left-pointing double angle quotation mark
= left pointing guillemet, U+00AB ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY not
CDATA "¬" -- not sign, U+00AC ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY shy
CDATA "­" -- soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen,
U+00AD ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY reg
CDATA "®" -- registered sign = registered trade mark sign,
U+00AE ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY macr
CDATA "¯" -- macron = spacing macron = overline
= APL overbar, U+00AF ISOdia --&
&!ENTITY deg
CDATA "°" -- degree sign, U+00B0 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY plusmn CDATA "±" -- plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign,
U+00B1 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY sup2
CDATA "²" -- superscript two = superscript digit two
= squared, U+00B2 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY sup3
CDATA "³" -- superscript three = superscript digit three
= cubed, U+00B3 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY acute
CDATA "´" -- acute accent = spacing acute,
U+00B4 ISOdia --&
&!ENTITY micro
CDATA "µ" -- micro sign, U+00B5 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY para
CDATA "¶" -- pilcrow sign = paragraph sign,
U+00B6 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY middot CDATA "·" -- middle dot = Georgian comma
= Greek middle dot, U+00B7 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY cedil
CDATA "¸" -- cedilla = spacing cedilla, U+00B8 ISOdia --&
&!ENTITY sup1
CDATA "¹" -- superscript one = superscript digit one,
U+00B9 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY ordm
CDATA "º" -- masculine ordinal indicator,
U+00BA ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY raquo
CDATA "»" -- right-pointing double angle quotation mark
= right pointing guillemet, U+00BB ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY frac14 CDATA "¼" -- vulgar fraction one quarter
= fraction one quarter, U+00BC ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY frac12 CDATA "½" -- vulgar fraction one half
= fraction one half, U+00BD ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY frac34 CDATA "¾" -- vulgar fraction three quarters
= fraction three quarters, U+00BE ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY iquest CDATA "¿" -- inverted question mark
= turned question mark, U+00BF ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY Agrave CDATA "À" -- latin capital letter A with grave
= latin capital letter A grave,
U+00C0 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Aacute CDATA "Á" -- latin capital letter A with acute,
U+00C1 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Acirc
CDATA "Â" -- latin capital letter A with circumflex,
U+00C2 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Atilde CDATA "Ã" -- latin capital letter A with tilde,
U+00C3 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Auml
CDATA "Ä" -- latin capital letter A with diaeresis,
U+00C4 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Aring
CDATA "Å" -- latin capital letter A with ring above
= latin capital letter A ring,
U+00C5 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY AElig
CDATA "Æ" -- latin capital letter AE
= latin capital ligature AE,
U+00C6 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Ccedil CDATA "Ç" -- latin capital letter C with cedilla,
U+00C7 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Egrave CDATA "È" -- latin capital letter E with grave,
U+00C8 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Eacute CDATA "É" -- latin capital letter E with acute,
U+00C9 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Ecirc
CDATA "Ê" -- latin capital letter E with circumflex,
U+00CA ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Euml
CDATA "Ë" -- latin capital letter E with diaeresis,
U+00CB ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Igrave CDATA "Ì" -- latin capital letter I with grave,
U+00CC ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Iacute CDATA "Í" -- latin capital letter I with acute,
U+00CD ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Icirc
CDATA "Î" -- latin capital letter I with circumflex,
U+00CE ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Iuml
CDATA "Ï" -- latin capital letter I with diaeresis,
U+00CF ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY ETH
CDATA "Ð" -- latin capital letter ETH, U+00D0 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Ntilde CDATA "Ñ" -- latin capital letter N with tilde,
U+00D1 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Ograve CDATA "Ò" -- latin capital letter O with grave,
U+00D2 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Oacute CDATA "Ó" -- latin capital letter O with acute,
U+00D3 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Ocirc
CDATA "Ô" -- latin capital letter O with circumflex,
U+00D4 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Otilde CDATA "Õ" -- latin capital letter O with tilde,
U+00D5 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Ouml
CDATA "Ö" -- latin capital letter O with diaeresis,
U+00D6 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY times
CDATA "×" -- multiplication sign, U+00D7 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY Oslash CDATA "Ø" -- latin capital letter O with stroke
= latin capital letter O slash,
U+00D8 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Ugrave CDATA "Ù" -- latin capital letter U with grave,
U+00D9 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Uacute CDATA "Ú" -- latin capital letter U with acute,
U+00DA ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Ucirc
CDATA "Û" -- latin capital letter U with circumflex,
U+00DB ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Uuml
CDATA "Ü" -- latin capital letter U with diaeresis,
U+00DC ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY Yacute CDATA "Ý" -- latin capital letter Y with acute,
U+00DD ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY THORN
CDATA "Þ" -- latin capital letter THORN,
U+00DE ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY szlig
CDATA "ß" -- latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed,
U+00DF ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY agrave CDATA "à" -- latin small letter a with grave
= latin small letter a grave,
U+00E0 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY aacute CDATA "á" -- latin small letter a with acute,
U+00E1 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY acirc
CDATA "â" -- latin small letter a with circumflex,
U+00E2 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY atilde CDATA "ã" -- latin small letter a with tilde,
U+00E3 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY auml
CDATA "ä" -- latin small letter a with diaeresis,
U+00E4 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY aring
CDATA "å" -- latin small letter a with ring above
= latin small letter a ring,
U+00E5 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY aelig
CDATA "æ" -- latin small letter ae
= latin small ligature ae, U+00E6 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY ccedil CDATA "ç" -- latin small letter c with cedilla,
U+00E7 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY egrave CDATA "è" -- latin small letter e with grave,
U+00E8 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY eacute CDATA "é" -- latin small letter e with acute,
U+00E9 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY ecirc
CDATA "ê" -- latin small letter e with circumflex,
U+00EA ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY euml
CDATA "ë" -- latin small letter e with diaeresis,
U+00EB ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY igrave CDATA "ì" -- latin small letter i with grave,
U+00EC ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY iacute CDATA "í" -- latin small letter i with acute,
U+00ED ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY icirc
CDATA "î" -- latin small letter i with circumflex,
U+00EE ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY iuml
CDATA "ï" -- latin small letter i with diaeresis,
U+00EF ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY eth
CDATA "ð" -- latin small letter eth, U+00F0 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY ntilde CDATA "ñ" -- latin small letter n with tilde,
U+00F1 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY ograve CDATA "ò" -- latin small letter o with grave,
U+00F2 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY oacute CDATA "ó" -- latin small letter o with acute,
U+00F3 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY ocirc
CDATA "ô" -- latin small letter o with circumflex,
U+00F4 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY otilde CDATA "õ" -- latin small letter o with tilde,
U+00F5 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY ouml
CDATA "ö" -- latin small letter o with diaeresis,
U+00F6 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY divide CDATA "÷" -- division sign, U+00F7 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY oslash CDATA "ø" -- latin small letter o with stroke,
= latin small letter o slash,
U+00F8 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY ugrave CDATA "ù" -- latin small letter u with grave,
U+00F9 ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY uacute CDATA "ú" -- latin small letter u with acute,
U+00FA ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY ucirc
CDATA "û" -- latin small letter u with circumflex,
U+00FB ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY uuml
CDATA "ü" -- latin small letter u with diaeresis,
U+00FC ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY yacute CDATA "ý" -- latin small letter y with acute,
U+00FD ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY thorn
CDATA "þ" -- latin small letter thorn,
U+00FE ISOlat1 --&
&!ENTITY yuml
CDATA "ÿ" -- latin small letter y with diaeresis,
U+00FF ISOlat1 --&
The character entity references in this section produce characters that may
be represented by glyphs in the widely available Adobe Symbol font, including
Greek characters, various bracketing symbols, and a selection of mathematical
operators such as gradient, product, and summation symbols.
To support these entities, user agents may support full
other means. Display of glyphs for these characters may be obtained by being
able to display the relevant
characters or
by other means, such as internally mapping the listed entities, numeric
character references, and characters to the appropriate position in some font
that contains the requisite glyphs.
When to use Greek entities. This entity set contains
all the letters used in modern Greek. However, it does not include Greek
punctuation, precomposed accented characters nor the non-spacing accents
(tonos, dialytika) required to compose them. There are no archaic letters,
Coptic-unique letters, or precomposed letters for Polytonic Greek. The entities
defined here are not intended for the representation of modern Greek text and
would not be an effi rather, they are intended for
occasional Greek letters used in technical and mathematical works.
The list of characters
&!-- Mathematical, Greek and Symbolic characters for HTML --&
&!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
&!ENTITY % HTMLsymbol PUBLIC
"-//W3C//ENTITIES Symbols//EN//HTML"&
&!-- Portions & International Organization for Standardization 1986:
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
&!-- Relevant ISO entity set is given unless names are newly introduced.
New names (i.e., not in ISO 8879 list) do not clash with any
existing ISO 8879 entity names. ISO 10646 character numbers
are given for each character, in hex. CDATA values are decimal
conversions of the ISO 10646 values and refer to the document
character set. Names are ISO 10646 names.
&!-- Latin Extended-B --&
&!ENTITY fnof
CDATA "ƒ" -- latin small f with hook = function
= florin, U+0192 ISOtech --&
&!-- Greek --&
&!ENTITY Alpha
CDATA "Α" -- greek capital letter alpha, U+0391 --&
&!ENTITY Beta
CDATA "Β" -- greek capital letter beta, U+0392 --&
&!ENTITY Gamma
CDATA "Γ" -- greek capital letter gamma,
U+0393 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Delta
CDATA "Δ" -- greek capital letter delta,
U+0394 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Epsilon
CDATA "Ε" -- greek capital letter epsilon, U+0395 --&
&!ENTITY Zeta
CDATA "Ζ" -- greek capital letter zeta, U+0396 --&
&!ENTITY Eta
CDATA "Η" -- greek capital letter eta, U+0397 --&
&!ENTITY Theta
CDATA "Θ" -- greek capital letter theta,
U+0398 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Iota
CDATA "Ι" -- greek capital letter iota, U+0399 --&
&!ENTITY Kappa
CDATA "Κ" -- greek capital letter kappa, U+039A --&
&!ENTITY Lambda
CDATA "Λ" -- greek capital letter lambda,
U+039B ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Mu
CDATA "Μ" -- greek capital letter mu, U+039C --&
&!ENTITY Nu
CDATA "Ν" -- greek capital letter nu, U+039D --&
&!ENTITY Xi
CDATA "Ξ" -- greek capital letter xi, U+039E ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Omicron
CDATA "Ο" -- greek capital letter omicron, U+039F --&
&!ENTITY Pi
CDATA "Π" -- greek capital letter pi, U+03A0 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Rho
CDATA "Ρ" -- greek capital letter rho, U+03A1 --&
&!-- there is no Sigmaf, and no U+03A2 character either --&
&!ENTITY Sigma
CDATA "Σ" -- greek capital letter sigma,
U+03A3 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Tau
CDATA "Τ" -- greek capital letter tau, U+03A4 --&
&!ENTITY Upsilon
CDATA "Υ" -- greek capital letter upsilon,
U+03A5 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Phi
CDATA "Φ" -- greek capital letter phi,
U+03A6 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Chi
CDATA "Χ" -- greek capital letter chi, U+03A7 --&
&!ENTITY Psi
CDATA "Ψ" -- greek capital letter psi,
U+03A8 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY Omega
CDATA "Ω" -- greek capital letter omega,
U+03A9 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY alpha
CDATA "α" -- greek small letter alpha,
U+03B1 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY beta
CDATA "β" -- greek small letter beta, U+03B2 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY gamma
CDATA "γ" -- greek small letter gamma,
U+03B3 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY delta
CDATA "δ" -- greek small letter delta,
U+03B4 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY epsilon
CDATA "ε" -- greek small letter epsilon,
U+03B5 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY zeta
CDATA "ζ" -- greek small letter zeta, U+03B6 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY eta
CDATA "η" -- greek small letter eta, U+03B7 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY theta
CDATA "θ" -- greek small letter theta,
U+03B8 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY iota
CDATA "ι" -- greek small letter iota, U+03B9 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY kappa
CDATA "κ" -- greek small letter kappa,
U+03BA ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY lambda
CDATA "λ" -- greek small letter lambda,
U+03BB ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY mu
CDATA "μ" -- greek small letter mu, U+03BC ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY nu
CDATA "ν" -- greek small letter nu, U+03BD ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY xi
CDATA "ξ" -- greek small letter xi, U+03BE ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY omicron
CDATA "ο" -- greek small letter omicron, U+03BF NEW --&
&!ENTITY pi
CDATA "π" -- greek small letter pi, U+03C0 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY rho
CDATA "ρ" -- greek small letter rho, U+03C1 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY sigmaf
CDATA "ς" -- greek small letter final sigma,
U+03C2 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY sigma
CDATA "σ" -- greek small letter sigma,
U+03C3 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY tau
CDATA "τ" -- greek small letter tau, U+03C4 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY upsilon
CDATA "υ" -- greek small letter upsilon,
U+03C5 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY phi
CDATA "φ" -- greek small letter phi, U+03C6 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY chi
CDATA "χ" -- greek small letter chi, U+03C7 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY psi
CDATA "ψ" -- greek small letter psi, U+03C8 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY omega
CDATA "ω" -- greek small letter omega,
U+03C9 ISOgrk3 --&
&!ENTITY thetasym CDATA "ϑ" -- greek small letter theta symbol,
U+03D1 NEW --&
&!ENTITY upsih
CDATA "ϒ" -- greek upsilon with hook symbol,
U+03D2 NEW --&
&!ENTITY piv
CDATA "ϖ" -- greek pi symbol, U+03D6 ISOgrk3 --&
&!-- General Punctuation --&
&!ENTITY bull
CDATA "•" -- bullet = black small circle,
U+2022 ISOpub
&!-- bullet is NOT the same as bullet operator, U+2219 --&
&!ENTITY hellip
CDATA "…" -- horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader,
U+2026 ISOpub
&!ENTITY prime
CDATA "′" -- prime = minutes = feet, U+2032 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY Prime
CDATA "″" -- double prime = seconds = inches,
U+2033 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY oline
CDATA "‾" -- overline = spacing overscore,
U+203E NEW --&
&!ENTITY frasl
CDATA "⁄" -- fraction slash, U+2044 NEW --&
&!-- Letterlike Symbols --&
&!ENTITY weierp
CDATA "℘" -- script capital P = power set
= Weierstrass p, U+2118 ISOamso --&
&!ENTITY image
CDATA "ℑ" -- blackletter capital I = imaginary part,
U+2111 ISOamso --&
&!ENTITY real
CDATA "ℜ" -- blackletter capital R = real part symbol,
U+211C ISOamso --&
&!ENTITY trade
CDATA "™" -- trade mark sign, U+2122 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY alefsym
CDATA "ℵ" -- alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal,
U+2135 NEW --&
&!-- alef symbol is NOT the same as hebrew letter alef,
U+05D0 although the same glyph could be used to depict both characters --&
&!-- Arrows --&
&!ENTITY larr
CDATA "←" -- leftwards arrow, U+2190 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY uarr
CDATA "↑" -- upwards arrow, U+2191 ISOnum--&
&!ENTITY rarr
CDATA "→" -- rightwards arrow, U+2192 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY darr
CDATA "↓" -- downwards arrow, U+2193 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY harr
CDATA "↔" -- left right arrow, U+2194 ISOamsa --&
&!ENTITY crarr
CDATA "↵" -- downwards arrow with corner leftwards
= carriage return, U+21B5 NEW --&
&!ENTITY lArr
CDATA "⇐" -- leftwards double arrow, U+21D0 ISOtech --&
&!-- ISO 10646 does not say that lArr is the same as the 'is implied by' arrow
but also does not have any other character for that function. So ? lArr can
be used for 'is implied by' as ISOtech suggests --&
&!ENTITY uArr
CDATA "⇑" -- upwards double arrow, U+21D1 ISOamsa --&
&!ENTITY rArr
CDATA "⇒" -- rightwards double arrow,
U+21D2 ISOtech --&
&!-- ISO 10646 does not say this is the 'implies' character but does not have
another character with this function so ?
rArr can be used for 'implies' as ISOtech suggests --&
&!ENTITY dArr
CDATA "⇓" -- downwards double arrow, U+21D3 ISOamsa --&
&!ENTITY hArr
CDATA "⇔" -- left right double arrow,
U+21D4 ISOamsa --&
&!-- Mathematical Operators --&
&!ENTITY forall
CDATA "∀" -- for all, U+2200 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY part
CDATA "∂" -- partial differential, U+2202 ISOtech
&!ENTITY exist
CDATA "∃" -- there exists, U+2203 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY empty
CDATA "∅" -- empty set = null set = diameter,
U+2205 ISOamso --&
&!ENTITY nabla
CDATA "∇" -- nabla = backward difference,
U+2207 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY isin
CDATA "∈" -- element of, U+2208 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY notin
CDATA "∉" -- not an element of, U+2209 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY ni
CDATA "∋" -- contains as member, U+220B ISOtech --&
&!-- should there be a more memorable name than 'ni'? --&
&!ENTITY prod
CDATA "∏" -- n-ary product = product sign,
U+220F ISOamsb --&
&!-- prod is NOT the same character as U+03A0 'greek capital letter pi' though
the same glyph might be used for both --&
&!ENTITY sum
CDATA "∑" -- n-ary sumation, U+2211 ISOamsb --&
&!-- sum is NOT the same character as U+03A3 'greek capital letter sigma'
though the same glyph might be used for both --&
&!ENTITY minus
CDATA "−" -- minus sign, U+2212 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY lowast
CDATA "∗" -- asterisk operator, U+2217 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY radic
CDATA "√" -- square root = radical sign,
U+221A ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY prop
CDATA "∝" -- proportional to, U+221D ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY infin
CDATA "∞" -- infinity, U+221E ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY ang
CDATA "∠" -- angle, U+2220 ISOamso --&
&!ENTITY and
CDATA "∧" -- logical and = wedge, U+2227 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY or
CDATA "∨" -- logical or = vee, U+2228 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY cap
CDATA "∩" -- intersection = cap, U+2229 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY cup
CDATA "∪" -- union = cup, U+222A ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY int
CDATA "∫" -- integral, U+222B ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY there4
CDATA "∴" -- therefore, U+2234 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY sim
CDATA "∼" -- tilde operator = varies with = similar to,
U+223C ISOtech --&
&!-- tilde operator is NOT the same character as the tilde, U+007E,
although the same glyph might be used to represent both
&!ENTITY cong
CDATA "≅" -- approximately equal to, U+2245 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY asymp
CDATA "≈" -- almost equal to = asymptotic to,
U+2248 ISOamsr --&
&!ENTITY ne
CDATA "≠" -- not equal to, U+2260 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY equiv
CDATA "≡" -- identical to, U+2261 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY le
CDATA "≤" -- less-than or equal to, U+2264 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY ge
CDATA "≥" -- greater-than or equal to,
U+2265 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY sub
CDATA "⊂" -- subset of, U+2282 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY sup
CDATA "⊃" -- superset of, U+2283 ISOtech --&
&!-- note that nsup, 'not a superset of, U+2283' is not covered by the Symbol
font encoding and is not included. Should it be, for symmetry?
It is in ISOamsn
&!ENTITY nsub
CDATA "⊄" -- not a subset of, U+2284 ISOamsn --&
&!ENTITY sube
CDATA "⊆" -- subset of or equal to, U+2286 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY supe
CDATA "⊇" -- superset of or equal to,
U+2287 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY oplus
CDATA "⊕" -- circled plus = direct sum,
U+2295 ISOamsb --&
&!ENTITY otimes
CDATA "⊗" -- circled times = vector product,
U+2297 ISOamsb --&
&!ENTITY perp
CDATA "⊥" -- up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular,
U+22A5 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY sdot
CDATA "⋅" -- dot operator, U+22C5 ISOamsb --&
&!-- dot operator is NOT the same character as U+00B7 middle dot --&
&!-- Miscellaneous Technical --&
&!ENTITY lceil
CDATA "⌈" -- left ceiling = apl upstile,
U+2308 ISOamsc
&!ENTITY rceil
CDATA "⌉" -- right ceiling, U+2309 ISOamsc
&!ENTITY lfloor
CDATA "⌊" -- left floor = apl downstile,
U+230A ISOamsc
&!ENTITY rfloor
CDATA "⌋" -- right floor, U+230B ISOamsc
&!ENTITY lang
CDATA "〈" -- left-pointing angle bracket = bra,
U+2329 ISOtech --&
&!-- lang is NOT the same character as U+003C 'less than'
or U+2039 'single left-pointing angle quotation mark' --&
&!ENTITY rang
CDATA "〉" -- right-pointing angle bracket = ket,
U+232A ISOtech --&
&!-- rang is NOT the same character as U+003E 'greater than'
or U+203A 'single right-pointing angle quotation mark' --&
&!-- Geometric Shapes --&
&!ENTITY loz
CDATA "◊" -- lozenge, U+25CA ISOpub --&
&!-- Miscellaneous Symbols --&
&!ENTITY spades
CDATA "♠" -- black spade suit, U+2660 ISOpub --&
&!-- black here seems to mean filled as opposed to hollow --&
&!ENTITY clubs
CDATA "♣" -- black club suit = shamrock,
U+2663 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY hearts
CDATA "♥" -- black heart suit = valentine,
U+2665 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY diams
CDATA "♦" -- black diamond suit, U+2666 ISOpub --&
The character entity references in this section are for escaping
markup-significant characters (these are the same as those in HTML 2.0 and
3.2), for denoting spaces and dashes. Other characters in this section apply to
internationalization issues such as the disambiguation of bidirectional text
(see the section on
for details).
Entities have also been added for the remaining characters occurring in
CP-1252 which do not occur in the HTMLlat1 or HTMLsymbol entity sets. These all
occur in the 128 to 159 range within the CP-1252 charset. These entities permit
the characters to be denoted in a platform-independent manner.
To support these entities, user agents may support full
other means. Display of glyphs for these characters may be obtained by being
able to display the relevant
characters or
by other means, such as internally mapping the listed entities, numeric
character references, and characters to the appropriate position in some font
that contains the requisite glyphs.
The list of characters
&!-- Special characters for HTML --&
&!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
&!ENTITY % HTMLspecial PUBLIC
"-//W3C//ENTITIES Special//EN//HTML"&
&!-- Portions & International Organization for Standardization 1986:
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
&!-- Relevant ISO entity set is given unless names are newly introduced.
New names (i.e., not in ISO 8879 list) do not clash with any
existing ISO 8879 entity names. ISO 10646 character numbers
are given for each character, in hex. CDATA values are decimal
conversions of the ISO 10646 values and refer to the document
character set. Names are ISO 10646 names.
&!-- C0 Controls and Basic Latin --&
&!ENTITY quot
CDATA """
-- quotation mark = APL quote,
U+0022 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY amp
CDATA "&"
-- ampersand, U+0026 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY lt
CDATA "<"
-- less-than sign, U+003C ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY gt
CDATA ">"
-- greater-than sign, U+003E ISOnum --&
&!-- Latin Extended-A --&
&!ENTITY OElig
CDATA "Œ"
-- latin capital ligature OE,
U+0152 ISOlat2 --&
&!ENTITY oelig
CDATA "œ"
-- latin small ligature oe, U+0153 ISOlat2 --&
&!-- ligature is a misnomer, this is a separate character in some languages --&
&!ENTITY Scaron
CDATA "Š"
-- latin capital letter S with caron,
U+0160 ISOlat2 --&
&!ENTITY scaron
CDATA "š"
-- latin small letter s with caron,
U+0161 ISOlat2 --&
&!ENTITY Yuml
CDATA "Ÿ"
-- latin capital letter Y with diaeresis,
U+0178 ISOlat2 --&
&!-- Spacing Modifier Letters --&
&!ENTITY circ
CDATA "ˆ"
-- modifier letter circumflex accent,
U+02C6 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY tilde
CDATA "˜"
-- small tilde, U+02DC ISOdia --&
&!-- General Punctuation --&
&!ENTITY ensp
CDATA " " -- en space, U+2002 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY emsp
CDATA " " -- em space, U+2003 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY thinsp
CDATA " " -- thin space, U+2009 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY zwnj
CDATA "‌" -- zero width non-joiner,
U+200C NEW RFC 2070 --&
&!ENTITY zwj
CDATA "‍" -- zero width joiner, U+200D NEW RFC 2070 --&
&!ENTITY lrm
CDATA "‎" -- left-to-right mark, U+200E NEW RFC 2070 --&
&!ENTITY rlm
CDATA "‏" -- right-to-left mark, U+200F NEW RFC 2070 --&
&!ENTITY ndash
CDATA "–" -- en dash, U+2013 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY mdash
CDATA "—" -- em dash, U+2014 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY lsquo
CDATA "‘" -- left single quotation mark,
U+2018 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY rsquo
CDATA "’" -- right single quotation mark,
U+2019 ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY sbquo
CDATA "‚" -- single low-9 quotation mark, U+201A NEW --&
&!ENTITY ldquo
CDATA "“" -- left double quotation mark,
U+201C ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY rdquo
CDATA "”" -- right double quotation mark,
U+201D ISOnum --&
&!ENTITY bdquo
CDATA "„" -- double low-9 quotation mark, U+201E NEW --&
&!ENTITY dagger
CDATA "†" -- dagger, U+2020 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY Dagger
CDATA "‡" -- double dagger, U+2021 ISOpub --&
&!ENTITY permil
CDATA "‰" -- per mille sign, U+2030 ISOtech --&
&!ENTITY lsaquo
CDATA "‹" -- single left-pointing angle quotation mark,
U+2039 ISO proposed --&
&!-- lsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized --&
&!ENTITY rsaquo
CDATA "›" -- single right-pointing angle quotation mark,
U+203A ISO proposed --&
&!-- rsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized --&
&!ENTITY euro
CDATA "€"
-- euro sign, U+20AC NEW --&