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发动机悬置系统动力学计算与实验研究,悬架系统动力学,发动机动力学,磁悬浮动力学实..
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求有关工程热力学的中英文对照论文,越多越好,
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工程热力学
热力学是研究热现象中,物质系统在平衡时的性质和建立能量的平衡关系,以及状态发生变化时,系统与外界相互作用的学科.
工程热力学是热力学最先发展的一个分支,它主要研究热能与机械能和其他能量之间相互转换的规律及其应用,是机械工程的重要基础学科之一.
工程热力学的基本任务是：通过对热力系统、热力平衡、热力状态、热力过程、热力循环和工质的分析研究,改进和完善热力发动机、制冷机和热泵的工作循环,提高热能利用率和热功转换效率.
为此,必须以热力学基本定律为依据,探讨各种热力过程的特性；研究气体和液体的热物理性质,以及蒸发和凝结等相变规律；研究溶液特性也是分析某些类型制冷机所必需的.现代工程热力学还包括诸如燃烧等化学反应过程,溶解吸收或解吸等物理化学过程,这就又涉及化学热力学方面的基本知识.
工程热力学是关于热现象的宏观理论,研究的方法是宏观的,它以归纳无数事实所得到的热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律和热力学第三定律作为推理的基础,通过物质的压力 、温度、比容等宏观参数和受热、冷却、膨胀、收缩等整体行为,对宏观现象和热力过程进行研究.
这种方法,把与物质内部结构有关的具体性质,当作宏观真实存在的物性数据予以肯定,不需要对物质的微观结构作任何假设,所以分析推理的结果具有高度的可靠性,而且条理清楚.这是它的独特优点.
古代人类早就学会了取火和用火,不过后来才注意探究热、冷现象的实质.但直到17世纪末,人们还不能正确区分温度和热量这两个基本概念的本质.在当时流行的“热质说”统治下,人们误认为物体的温度高是由于储存的“热质”数量多.年华氏温标和年摄氏温标的建立,才使测温有了公认的标准.随后又发展了量热技术,为科学地观测热现象提供了测试手段,使热学走上了近代实验科学的道路.
1798年,朗福德观察到用钻头钻炮筒时,消耗机械功的结果使钻头和筒身都升温.1799年,英国人戴维用两块冰相互摩擦致使表面融化,这显然无法由“热质说”得到解释.1842年,迈尔提出了能量守恒理论,认定热是能的一种形式,可与机械能互相转化,并且从空气的定压比热容与定容比热容之差计算出热功当量.
英国物理学家焦耳于1840年建立电热当量的概念,1842年以后用不同方式实测了热功当量.1850年,焦耳的实验结果已使科学界彻底抛弃了“热质说”.公认能量守恒、能的形式可以互换的热力学第一定律为客观的自然规律.能量单位焦耳就是以他的名字命名的.
热力学的形成与当时的生产实践迫切要求寻找合理的大型、高效热机有关.1824年,法国人卡诺提出著名的卡诺定理,指明工作在给定温度范围的热机所能达到的效率极限,这实质上已经建立起热力学第二定律.但受“热质说”的影响,他的证明方法还有错误.1848年,英国工程师开尔文根据卡诺定理制定了热力学温标.1850年和1851年,德国的克劳修斯和开尔文先后提出了热力学第二定律,并在此基础上重新证明了卡诺定理.
年,克劳修斯根据卡诺定理提出并发展了熵的概念.热力学第一定律和第二定律的确认,对于两类“永动机”的不可能实现作出了科学的最后结论,正式形成了热现象的宏观理论热力学.同时也形成了“工程热力学”这门技术科学,它成为研究热机工作原理的理论基础,使内燃机、汽轮机、燃气轮机和喷气推进机等相继取得迅速进展.
与此同时,在应用热力学理论研究物质性质的过程中,还发展了热力学的数学理论,找到了反映物质各种性质的相应的热力学函数,研究了物质在相变、化学反应和溶液特性方面所遵循的各种规律 .1906年,德国的能斯脱在观察低温现象和化学反应中发现热定理；1912年,这个定理被修改成热力学第三定律的表述形式.
二十世纪初以来,对超高压、超高温水蒸汽等物性,和极低温度的研究不断获得新成果.随着对能源问题的重视,人们对与节能有关的复合循环、新型的复合工质的研究发生了很大兴趣. Engineering Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of thermal phenomena, the material system in equilibrium and the establishment of the nature of the relationship between energy balance, as well as the state changes, the system of academic interaction with the outside world.
Engineering thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of the first development of its main research in heat and mechanical energy and other energy conversion between the law and its application in mechanical engineering is an important foundation for one subject.
Thermodynamics of the basic tasks of the project is: through the thermal system, heat balance, heat, and thermal processes, and working fluid thermodynamic cycle analysis, improve and perfect heat engine, refrigerator and heat pump working cycle, to improve energy utilization and heat conversion efficiency.
To this end, the basic law of thermodynamics must be based on a variety of thermodynamic prope study the thermal gas and liquid physical properties, as well as evaporation and condensation, such as phase- study analysis of solution properties is necessary for certain types of refrigerator . Modern Engineering Thermodynamics include chemical reactions such as combustion processes, such as dissolving the physical absorption or desorption chemical processes, which also involves the aspects of chemical thermodynamics of basic knowledge.
Engineering Thermodynamics is on the macro-theory of thermal phenomena, the study is a macro, it has been summarized by numerous facts of the first law of thermodynamics, and the second law of thermodynamics third law of thermodynamics as a basis for reasoning by the material pressure, temperature , specific volume and other macro parameters and heating, cooling, expansion, contraction, such as the overall behavior of the macro-phenomena and to study the thermal process.
In this way, the internal structure and material to the specific nature, as a macro-physical properties of real data to be sure, do not need to micro-structure of the material to make any assumptions, so analysis of the results of reasoning with a high degree of reliability, and coherent . This is its unique advantages.
Ancient man long ago learned to make fire and use of fire, but then pay attention to explore the hot, cold real phenomenon. However, until the end of the 17th century, people still can not correctly distinguish between temperature and heat of these two basic concepts of nature. Popular at that time, "said Heat and Mass Transfer" under the rule, people mistakenly believe that the high temperature object is stored as a result of "thermal mass" number. 1709 ~ Fahrenheit temperature scale in 1714 and 1742 ~ 1745 Celsius temperature to establish the subject to move the temperature with accepted standards. Followed by calorimetry technology developed for Earth observation science and thermal testing means is provided so that thermal embarked on the path of modern experimental science.
1798, Langford was observed drilling with drill barrel, the consumption of mechanical work and the result are warming bit. In 1799, the British David with two resulting in friction between the ice surface melting, which is obviously not from the "Heat and Mass said," be explained. 1842, Meyer made the conservation of energy theory, that heat is a form of energy can be transformed into mechanical energy with each other, and the air pressure from the specific heat capacity with constant volume specific heat capacity to calculate the difference between the mechanical equivalent of heat.
British physicist Joule heating in the equivalent in 1840 to establish the concept in 1842 measured in different ways beyond the mechanical equivalent of heat. In 1850, the experimental results of Joule has completely abandoned the scientific community, "Heat and Mass said." Recognized conservation of energy can be interchangeable in the form of first law of thermodynamics for the objective laws of nature. Energy unit Joule is named after him.
Thermodynamics of the formation and practice at the time the production of an urgent need to find a reasonable large-scale, highly efficient heat engine-related. In 1824, the French out of the famous Kano theorem, the work specified in a given temperature range the heat engine's efficiency can reach the limit, which essentially has established the second law of thermodynamics. However, by the "heat and mass transfer that" the impact that his methods are proven wrong. 1848, British engineer Kelvin theorem formulated in accordance with Carnot thermodynamic temperature scale. In 1850 and 1851, Germany and the Clausius Kelvin has made the second law of thermodynamics, and on this basis re-prove theorems Kano.
1850 ~ 1854, according to Carnot theorem Clausius proposed and developed the concept of entropy. First law of thermodynamics and second law of recognition, for two types of "perpetual motion machine" make the impossible to realize the final conclusions of science, the official formation of the thermal theory of thermodynamics of macro phenomena. At the same time the formation of the "Engineering Thermodynamics" This technological sciences, it became the study of heat engine working principle of the theoretical foundation for the internal combustion engine, steam turbine, gas turbines and jet propulsion, etc. have to make rapid progress.
At the same time, research in the application of thermodynamic theory of the nature of the course material, but also developed the mathematical theory of thermodynamics, the various substances found in nature to reflect the corresponding thermodynamic function was studied in the phase-change material, chemical reaction and the solution properties followed by a variety of laws. 1906, Germany Nernst observed phenomena and chemical reactions at low temperature f in 1912, the theorem is modified into the third law of thermodynamics expression.
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, on the ultra-high pressure, super-heated steam and other physical properties, and very low temperature research to gain new achievements. With the issue of energy, and energy of the combined cycle, a new type of composite refrigerant great research interest.===【希望可以帮助你】
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