Diversity of culturable yeasts in phylloplane of sugarcane in Thailand and their capability to produce indole-3-acetic acid.
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):1785-96. doi: 10.-014-1602-7. Epub
2014 Jan 19.Diversity of culturable yeasts in phylloplane of sugarcane in Thailand and their capability to produce indole-3-acetic acid.1, , , .1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand, fscistl@ku.ac.th.AbstractYeasts were isolated by the enrichment technique from the phylloplane of 94 samples of sugarcane leaf collected from seven provinces in Thailand. All sugarcane leaf samples contained yeasts and 158 yeast strains were obtained. On the basis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene sequence analysis, 144 strains were identified to 24 known species in 14 genera belonging to the Ascomycota viz. Candida akabanensis, Candida dendronema, Candida mesorugosa, Candida michaelii, Candida nivariensis, Candida rugosa, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida quercitrusa, Candida tropicalis, Candida xylopsoci, Cyberlindnera fabianii, Cyberlindnera rhodanensis, Debaryomyces nepalensis, Hannaella aff. coprosmaensis, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Lachancea thermotolerans, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Metschnikowia koreensis, Meyerozyma caribbica, Millerozyma koratensis, Pichia kudriavzevii, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Wickerhamomyces edaphicus, and 12 species in six genera of the Basidiomycota viz . Cryptococcus flavescens, Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus rajasthanensis, Kwoniella heveanensis, Rhodosporidium fluviale, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula sesimbrana, Rhodotorula taiwanensis, Sporidiobolus ruineniae, Sporobolomyces carnicolor and Sporobolomyces nylandii. Seven strains were identical or similar to four undescribed species. Another seven strains represented four novels species in the genus Metschnikowia, Nakazawaea, Wickerhamomyces and Yamadazyma. The results revealed 69 % of the isolated strains were ascomycete yeasts and 31 % were basidiomycete yeast. The most prevalent species was M. caribbica with a 23 % frequency of occurrence followed by Rh. taiwanensis (11 %) and C. tropicalis (10 %). All strains were assessed for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing capability showing that 69 strains had the capability of producing IAA when cultivated in yeast extract peptone dextrose broth supplemented with 1 g/L L-tryptophan. The highest IAA concentration of 565.1 mg/L was produced by R. fluviale DMKU-RK253. PMID:
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官方公共微信The mating type locus (MAT) and sexual reproduction of Cryptococcus heveanensis: insights into the evolution of sex and sex-determining chromosomal...
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2010 May 20;6(5):e1000961. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000961.The mating type locus (MAT) and sexual reproduction of Cryptococcus heveanensis: insights into the evolution of sex and sex-determining chromosomal regions in fungi.1, , .1Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.AbstractMating in basidiomycetous fungi is often controlled by two unlinked, multiallelic loci encoding homeodomain transcription factors or pheromones/pheromone receptors. In contrast to this tetrapolar organization, Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii have a bipolar mating system, and a single biallelic locus governs sexual reproduction. The C. neoformans MAT locus is unusually large (&100 kb), contains &20 genes, and enhances virulence. Previous comparative genomic studies provided insights into how this unusual MAT locus might have evolved involving gene acquisitions into two unlinked loci and fusion into one contiguous locus, converting an ancestral tetrapolar system to a bipolar one. Here we tested this model by studying Cryptococcus heveanensis, a sister species to the pathogenic Cryptococcus species complex. An extant sexual
co-incubating fertile isolates results in the teleomorph (Kwoniella heveanensis) with dikaryotic hyphae, clamp connections, septate basidia, and basidiospores. To characterize the C. heveanensis MAT locus, a fosmid library was screened with C. neoformans/C. gattii MAT genes. Positive fosmids were sequenced and assembled to generate two large probably unlinked MAT gene clusters: one corresponding to the homeodomain locus and the other to the pheromone/receptor locus. Strikingly, two divergent homeodomain genes (SXI1, SXI2) are present, similar to the bE/bW Ustilago maydis paradigm, suggesting one or the other homeodomain gene was recently lost in C. neoformans/C. gattii. Sequencing MAT genes from other C. heveanensis isolates revealed a multiallelic homeodomain locus and at least a biallelic pheromone/receptor locus, similar to known tetrapolar species. Taken together, these studies reveal an extant C. heveanensis sexual cycle, define the structure of its MAT locus consistent with tetrapolar mating, and support the proposed evolutionary model for the bipolar Cryptococcus MAT locus revealing transitions in sexuality concomitant with emergence of a pathogenic clade. These studies provide insight into convergent processes that independently punctuated evolution of sex-determining loci and sex chromosomes in fungi, plants, and animals.PMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (A,B) Hyphae with clamp connections. Scale bars represent 50 um. Representative clamp connections (CC) are shown in the enlarged images located in the lower left panels (arrows, scale bars
= 10 um). (A) Differential interference contrast (DIC) image, (B) fluorescence image showing cell walls, septa and nuclei stained with Calcofluor white and Sytox green. (C–E) DIC images of basidial clusters. Scale bars represent 50 um. (C) A young basidial cluster embedded in the agar, (D,E) mature basidial clusters on the surface of the agar. (F,G) Scanning electron microscopy images of basidial clusters, scale bar in (F) is 50 um, and in (G) is 10 um. (H) A developing basidial cluster with two mature and numerous young basidia, scale bar
= 10 um. (I and J) Globose basidia with cruciate septa. Scale bars represent 10 um. (K) A basidium and basidiospores, scale bar
= 10 um. (L) Vegetative yeast cells, scale bar
= 10 um.PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.MAT gene probes (represented by blue bars in the figure) were used to screen the fosmid library of C. heveanensis CBS 569. Sequencing the positive fosmids, represented by black lines, and subsequent assembly of the sequences generated two clusters corresponding to the homeodomain locus (~80 kb) and the pheromone/receptor locus (~180 kb). The genes that are present in the MAT locus of the pathogenic Cryptococcus species are shown in black, while others are shown in yellow. The red line indicates an ~20 kb region sequenced by primer walking.PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.C. heveanensis and T. mesenterica genes that are present in the MAT locus of C. neoformans and C. gattii are shown in black, while others are shown in yellow. Syntenic blocks containing more than one gene are shown as pink bars. The T. mesenterica and C. heveanensis homeodomain locus contains two homeodomain genes homologous with SXI1 and SXI2; whereas, C. neoformans and C. gattii contain a single homeodomain gene, namely SXI1 for α, and SXI2 for the a allele. Upper scale bar refers to T. mesenterica and C. heveanensis, while lower scale bar refers to C. neoformans var. neoformans, C. neoformans var. grubii and C. gattii. JGI annotation IDs for T. mesenterica genes are listed in . The relative order and the orientations of the C. heveanensis and T. mesenterica contigs are unknown.PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.C. heveanensis MAT locus includes numerous genes that are not present in the MAT locus of C. neoformans or C. gattii. Although many of these genes are on the 4th chromosome of C. neoformans strain JEC21 where MAT is located, they correspond to the opposite telomeric region, suggesting intrachromosomal rearragements during the evolution of the MAT locus. Pink lines/bars depict the synteny between genes located within the MAT locus of C. neoformans and the corresponding genes in C. heveanensis. Blue lines/bars show the syntenic relationship of the genes that are linked to the MAT locus of C. heveanensis, but not part of the MAT locus of C. neoformans. The C. heveanensis genes whose C. neoformans homologs are located on different chromosomes are indicated with purple arrows with chromosome numbers. The genes that do not have apparent C. neoformans homologs are indicated by NCH, which stands for “no C. neoformans homolog”.PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.(A) Southern blot analysis showing hybridization patterns of SXI1 and SXI2 gene probes to EcoRV digested genomic DNA from C. heveanensis strains. Lane 1, CBS 569, 2, BCC 8305, 3, BCC 8313, 4, BCC 8384, 5, BCC 8396, 6, BCC 8398, 7, BCC 11754, 8, BCC 11757, 9, BCC 15000. (B) Percent sequence identity plots comparing an ~12 kb region containing the SXI1 and SXI2 genes from CBS 569 with the corresponding region from other isolates. The blue box shows the highly dissimilar region corresponding to the N-terminal regions of Sxi1 and Sxi2. The black bars under the genes depict the exons. (C) A representative dot plot comparing the homeodomain region of CBS 569 (x-axis) and BCC 11757 (y-axis).PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.(A) Alignment of the homeodomain regions of S. cerevisiae (Sc), C. cinerea (Cc), C. neoformans var. neoformans (Cnn), C. neoformans var. grubii (Cng), C. gattii (Cg), C. heveanensis (Ch) homeodomain proteins. These proteins are classified as either HD1 or HD2 according to the length of the homeodomain region. There are three extra amino acids between helix 1 and helix 2 of HD1 proteins. C. heveanensis Sxi1 and Sxi2 proteins are of type HD1 and HD2, respectively. (B) Schematic representation of the Sxi1 and Sxi2 domain structures. DD, HD, and NLS denote dimerization domain, homeodomain, and nuclear localization signal, respectively. The types of nuclear localization signal are indicated in parentheses: Bipartite and pat7, pat7 denotes the 7-residue pattern.PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.(A) Comparison plot of the PR locus of CBS 569 and BCC 8398. The red and blue bands represent the forward and reverse matches, respectively. The genes are mostly in the same orientation except MFA1/2. The intensity of the color is proportional to the percent identity of the match, where red bands show regions of high sequence identity, while pink bands indicate lower sequence identity. (B) Dot plot analysis of the PR locus of CBS 569 and BCC 8398. (C) Sequence alignment of pheromone sequences from CBS 569, BCC 8398, C. neoformans var. neoformans MFα, C. neoformans var. neoformans MFa, C. neoformans var. grubii MFα, C. neoformans var. grubii MFa, C. gattii MFα, C. gatii MFa and T. mesenterica pheromone tremerogen a-13. The arrow indicates the N-terminal amino acid of tremerogen a-13 after proteolytic cleavage. (D) Southern blot analysis showing hybridization patterns of STE11 and MYO2 gene probes to EcoRV digested genomic DNA from C. heveanensis strains. Lane 1, CBS 569, 2, BCC 8305, 3, BCC 8313, 4, BCC 8384, 5, BCC 8396, 6, BCC 8398, 7, BCC 11754, 8, BCC 11757, 9, BCC 15000.PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.(A) Species-specific profile exhibited by CID1 and GEF1, (B) mating type-specific pattern exhibited by STE20 and SPO14 from C. gattii and C. neoformans, but not from C. heveanensis or T. mesenterica, (C) mating type-specific profile demonstrated by STE3 and STE12.PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.C. heveanensis has a multiallelic HD locus (B locus) including the genes SXI1 and SXI2 with at least 6 alleles among 7 unique strains examined. The PR locus (A locus) of C. heveanensis is at least biallelic and 6 of the strains have the A1 allele, while one of the strains, BCC 8398, has the A2 allele. The PR locus contains at least the STE3, STE12, MFA1/2, CNB00600, and CNG04540 genes.PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.First, mating-related genes together with other genes were acquired into two unlinked loci. Second, the mating type specific region including only the homeodomain genes in the HD locus and the pheromone and the pheromone receptor gene in the PR locus expanded serially by rearrangements or insertions leading to suppressed recombination. During expansion, some of the genes were relocated to different parts of the genome and others were lost. Third, the two loci were combined to a single locus in one mating type by a translocation event forming a transient tripolar system. Fourth, recombination between the mating types occurred to form the bipolar system. Ongoing inversions and rearrangements fashioned the extant C. neoformans/C. gattii MAT locus. Genes shown with black or white arrows are those found in the C. neoformans/C. gattii MAT locus, those in white exhibit a species-specific phylogeny, and those in yellow are not linked to the extant MAT locus in the pathogenic Cryptococcus species complex.PLoS Genet. ):e1000961.Publication TypesMeSH TermsSubstancesGrant SupportFull Text SourcesOther Literature SourcesResearch Materials
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Yeasts in amphibians are common: isolation and the first molecular characterization from Thailand
Srisupaph Poonlaphdecha, Alexis Ribas
A survey of the presence of yeasts in frogs and toads in Thailand was conducted using standard mycological examination techniques. The results, which were confirmed with molecular techniques, revealed the presence of five yeast species – Cryptococcus liquefaciens, C. heveanensis, Pseudozyma hubeiensis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and R. minuta – in the bile of these amphibians. Although previous works have isolated yeasts from amphibian gastrointestinal tracts and skin, it is questionable whether these yeasts were acquired by ingestion or were commensals on adult individuals. Frog farms, an urban area and protected natural areas were surveyed and all tested positive for yeasts, which shows their ubiquity in both wild and farm-reared frogs. Additionally, the finding of yeasts in five different species of frogs and toads shows that there is a wide spectrum of hosts in this vertebrate group. Our results thus suggest that yeasts are likely to be widespread among amphibians in different habitat types and in a wide range of host species.
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Via Cittadella, 7 - 50144 Firenze Tel. (57700 Fax (57712 E-mail:桦褐孔菌、苦白蹄腐朽木上真菌群落的研究--《东北林业大学》2012年硕士论文
桦褐孔菌、苦白蹄腐朽木上真菌群落的研究
【摘要】：本文对采自于黑龙江省大兴安岭塔河县和呼中自然保护区的桦褐孔菌、苦白蹄及其引起腐朽的木材标本,经室内分离、纯化、鉴定,初步揭示了这两种药用真菌腐朽木上的真菌群落；将桦褐孔菌与其腐朽木上分离到的主要真菌进行对峙培养,初步反映了桦褐孔菌与其他真菌的关系。主要研究结果如下：
1、从桦褐孔菌腐朽木上共分离出真菌28属(种),比健康木上多9个属(种)。健康木与腐朽木共有真菌9属(种),健康木上独有的种类10属(种),腐朽木上特有种类19属(种),这说明木材腐朽菌桦褐孔菌可引起真菌种群显著变化；腐朽木树皮上的真菌种类最多达到17属(种)。在健康的桦树的各个部位没有分离到桦褐孔菌,而在腐朽木的各个区域都分离到了桦褐孔菌。
2、通过将桦褐孔菌同其他真菌进行对峙培养,研究结果表明：粘帚霉(Gliocladium)、芽枝霉(Cladosporium)和散子囊菌(Eurotium)对桦褐孔菌菌丝体生长都具有抑制作用,它们的相对抑菌效果由大到小的顺序是散子囊菌芽枝霉粘帚霉。对桦褐孔菌菌丝体生长发育有促进作用的真菌有轮枝霉(Verticillium)和被孢霉(Mortierella),其中被孢霉(Mortierella)促生效果最好。
3、从采自呼中自然保护区的苦白蹄腐朽木标本上,共纯化、分离和鉴定了10属(种)真菌,另外有3个待鉴定种,它们无一例外都是有丝分裂菌,从标本上并没有能分离到子囊菌和担子菌。在腐朽木的树皮、腐朽较轻和较重的三个不同区域的木材上能够得到的真菌种类都较少,但在各个部位都能分离到木霉(Trichoderma),所以它是广布种,同时也是优势种。在严重腐朽木上出现了较多的青霉(Penicillium)。与健康的兴安落叶松相比,苦白蹄腐朽木上的真菌种类比较少,物种不是很丰富。尤其是在发生腐朽的兴安落叶松树木的各个部位上都没有分离到毛壳(Chaetomium),这说明衰弱的腐朽落叶松不适宜毛壳的生长发育。
4、从采自大兴安岭的健康的兴安落叶松上分离到一株聚伞孢属的真菌,经形态学鉴定为1新种,命名为兴安聚伞孢Sibirina xinganensis LiuX.F.WangT.L. nov.sp.。对所分离到的有生防价值的真菌进行了形态学描述。
【关键词】：
【学位授予单位】：东北林业大学【学位级别】：硕士【学位授予年份】：2012【分类号】：S718.81【目录】：
摘要3-4Abstract4-101 绪论10-19 1.1 桦褐孔菌简介10-12
1.1.1 桦褐孔菌分类学地位及其名称10
1.1.2 桦褐孔菌的生境与分布10
1.1.3 桦褐孔菌形态学特征10-11
1.1.4 桦褐孔菌的活性成分及其药理作用11-12 1.2 桦褐孔菌的研究概况12-14
1.2.1 桦褐孔菌的人工培养特性12-13
1.2.2 桦褐孔菌的人工驯化研究13-14 1.3 苦白蹄研究概述14-15
1.3.1 苦白蹄简介14-15
1.3.2 苦白蹄研究现状15 1.4 真菌引起的木材腐朽概述15-17
1.4.1 木腐菌的侵染过程和原理15-16
1.4.2 先驱微生物群落16-17 1.5 影响腐朽木真菌群落的因素17
1.5.1 生境因素17
1.5.2 真菌的相互关系17 1.6 研究发展趋势及研究意义17-192 桦褐孔菌腐朽木上真菌群落的研究19-29 2.1 材料与方法19-20
2.1.1 实验材料19
2.1.2 培养基19
2.1.3 真菌的分离培养19
2.1.4 真菌鉴定19-20
2.1.5 桦褐孔菌与其腐朽木上的真菌对峙培养20 2.2 结果与分析20-29
2.2.1 桦褐孔菌腐朽木上真菌种分离结果20-26
2.2.2 健康桦树上树栖真菌的分离结果26
2.2.3 桦褐孔菌腐朽木上真菌组成与健康木上真菌组成比较26-27
2.2.4 桦褐孔菌与桦褐孔菌腐木上主要真菌关系27-293 苦白蹄腐朽木上真菌群落的研究29-34 3.1 材料与方法29-30
3.1.1 实验材料29
3.1.2 培养基29
3.1.3 真菌的分离培养29
3.1.4 真菌鉴定29-30 3.2 结果与分析30-34
3.2.1 苦白蹄腐朽木上真菌分离结果30
3.2.2 健康落叶松树干树栖真菌分离结果30-31
3.2.3 重要的种(属)的描述31-344. 结论与讨论34-36 4.1 结论34-35
4.1.1 桦褐孔菌腐朽木上的真菌群落组成34
4.1.2 桦褐孔菌与其他真菌的关系34
4.1.3 苦白蹄腐朽木上的真菌群落组成34-35
4.1.4 发现了一个新种35 4.2 讨论35-36
4.2.1 有关桦褐孔菌腐朽木上真菌群落组成的讨论35
4.2.2 不同采集地对桦褐孔菌腐朽木真菌群落组成的影响35
4.2.3 苦白蹄腐朽木标本数量对真菌群落研究的影响35-36参考文献36-39攻读学位期间发表的学术论文39-40致谢40-41
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张俊忠;[D];甘肃农业大学;2010年
鄢小宁;[D];浙江大学;2010年
陈义勇;[D];江南大学;2010年
陈丛瑾;[D];中南林业科技大学;2010年
张为民;[D];西北农林科技大学;2010年
邵萌;[D];吉林大学;2011年
吴颖;[D];吉林大学;2011年
杨雪薇;[D];华中科技大学;2011年
中国硕士学位论文全文数据库
胡慧磊;[D];华中农业大学;2010年
李智;[D];华中农业大学;2010年
姚英政;[D];华中农业大学;2010年
刘兰杰;[D];华中农业大学;2010年
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陈辉;[D];浙江理工大学;2010年
李艳华;[D];浙江理工大学;2010年
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中国博士学位论文全文数据库
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林贵兵;[D];成都中医药大学;2010年
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于镇华;[D];中国科学院研究生院(东北地理与农业生态研究所);2012年
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闫可;[D];延边大学;2012年
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李雨沁;[D];塔里木大学;2010年
陈辉;[D];浙江理工大学;2010年
武永德;[D];浙江理工大学;2010年
刘妍;[D];延边大学;2011年
赵丽;[D];延边大学;2011年
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