第三方登录：&>&&>&大学英语精读5课文和单词
大学英语精读5课文和单词_49500字
第一单元:AA Technological Revolution in EducatioA human being transported from the year 1900 to our time would recognizewhat goes on in today's classrooms—the prevalent lecturing, theWith the possible exception of the church, few muchof emphasis on drill, and the materials and activities ranging from the basic reader to the weekly spellingtests.ext generation.
institutions have changed as little as those charged with the formal education of thechildren's experiences outside the school walls.
Contrast this continuity withIn modern society children have access to a range of media that would have seemed like a miracle in an earlier era. The visitor from the past, who would readily recognize today's classroom, would have trouble relating to the out-of-school world of a 10-year-old today.Schools — if not education generally — are inherently conservativeBut institutions.
In large measure, I would defend this conservative tendency.changes in our world are so rapid and so decisive that it will not be possible for schools to remain as they are or to simply introduce a few superficialimprovements.
Indeed, if schools do not change rapidly and radically, they are likely to be replaced by other more flexible institutions.The Transforming Power of ComputerThe most important technological event of our time is the rise of thecomputer.
Computers already permeate many aspects of our lives, fromScarcely ignorant ofTo transportation and telecommunicatioto entertainment.
these trends, many schools now have computers and networking capacity.ome extent, these technological accessories have been absorbed into the life of the school, though often they simply deliver the old lessons in a more convenient and efficient format.In the future, however, education will be organized largely around thecomputer.
Computers will permit a degree of individual instruction that in theAll students may receive a curriculum tailored past was available only to the rich.lessons.to their needs, learning style, pace, and record of success with earlier materials and Computer technology puts all the information in the world at one's fingers,This is both a blessingand a curse.
No longer do we have to quite literally.end long periods of time hunting down a source or a person — now, delivery of information is instantaneous.
Soon we will not even have to ty we will be able to simply ask a question out loud and the computer will print out oreak the answer.Thus people will achieve instantInformation and disinformation minglecomfortably and, as of yet,Identifying the true, the beautiful, and playdownright nonsense common on the Net.constitutes a formidable challenge.It might be said, in response, that the world has always been filled withTrue enough, but in the past educational authorities could atToday's situation, with everyone having the good — and which of these truths, beauties, or goods are worth knowing —misinformation.
least choose their favoritetexts.instantaneous access to millions of sources, is without precedent.Customizing EducatioIn a change from previous trends, the acquisition of a diploma from certifiedIndividuals will be able to educateWhy pay institutions may become leimportant. themselves and exhibit their competence in a simulatedetting.$120,000 to go to law school, if one caexamination?that matter?Much of education in the past was essentially vocational: designed to makeNowadays, this assumption is flawed.
Few people will Or learn to fly a plane or conduct surgery by similar means, for sure that individuals could carry out a single job, reliably, throughout their productiveadult years.remain in the same occupation f many will move frequently from one position, company, and sector of the economy to another.The explosion of new and rapidly changing roles in the economy makeMost adult teachers and parents will notIn the absence of precedent, education much morecomplicated.
have experiences on which they can draw to prepare youngsters for a world in which they can expect to change joregularly.life situations.The Further Effects of TechnologyWhile computer-based teaching figures to be the dominant technologicalMedical adolescents will have to prepare themselves for rapidly changingwell.engage in various kinds of problem-solving or creative activities.technologies will permit study of students' brain activity and blood flow as they Enhanced understanding of the genetic basis of learning is also likely to invadeIt may be possible to determine which youngsters are likely toand which ones seem doomed toSome authorities will insist that these findings be applied in specificDrugs that claim to improve learning, memory, or the classroom.
advancequickly experiences.
cases, while others will vigorously object to any decisions made on the basis of geneticinformation.enthusiasm will become readily available.
Teachers and parents may face moral dilemmas that would in earlier times have been restricted to science fiction.Finally, recent breakthroughs in biology and medicine may change educatioIf individuals seek toor if it in the most radical ways.
engineering, or to alter the genetic structure of an already existing person,ecomes possible to clone humans, then our definitions of what it means to be a human being, and to be a part of a human society, will be changed forever.
Conservatism Is Not Necessarily EvilI have noted that education is conservative, and that this conservativeIndeed, with respect to the transmission of tendency is not necessarily an evil.values and the teaching of certain subjects, a conservative approach may well becalled for.
Yet the explosion of knowledge calls for close and fresh attention toNew and imaginative approaches will have to be developed if the curriculum.assume.Words: 1,009 young people are to be prepared for the rapidly changing roles they can expect toPREVIOUS
HOMENew WordPhrases and ExpressioNew WordPhrases and Expressio第二单元:ADo We Really Want Eternal Life?Do We Really Want Eternal Life?Are you hoping for a long life? Thought so. Are you looking forward to growingThe Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon old?
Thought not. Men have wanted one without the other for thousands of years, and have invariably been disappointed.Florida in 1513. was more famous for his search for the Fountain of Youth than for discovering He never did find the spring that the natives had told him of, and perished from a poisoned Indian arrow a few years later.The legend of the Fountain ofOne painter painted a Youth may have originated in northern India. It had reached Europe by the 7th century, and was widely known there in the Middle Ages.and young beauties coming out at the other.looks and vigor by various means, mostly foul. famous picture of the fabulous spring, with wrinkled old women going in at one end Writers have constantly imagined In the real world too, people are worlds where people lived to extraordinary ages while holding on to their youthful tempted to try all kinds of disgusting things, from bathing in tubs of warm mud to receiving injections of monkey glands, all in the hope of foiling the negative effects of ageing.Though the probability of living to old age has risen sharply, the individualIt was — even if mainly in theory — 70 years at the time theMost people died of one thing or human lifespan set by nature has remained much the same through most ofrecorded history. Bible was written, and it isn't much more now.another long before their maximum span was up.The big achievement of modern times is that, in developed countries at least,most people are now well enough offto reach the age they were designed for. No longer do they die in large numbers in the first year of life, or later from infectious diseases and medical problems such as a ruptured appendix, or sufferfrom hunger, or work themselves to death.or cancer.The current emphasis in age research is on finding ways to ensure that theMuch of the adviceThese ruleBarring accidents, most people now go on until they die of one of the diseases that afflict the old, such as heart disease rising number of people who achieve the maximum lifespan do so in optimum health, not just die after extra years of chronicillness and decay. handed out is simple common sense: adhere to a healthy lifestyle, eat and drink imoderation, do not smoke, take regular exercise but don't overdo it.are often ignored, sometimes without apparent ill effect.irthday celebration, Mark Twain outlined his own survival strategy:and I have made it a rule to get up when I had to. In the matter of diet, I have been persistent in not eating the things that didn't agree with me, until one or the other of us got the best of it. I have made it a rule never to smoke more than one cigar at a time.
As for drinking, when others drink I like to help. I have never taken any exercise, except sleeping and resting, and I never intend to takeany. Exercise I despise.He lived to 75.In 1910, that was much longer than most Americans.
In a speech at his 70th But even for those who stick to the rules, all that a healthy lifestyle can do iAnd despite all the advertising, none of those highly to improve their chances of staying in reasonable it will not slow dowthe ageing process.at least not forow. profitable patented remedies so widely marketed nowadays can achieve this either, The only experiments on laboratory animals that haveThe fewer calories they eat, short of actual starvation,B definitely shown a life-lengthening effect have involved subjecting rats and mice toa severely restricted diet. and the longer they go on doing so, the longer they live.tarving rats reproduce less, and starving mice don't reproduce at all.A different approach might work. To some extent long life is an inherited trait.
Experiments with that old friend of science, the fruit fly, have shown that mating flies with long lifespans can produce significantly longer-lasting descendants. But again, that would not be much help to humans: we have long life-cycles, so theresults might be centuries ahead —even were we ready to choose potentially long-lived mates rather than beautiful or wealthy ones.What, though, if instead ofThe selective breeding for longer-lived descendants, we were to manipulateour genes? Now, all sorts of gene therapy treatments are beginning to look promising.rocess of ageing is a complex matter in which many different genes appear to be involved, but in time it may become possible to use gene therapy to slow down ageing, if not eliminate it.Meanwhile, having individuals around for hundreds or even thousands of years would necessitate some radical changes.If people were to live a lot longer, and everything else stayed the same, oldeople would soon end up as a huge majority. Scientists reckon the planet willEven were there have trouble handling just the 8.9 billion people forecast for 2050 under current conditions, not counting a new group of the extremelyold.helter and food, these multitudes of the super-old would face a grim life, unless they could survive without extra medical care and remain fit enough to go on and on working, to avoid having to be maintained by a diminishing minority of younger people.It is desirable for a man to be terminatedat his proper time. For as naturehas marked the bounds of everything else, so she has marked the bounds of life. Moreover, old age is the final scene, as it were, in life's drama, from which we ought to escape when we grow weary and, certainly, when we have had our fill.
Words: 1,011New WordPhrases and ExpressioProper NameBScientists on the Threshold of Altering OurDescendantScientiston the Threshold of Altering Our Descendants) Gene therapy has developed to the stage where at least one scientist is on the verge of testing the replacement of faulty DNA in a human embryo. But what are the moral considerations?Take an embryo. Fix a fatalFor gene long before birth. Alter the genes passed on to all that embryo's descendants.It is this third step in the proposed sequence that gets everyone's attention.the eight years that medical researchers have pursued experimental human gene therapies — with very modest results — all their work was guaranteed to die with the individual who undertook the risk.Now, one genetics pioneer wants to cross this divide. For two days, Dr. JohIn each case, his Andrews previewed the procedures of the experimental therapies he wants to try on embryos with two kinds of catastrophic inheriteddiseases.research subjects, altering the DNA of their future children.that is hearing the scientist argue his case.understand this field as it evolves to win public support.At best, that support is several years away.In one proposal, Andrews' team hopes to cure DNA deficiency, a rare immune disease that requires children to be protected from all viruses and bacteria by living in a specialThe technology — injecting functioning genes into the rapidly dividing cells ofResearchers callembryos to replace flawed DNA — contains the possibility of unexpected complicatiofor both the developing embryo and its children.this kind of experimentatio, another authority on medical ethics. He and other scholars also worry that by polishing Andrew's technology doctors will eventually be able to engineer babies for attractive traits, rather than just curingdisease. Closer at hand is the risk that interfering with genes before birth might culminate in a succession of serious birth defects, scientists say.explains.committee are still skeptical — they think it's more likely to go wrong than it's likely to work. We can't say what will happen to these newly integrated genes.A much less exotic technology, in vitro fertilization (IVF), has already saddledSome experts describe the sharp many families with enduring birth defects. has resulted in a great increase in the rate of premature births and birth defects such as faulty heart valve,epidemic. increase in the number of infants struggling to survive at birth as a new, IVF-caused Many people also denounce the approaching germ line therapies and accuse scientists ofOne hospital director disagrees.avoid illness,the tools.A decade ago, researchers assumed they would work out the difficulties iTheefore venturing into germ line work.only partially or not atall.interventions. problem is that existing gene therapies for many inherited diseases have worked That led Andrews to propose administering gene therapy before birth, when the embryo's genes are more apt to respond to hiAndrews argues that fixing a genetic defect that causes aBut even that appraisal iuncertain. Scientists have catastrophic disease and passing that correction to new generations would be a benefit, not arisk.determined that inheriting one gene for a type of inherited blood disease protects an infant against malaria, but inheriting two — from both mother and father — inducethe disease.A key worry of many scholars is the unregulated context in which new technologies for conceiving children now emerge in the United States. With more than 300 such programs, the United Stateis now the world's leading provider of services to couples trying to have a baby. When Congress abolished federal funding for human embryo research in 1995, it also made such research exempt from Federal reviews and controls, putting this research in the unregulated hands of entrepreneurs.The irony is that in an arena the public cares about deeply — the creation of human life — anti-abortion and conservative forces in Congress have crippled the ability of the federal government to exercise control, or even protect the health andafety of women and children undergoing these procedures.Matthews says.In other words, an scrutiny as research funded by government entitie.own to pursue germ line gene transfer.The Andrews procedures and other gene mixing proposals have opened theWords: 995 says.New WordPhrases and ExpressioProper Name第三单元A：New WordAn Introduction to Sales PromotioSales promotion consists of those promotional activities other thaAs such, any promotional activities advertising, personal selling, and publicity.that do not fall under the other three activities of the promotion mix are considered sales promotion.
One airline, for example, offered its passengers discount cards that could be used to purchase coats at greatly reduced prices from a well-known clothing company. For our purposes here, promotion is a broad term that includes sales promotion as well as the other three promotional activities.romotion are varied andumerous.refundoffers, and trading stamps.used in the samecampaign.reakfasts. The techniques of sales The common ones used are coupons, drawings, games, contests, discounts, demonstrations, premiums, samples, money A combination of these can be, and often is, When a breakfast cereal company expanded its business abroad, it had to enlighten consumers about dry cereal and coldTo encourage this new eating habit, the company used samples andTo regain demonstrations in conjunction with a heavy advertisingcampaign.market share during an economic slump, another company distributed 1.5 million free samples of improved baby napkins. Each box also had a picture of a little bear. Parents could get baby items by saving the required number of bears.Sales promotion is temporary iature. Not being self-sustaining, itTo function is supplementary to advertising, personal selling, andublicity.launch Budweiser beer in GreatBritain,theme. the beer company employed aTo amplify It broadcast TV commercials on the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving Daythat were filmed in California with American actors.its advertising effort, the company used a variety of sales-promotion techniques. Itmade posters, flags, banners, and T-shirts available to pubs for promotional parties. Budweiser glasses, bar towels, football banners, and similar items were also offered for sale to pub patro.American music nights.Sales promotion is not restricted to stimulating demand at the consumer level. It may be used as a stimulus to magnifyusiness people's support as well. In order to get businesses in Thailand to carry one American company's dairy products, the company used sales contracts to provide small retail outlets and restaurants with refrigerators for $1 if a certain quota of the company's products Moreover, Americans were brought in to plawere sold. The American company also had to convince the Thai businessmen not to store other companies' products in the freezers and not to unplug freezer units at night to save electricity.The use of sales promotion is not limited
it can be used with industrial selling too. Many drug manufacturers attract drug distribution companies by sponsoring cocktail parties, trips and other events. Gifts are given to doctors, and doctors' wives are taken on shopping tours.The popularity of sales promotion has grown steadily both in the United StateA questionnaire sent to executives by a leading advertising journalCompared with five and overseas. revealed a shift from media advertising to sales promotion.years ago, three of five firms had moved to increase their expenditures on such non-media alternatives as booths at trade shows and expositions, displays whereeople can purchase the product directly, and publicity. According to one study of shopping behavior in the United States, almost 70 percent of all non-food purchases in supermarkets are generated by in- therefore, displays and otherin-store promotions are highly effective.to be just as indispensable.Sales promotion is effective in helping consumers become acquainted with a newroduct when it is first introduced to a market. It also works well with existing products that are highly competitive and similar to each other, especially when they have a low unit-price and high turnover. Under such conditions, sales promotion is needed to gain thatdeal of excitement in Thailand by including game cards in its soap boxes,cards.
and consumers could not resist buying more and more soap in search of the winning Likewise, most gas stations in Thailand at one time gave away free towels as a bonus when a customer filled his car's gas tank.
If the same decision-making pattern is prevalent outside the United States, sales promotion in these localities should proveIn Brazil, electrical fixtures are treated as commodities, and Philips wanted to make electriciaaware of its brand. Toward this objective, the company offered a training course, with a certificate and a tool kitas bonuses.umber ofillustratioelectricians. The course consisted of four lessons that had a great to accommodate the low literacy rate of BraziliaPhilips The company's problem was that there was no trade magazine specifically for electricians whereby they could advertise thecourse.ick up leaflets advertising the course.
devised a program to put up displays in electrician shops, where electricians couldSince the course was too costly for an audience made up of just anyone, the company limited the course to people whose occupations were related to the electrical industry. Electrical equipment shops were also allowed to participate in the sales-promotion program: stores were informed of the program's benefits and their sales clerks were invited to take the course too.The techniques of sales promotion can sometimes collide with psychologicalSome barriers, and this fact is applicable to shop owners as well as consumers.foreign retailers are reluctant to accept manufacturers' discount coupons because they fear that the manufacturer will not repay them the money they lose when giving the discount. Consumers, on the other hand, may view promotions such as money-back guarantees with suspicion, thinking that something must be wrong with the product.Much like many other marketing aspects, sales-promotion methods may haveThe techniques employed, to be effective, should be consistentPhilips offered a set of dominoes as a premium iA player holds the colored side up to to be amended. with the local preferences.
Brazil, where the game is national pastime.revent an opponent from seeing the dotted numbers side. Since the company'ame was on the back of every domino, electricians were often reminded of the brand.Words: 1,007Phrases and ExpressioProper NameB:New WordPhrases and ExpressioProper Name第四单元A：New WordWork Still Has ValueDuring the 19th-century development of industry in America, the idea ofThe century's huge work's inherent virtue may have seemed ridiculous to those who labored in the mines and mills and factories for a few nickels a day.machinery of production punished and stunned those who ran it.immigrants, work was ultimately fruitful:wound uin college or even law school. And yet for generations ofthe sweat of an uneducated immigrant So for millions of Americans, as they grandfather got the father a start in life and a high school education, and the son labored through the generations, work worked, and the immigrant work ethic came at last to merge with the Protestant work ethic.The motive of work iall.
To work for mere survival idesperate. To work for a better life for one's children and grandchildren confers on the labor a fierce dignity.
That dignity, a hopeful energy and aspiration — driving, persisting like a life force — is the American quality that many find missing now.The work ethic is not dead, but it is dilutedow. The way people view workis much changed in America. The painful memory of the Great Depression used to enforce a disciplined and occasionally passive approach to work — in much the same way that older citizens in the former Soviet Union do not complain about scarce food and crowded apartments, because they remember how much more horrible everything was during the Second World War. But the generation of the Great Depression is retiring and dying off, and today's younger workers, though sometimes laid off and kicked around by recessions, still do not carry terrible memories of the poverty and suffering of the Depression.Today, elaborate financial cushions — unemployment insurance, welfare payments and so on — have made it less disastrouto be out of a job for a while.
Work still receives a profound respect in America and most Americans suffer a sense of loss, even a loss of self- esteem, if they are thrown out on the street.ersonal ruin.
But the blow seldom carries the life-and-death implications it once had, the sense ofBesides, the wild and notorious behavior of the economy takes a certain amount of personal shame if a big company closes down a plant and throws 3,700 workers into the unemployment lines, the guilt falls less on individuals than on a weak economy.Because today's workers are better educated than those in the past, theirWhile their fathers andFor expectations are higher and their prioritiedifferent. grandfathers and great-grandfathers concentrated hard upon the work at hand,ome younger workers now ask questions about the point of working hard.the first time in the history of the world, masses of people in industrially advanced countries no longer have to focus their minds upon work as the central concern of their existence.According to the scheme of the well-known psychologist, Maslow, workAfter that, it can address the need forNext, theFinally, men and women assert a functions in a hierarchy of needs: first and foremost, work provides food and shelter, basic humamaintenance. security, and then the need for friendship and connection with others. demands of the egoarise, the need for respect.larger desire tothemselveOf course, in America, different classes and ethnicgroups are positioned at different stages in the work hierarchy. Ambitious immigrants — legal and illegal — who still flock densely to America are fighting for the security that the selfish tribes of those trying toachieved three generations ago. Working women, to the extent that they are newThe at having a career, now form a powerful source of ambition andenergy.immigrant wave upon the economy.Having to work to stay alive, to build a future, gives one's efforts a tough moralBut apart from the sheer necessity of sustaining life, is there women's rights movement — and financial need — have made them, in effect, an simplicity. The point of work in that case is so obvious that it need not bediscussed.omething of inherent worth that can be distilled from work?It is arrogant for the well-off to praise work that is truly dreadful andBut miseryis always comparative. Irrespective of the destructiveto workers.romantic ideas sometimes associated with their lives, the medieval peasant or the man who lubricated the engines of a 19th-century steam train did work far more brutalthan that on the modern assembly line. The poor soul who recycles refuse in the streets of any city in India would react with disbelief at the discontent of a $l7-an-hour worker on an American automobile assembly line. In South America, the average 19-year-old peasant has worked longer and harder than most Americans of middleage. Americans prone to depression over the spiritual shortcomings of work should consult unemployed young men and women in theirown communities: they know with painful clarity the importance of the personal dignity that a job brings.Work is still the complicated and crucial core of most lives, the occupation merg Freud said that the successful mind is one capable of love and of work. Work is the most thorough and profound organizing principle iAmerican life. If movement to new places has weakened old ties of blood, ourOne expert in co-workers often form our new family, our tribe, our social world.ociology believes that people like jobs mainly because th they need to gossip with them, hang out with them, and to build relationships. In his words,Unless it is dishonest or destructive—the labor of a thief, say—all work haWork is the way that weIt is the most vigorous, vivid sign of intrinsicvalue that is rarely understood as it once was. tend the world, the way that people connect.life—in individuals and in civilizations.Words: 1,007Phrases and ExpressioProper NameB:New WordPhrases and Expressio第五单元AVancouver: A City Risen from the ForestDuring a visit to Vancouver one is told over and over how young the city is and how recently the vast Canadian West was settled. As a poster at a forty-story high, 360-degree viewing room in downtown Vancouver reminded me, by the 1700s virtually the entire map of America had been filled in except for the continent's northwest coast. Here, although ships from Spain, Russia, and Britain had firstoked along the shores in the 1770s, no one actually set foot on land, leaving the native population as sole tenants of the remote forests for a little while longer.In 1792 the British ship captain George Vancouver and a Spanish ship captain arrived simultaneously off what is now the site of the campus of the University of British Columbia. The two had an entirely cordial breakfast meeting on the British ship, compared notes, wished eachother well, and sailed away. Earlier on this same trip, Captain Vancouver hadThis blunder may wellA month later it was an passed right by the mouth of the Columbia River at Cape Disappointment, where he noticed a small inletthat bore no promise of a great river. have shaped the future of the entire Pacific Northeast.future claim to much of the region. American who sailed inland on the Columbia, laying the basis for the United States'Despite Captain Vancouver's mistake, he is still remembered in the name of this present-day city of more than one million.In a place that has seen so many changes, it takes some effort to imagine theSome trade vessels, mostly untouched forest of two hundred yearago.ioneers appeared. American, followed the first explorers, but it wasn't until the 1860s that whiteEven in 1890, one major streetLater on, an American entrepreneur saw the future here.A good first view of the setting from which Vancouver gained its destiny is offered at the Landing, an agreeable brick shopping center where several blocks of old warehouses and offices have been restored. From the Landing's second floor you can look out across the harbor and to the remarkably close mountains on the otheride. The bay is alive with excursion boats, ferries, and yacht. A dozen largefreight ships lie farther out at anchor.where cruise ships stop.
To the left rise the huge, white sails that form the roof of Canada Place, which holds a convention center, a hotel, and dockThe large, tree-covered peninsula across the water is Stanley Park, aThe clean break of the park's forest thousand-acre sea of green for which the original city leaders made provision justabout a day after Vancouver got its name.with theFrom Heritage Harbor, home to a collection of antique boats, a tiny ferry goeWhat Granville Island's management to Granville Islandevery fifteen minutes.calls an urban park is a place like no other.Granville Island began life as nothing but barren sand, where nearby waterWith the city's growth, the banks of the offered rich fishing for the local Indians.heart of downtown. island became ripe for change into a prime industrial site attached by a bridge to theLater, as the factories and mills that had come to inhabit the island moved away, what remained was shabby and neglected.city began to restore the place.a business that brews beer were also luredthere. In 1972, with federal help, theThe c a wire factory and So were an art school, a theater,A hotel and crafts workers, a vast public market, and a variety of restaurants.outhern margin. boat docks were placed at one end of the island, and a park grew along Granville'Very today all the structures wear the sameSince there were no pedestrian paths in the metal sides as the original factories.old place, there are none now, forcing visitors to dodgecars and cement trucks. This is by design.All of this spreads, as cheerful and busy on a rainy day as on a sunny one, beneath the arch of a tall bridge, which gives the scene an industrial flavor wherever you look.Granville Island is a huge success with the people of Vancouver. Among the amazing annual figure of six million visitors, out-of-town tourists constitute no more than aquarter. After the second year, a city spokesman told me, the wholeWhat is so fine for those of us operation cost the city government not one cent.who love cities is that this unique balance of the elements of urban life succeeds in reviving the area without adding the perfume of affluence that so often undermines the original flavor of a working-class neighborhood.You would feel better on a visit to Vancouver to hang out on the deck of theTurn your public market on Granville Island with a cup of coffee and a pastry.Stanley Park, all that remains of the original virgiforest.this is a pretty good substitute.Words:1,008 eyes toward the bays where the first explorers stopped, and then glimpse off to If that forest couldn't have been frozen in place, — and history rarely offers up such opportunities, — theNew WordPhrases and ExpressioProper NameB：New WordPhrases and ExpressioProper Name第六单元Identity Theft: A New EpidemicMarch 27, 1997, dawned as a normal day at the Collins' home. By the middle of the morning, Jack Collins was at his desk, writing checks, paying bills the way he always had: on time.Then the phone rang, and the nightmare began.An investigator for a bank was on the line, asking in a stern voice why Collins, a university physicist, was late on payments for a $27,000 car, bought in Virginia the previous year.During the months that ensued, he and his wife learned that someone hadin their name. Their hithertogood credit record had been destroyed.tealing and treated like a criminal.This is what it means to fall prey to a nonviolent but frightening and conscientious,It happens to at least 500,000 new victims each year, according to government figures.And it happens very easily because every identification number you have — Social Security, credit card, driver's license, telephone —.One major problem, experts say, is that the Social Security Number (SSN) —It is used as identification by the military, originally meant only for retirement benefit and tax purposes — has become the universal way to identifyeople.colleges and in billions of commercial transactions.Yet a shrewd thief can easily snatch your SSN, not only by stealing your wallet, but also by taking mail from your box, going through your trash for discarded receipts and bills or asking for it over the phone on some pretext.Using your SSN, the thief applies for a credit card in your name, asking that itA be sent to a different address than yours, and uses it for multiple purchases.resses you for payment.couple of months later the credit card company, or its debt collection agency, You don't have to pay the debt, but you must clean up your damaged creditThat means getting a police report and copy of the erroneous contract, record.and then using them to clear the fraud from your credit report, which is held by a credit bureau. Each step can require a huge amount of effort.In the Collins' case, the clearance of the erroneous charges from their recordIn the required three years of poring over records and $6,000 in solicitor'fees.meantime, they were denied a loan to build a vacation home, forced to pay cash for a new heating and cooling system, hounded by debt collectors, and embarrassed by the spectacle of having their home watched by investigators looking for the missing car.Of course, thousands of people are caught and prosecutedfor identity theft. But it was only last year that Congremade identity theft itself a federal crime. That law set up a special government office to help victims regain their lost credit and to streamline police efforts by tracking cases on a national scale.Consumer advocates say this may help but will not address the basic problems, which, they believe, are causing the outbreak in identity theft: industry's rush to attract more customers by issuing instant credit, inadequate checking of identity, and too few legal protections for consumers' personal information.Several proposed laws have attempted to protect personal privacy and avertThe most comprehensive would fraud by limiting the use of SSNs in commerce.rohibit businesses from obtaining or distributing anyone's SSN unless they have been authorized to do so by that person — in writing.Also, the law would clamp down on the selling ofEach lists a consumer's name, portion of credit reports — withoutconsent.Security Number. address and telephone number, mother's family name, date of birth and SocialThe credit bureaus have admitted that selling headers earns them tens of millions of dollars annually.The law faces fierce resistance from the credit industry, which argues that withholding consumer information and removing the SSN as the universal criterion for establishing a person's identity would break the main link of confidence between business and consumer, complicate the process and slow transactions.There is no way to gauge the true magnitudeof identity fraud. One of the biggest credit bureaus reported an average 20,000 calls a day from fraud victims in 1997, up from 135 a day in 1992. About a third were from consumers wanting to know how to avoid identity theft.theft,Guard your SSN closely, giving it out only to official authorities or businesses youtrust.Some firms will accept other identification if you ask.
Be careful how you dispose of documents. Ideally, destroy them.
Exercise your right to stop your credit header being sold.
Don't post personal information on the Internet—for example, on college reunion sites.Check your credit report at least once a year.And above all: Check bank and credit statements item by item.Finally:and came out fighting.Words:1,007 would be a better word.A：New WordPhrases and ExpressioProper NameB第七单元The Melissa Virus: A Call to ActioThe Melissa virus is a macro virus spread through a Microsoft Word 97 or Word 2000 e-mail attachment that, when opened, activates a macro through the Microsoft Outlook program and e-mails itself to the first fifty names in the address book of the infected computer. The message's subject line reads “Important Message from (name of someone you know)”, and the body begins “Here is that document you asked for ... don'—”.What startled experts about this particular virus was its ability to propagate itself across a vast number of systems in the commercial, government, and military realms in a very short periodof time. The Melissa virus used the Internet to spread rapidly and exploited aMany people had macro virus protection turned on, which protectedIn essence, when someone received the known weakness in the macro command language common to Microsoftapplications. their computers from becoming infected.wished to open it. document containing Melissa, the virus protection feature would ask the user if theyIf the user said “no”, then Melissa would not be activated andBecause of this, many computers that were attacked not infect their computer.did not become infected.The rapid distribution of the virus degraded or disrupted computer networks by means of sending more messages than e-mail systems could handle, which resulted in a denial of service on some networks, as they had to be shut down whilethe virus was eliminated from the system. Another serious concern with Melissa is that once it successfully entered a system, macro virus protection settings were disabled, thus making the system vulnerable to more damaging macro viruses that could now infect these systems withoutdetection. There is a fear that these macro commands can be used to have the victim's computer send, by e-mail, sensitive or secret documents on the victim's hard drive to others without theknowledge of the victim.agencies, and individuals.
Further, the Melissa virus could be redesigned to erase or alter data, which could have disastrous effects on businesses, governmentEleven years ago the Morris Worm was released onto the Internet, but at thatToday time only 6,000 or so computers were affected, blunting theimpact.from the number of potential affected users is vast. millions of computers are hooked up to the I the potential for damage justThe Melissa virus exploited aCommerce could be known weakness, but if a virus attacked computers attached to the Internet utilizingan unknown weakness, the results could be overwhelming.jeopardized, either because no information could be passed using the Internet orecause information passed over the Internet might be considered unreliable. Many businesses now rely on the Internet as a primary or even sole carrier ofinformation.
If the Internet ceased to function, the consequent losses could ultimately be measured in tens of billions rather than millions of dollars.Viruses are a seriouconcern. There are an estimated 30,000 computer viruses in circulation, and about 300 new ones are created eachmonth. Fortunately, in the spectrum of possible damage, the harm caused by the Melissavirus is serious but temporary.ystems were shutdown.contained.One private sector company disclosed that its corporate computer networkNumerous organizations were forced to cut theirAs yet we have no hard estimates of The virus does not cause the loss of data, but did affect tens of thousands of systems, resulting in a loss of productivity when the For example, within the federal government, the Marine Corps was forced to halt its base-to-base e-mail system until the virus was was battered by 32,000 e-mail messages in a 45-minute period, effectively shutting it down for legitimateuses. e-mail off from the outside world to insulate themselves. The virus was reported tohave affected a total of 81,285 machines.disruptions associated with the virus.What steps can be taken to protect federal and private sector systems?
the cumulative monetary damage resulting from the loss of productivity and otherThere are several steps that can be taken to better protect our networks from such attacks. First, there are numerous virus protection software packages available on the market that cadetect, clean, and attempt to predict suspiciourogram behavior.
Updatecan be obtained from the Internet on a continual basis. Users should be sure that their computers are running the most up-to-date virus protectiooftware.
Second, users need to be careful about what they take from the Internet and avoid being too hasty in opening attached files, both from known users and especiallyfrom users unknown to them.In the case of Melissa, the virus was activated only if the attachment was opened. These basic precautions could protect the user from viruses spread on theInternet. Finally, in order to protect the largerThese entities network community, system administrators should quickly report computerassaults and viruses to the appropriate government organizations.the networks.We are fortunate that this virus did not do more damage than it did. Its can provide timely information to other users and take appropriate steps to protect occurrence serves as a wake-up call, for both the government and the private sector, regarding the threat from vicious viruses being spread over the Internet. There are several lessons to be learned from the Melissavirus.the file is in doubt. First, users need to be careful about attached files sent to them, especially, but not only, if the source of Second, users should be aware of the virus protection software that exists, and ensure that they have up-to-date virus protection on their systems, and are running the virus protection already built into their softwareackages. Finally, attacks such as Melissa demonstrate the need to formulatetough laws regarding computercrime.is the most effective method of prevention.evere.Words:1,000 Because of the ease of writing and Computer criminals who are intent on distributing destructive viruses, discouraging people from engaging in such conductlanting viruses such as Melissa need to know that justice will be swift, certain andANew WordPhrases and ExpressioProper NameB：New WordPhrases and Expressio第八单元A: Money Can't Buy MoralityMoney Can't Buy MoralityI recently read a newspaper article about an 8-year-old boy who found an envelope containing more than $600 and returned it to the bank whose name appeared on the envelope. The bank traced the money to its owner and returned it to him. All is right with the world. Right? Wrong.the money gave the boy $3.and not compulsory. As a reward, the man who lost Not a lot, but a token of his appreciation nonetheleBut some of the teachers at theOutraged After all, returning money should not be considered extraordinary. A simplea collection for the boy. at the apparent stinginess of the person who lost the cash, these teachers took up About a week or so later, they presented the boy with aEvidently $150 check, explaining they felt his honesty should be commended.the virtues of honesty and kindness have become commodities that, like everythingelse, are subject to inflation. In retrospect, one can't help but wonder what dollarCertainly theyWould $25 amount these teachers would have deemed a sufficient reward.have been more fitting?$3 was generous. Would $10 have sufficed? didn't expect the individual who lost the money to give the child $150. had to cover mortgage, utilities a nd food for the week. Suppose that lost money In light of that, perhaA any gift should at least be met with the assumption of genuine gratitude on the part of the giver.What does this absurd episode say about ourociety? It seems the role models our children look up to these days — in this case, teachers — are more confused about values than their youngcharges.did the right thing. A young boy, obviously well guided by his parents, finds money that does not belong to him and he returns it. HeYet doing the right thing seems to be insufficient incentive forThe greed of the 1980s has left us with theThe promise of the golden rule — that action in our moderworld. ever-present question: what's in it for me?and fast-paced society of the 1990s.the problem.omeone might do a good turn for you someday — merits only scorn in the cynicalIn fact, it is this fast pace that aggravateModern communications have propelled us into an instant world.An advertisement for major-league baseball attractWith the world racing by us, we Television makes history of events before any of us has even had a chance to absorb them in the firstlace. viewers with the assurance thatto occur has already been packaged as the past.have no patience to wait for someone to pay dividends for our good deeds.Erroneous virtues are running out of control in our culture. I don't know how many times my 13-year-old son has told me about classmates who received $10 for eachhould he ever receive an A.doing well ichool.at having done his best.feel bad about it.
Whenever he approaches me on this subject, I give him the same reply: forget it! This is not to say that I would never praise my son for But my praise is not meant to reward or elicit future Doling out $10 sends out the message that makes one achievements, but rather to express my genuine delight in the satisfaction he feelactions andfeelings.ourchildren.decimal. As a society, we seem to be on Instead, our ethical standards have been eclipsed byWe pass this obscene message on to In fact, in one the brink of losing our internal control — the ethical boundaries that guide our externalreading.ational reading program, a party awaits the entire class if each child reads a certain number of books within a four-montheriod.internal rewards will follow. We call these things incentives, telling ourselves that if we can just reel them in and get them hooked, then theI recently saw a television program where school-ageIsn't the daily plight children were featured as the participants in a program that offers a $10 a weekof wandering around on the streets, hungry and thirsty, enough to discourage them from running away again? No, it isn't, because we as a society won't allow it toe.Nothing is permitted to succeed or fail on its own merits anymore.
I remember when I was pregnant with my son I read numerous child-careWhile some may say books that offered the same advice: don't bribe your child with ice cream to get h it makes the vegetables lookad.vegetables don't need any help looking bad, I ascribeit to years of eating ice cream.A staple diet of candy bars makes an ordinary apple or orange seemour. Similarly, an endless parade of incentives corrodes our ability to feel a genuine sense of inner peace (or inner conflict).The simple virtues of honesty, kindness and integrity suffer from an imageOne way to do this is byIf my son sees me feeling happy after I've helped a friend clean herIf my daughter sees me spending a rainy problem and are in desperate need of better publicity. example. basement, then he may do likewise.afternoon baking a pumpkin pie instead of spending money at the mall, she may get
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