运放模型与LTSpice仿真
核心提示：驱动100pF负载时大概是120dB.而GBP大概是在0.5MHz左右. 则低频极点大概位于3rad/s.则模型为:用上面的电路图仿真一下AC小信号.可以看出以下几点:1. Aol与LTSpice中的不一样...运放可以被建模为一个具有低频极点和很高开环增益的压控电压源.另外在GBP频率以上会有高频极点(不止一个).
运放简单的传递函数模型
其中, wl这个频率可以通过
这个式子计算. 注意算出来的是角频率.
如上图可以比较这个模型的精确度, 运放接成开环的模式, 输入一个AC小信号, 在输出接一个1Meg的负载电阻用来测量输出.LT1014是LT公司出的可pin to pin代替LM324的OP, 在其说明书中,LT1014的Aol在单电源5V供电,驱动100pF负载时大概是120dB.
而GBP大概是在0.5MHz左右. 则低频极点大概位于3rad/s.则模型为:
用上面的电路图仿真一下AC小信号.
可以看出以下几点:
1. Aol与LTSpice中的不一样, LTSpice的接近140dB.
2. wL位置略有不同.
3. 在大概1MHz位置有另一个极点, 模型中没有. 在相位方面该极点从100kHz开始影响曲线.
关于第一点, 我不清楚是不是因为LTSpice中的这个spice模型没有考虑电源供电情况对性能的影响. 进而这个会影响到wL,而高频极点我本来就没有考虑在内.
那么我们就用双15v的曲线再算一次. 其Aol大概比140dB低一点儿. 而GBP大概是0.8MHz
那么模型变为
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LTspice IV is a high performance SPICE simulator, schematic capture and waveform viewer with enhancements and models for easing the simulation of switching regulators.& Our enhancements to SPICE have made simulating switching regulators extremely fast compared to normal SPICE simulators, allowing the user to view waveforms for most switching regulators in just a few minutes. Included in this download are LTspice IV, Macro Models for 80% of Linear Technology's switching regulators, over 200 op amp models, as well as resistors, transistors and MOSFET models.
Please send questions or comments to
- 高级应用工程师
The SOAtherm model distributed with LTspice software and simplifies Hot Swap and Surge Stopper designs by verifying directly within a circuit simulation that a particular MOSFET&s Safe Operating Area (SOA) is not exceeded. This article assumes a basic understanding of the SOAtherm model. If you are not familiar with SOAtherm, ...
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- 现场应用工程师 - 市场策略工程师
峰值检波器在其输入端上捕捉电压信号的极值。正峰值检波器捕捉输入信号的最正点，而负峰值检测则捕捉输入信号的最负点。理想的情况下，峰值检波器电路的输出跟踪或追随输入电压，直至达到极值点为止 (但是当输入减小时保持该值)。理想峰值检波器可不受输入信号速度的影响执行该功能 ...
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- Field Applications Engineer - 市场策略工程师
Capacitor banks are used to filter noise and provide energy storage for fast load transient response.& For modeling the stability of a DC/DC converter the ESR of the capacitor bank is needed.& This can be easily done if only one type of capacitor is used with multiple capacitors in parallel.& This is difficult ...
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In LTspice, AC analysis involves computing the AC complex node voltages as a function of frequency using an independent voltage or current source as the driving signal. The small signal analysis results are plotted in the waveform viewer as magnitude and phase over frequency.
AC analysis in LTspice has a number of settings: ...
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- 高级应用工程师
在 2015 年 11 月的 LT Journal 中对这款基本的低功率调制器做了描述。在这篇博客帖子中，我们将说明怎样实现以下目标：
运用仿真来验证滤波器设计，和
通过把差分放大器用于基带驱动来降低 DC 失调
另外还提供了一些旨在帮助完成设计的其他各种技巧 ...
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- 现场应用经理 - 市场策略工程师 - 助理工程师
该电路设计旨在监视一个 AC 线路连接负载中的平均电流，并在该电流超过某一规定水平的情况下点亮一个 LED。
具基准的微功率、低电压比较器
该设计的基础是 LT6703-2，此器件把一个微功率、低电压比较器与一个 400mV 基准整合在一个纤巧型封装中 ...
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- 应用工程师 - 市场策略工程师
When working with Surge Stoppers or Hot Swap Controllers, occasionally there is a need to simulate a circuit's behavior with a specified voltage or current transient. These transients are usually modeled using a double exponential waveform characterized by a peak voltage, a rise time (usually 10%&90%), a fall time to 50% ...
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您仿真的几乎所有电路都需要某种类型的电压源。在 LTspice 中，简陋的电压源很少有机会展示其真正的能力。本视频将帮助您了解 LTspice 电压源的某些尚未被发现的才能。在此视频中，我们将探究行为电压源的强大能力，并了解 LTspice 能为您带来哪些数学函数以对电路实施进一步的仿真 ...
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- 应用工程师 - 市场策略工程师
A common use for LTSpice& is to run a time domain transient analysis where a parameter (e.g. voltage or current) can be plotted against time. Occasionally, you may wish to know the behavior of a circuit versus another parameter such as resistance. This can be done by using the &.measure& and &.step& ...
Blog Post LTspiceIV
- 市场策略工程师
Some of the most common waveforms needed in simulating voltage and current sources are sine, square, triangular and sawtooth shapes.
LTspice&&simulation software has a built-in pulse, sine, exponential, single frequency FM and an arbitrary piece-wise linear functions available in the source component editor. Although ...
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- 现场应用工程师
本视频重点说明了怎样在 LTspice 中导入和导出 WAV 音频文件，以及如何从一个文本文件读取一张分段线性值列表以产生无限复杂的激励电压。
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- 市场策略工程师
When you need multiple instances of a model, it is easy to copy and paste a symbol, but sometimes you can tighten up your schematics by using a single symbol to define multiple instances of same device. For instance, instead of placing four identical capacitor symbols in parallel, use one symbol times four, &x4&. ...
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- 仿真开发经理
As the Author and maintainer of LTspice IV, please let me assure you that LTspice does not nor has ever collected data about the user or any aspect of the user's design work.
From conception of the project to release and over all the&years of supporting the program, myself and my management have been committed to not ...
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- 高级应用工程师 - 市场策略工程师
在高电流背板应用中要求实现电路板的带电插拔，这就需要兼具低导通电阻 (在稳态操作期间) 和针对瞬态情况之高安全工作区 (SOA) 的 MOSFET。通常，专为拥有低导通电阻而优化的新式 MOSFET 并不适合高 SOA 热插拔应用。
LTC&4234 是一款针对热插拔 ...
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- 市场策略工程师
LTspice is designed from the ground up to produce fast circuit simulations, but there is margin in some simulations to increase the speed. Note, there may be trade-offs in accuracy using the methods described here. For further details on any of these approaches, please refer to the LTspice Help File (F1). To measure the effects ...
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- 仿真开发经理
Analog design engineers lean heavily on simulation to predict circuit performance. The value of a simulator hangs on how well it can predict physical reality, and how quickly it can produce results. Discrepancy between simulated and real performance can send a product into costly iterative debugging cycles.
SPICE is used for ...
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- 市场策略工程师
LTspice includes a large number of excellent FET models, but sometimes you need to simulate a simple switch that opens and closes at specific times or under certain conditions.To insert and configure a switch in LTspice& (example is available at \LTspiceIV\examples\Educational\Vswitch.asc)
Insert the symbol for the ...
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- 高级应用工程师 - 市场策略工程师
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Introduction
While it is often desirable, and sometimes absolutely critical, to use multiple parallel MOSFETs in Hot Swap& circuits, careful analysis of Safe Operating Area (SOA) is essential. Each additional parallel MOSFET added to a circuit improves the voltage drop, power loss, and ...
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- 现场应用工程师 - 市场策略工程师
This article brings together the ideas of open loop gain, closed loop gain, gain and phase margin, minimum gain stability and shows how these parameters are interrelated in a feedback system. It examines loop gain in terms of a theoretical control system as well as practical electronic circuits, including linear regulators.
Introduction
Blog Post LTspiceIV
- 市场策略工程师
有些时候最简单的东西躲避着我们。通常，把组件置入 LTspice 原理图之后，您可以选择利用连线工具画导线 (F3)，单击左键以开始一根导线，再次单击左键以改变方向或连接，重复以上动作直到电路完成为止，然后单击右键以取消。但是您知道吗? 您可以穿过电阻器等组件画导线，导线将被自动切断，从而使组件与导线相串联 ...
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- 市场策略工程师
Sometimes the simplest things elude us. One feature not commonly understood in LTspice is how to copy and paste between schematics using the duplicate command. To copy objects from one schematic to another, in the source schematic, invoke the duplicate command (F6 or Ctrl + C) & the crosshair pointer changes to the duplicate ...
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- 高级应用工程师
在高功率级别上，验证热插拔设计未超过 MOSFET 的能力范围是一项挑战。
幸运的是，热特性和 SOA 可在&LTspice IV& 等电路仿真器中进行建模。LTspice 中的 SOAtherm-NMOS 符号包含了一个由凌力尔特开发并旨在简化此项任务的 MOSFET 热模型结集。这些热模型可用于验证 ...
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- 市场策略工程师
LTspice IV can automatically create a symbol for a third-party model, or you can associate a third-party subcircuit with an LTspice intrinsic symbol, as long as the third-party .SUBCKT model and the intrinsic symbol share an identical pin/port netlist order. For example, to add an N-channel MOSFET transistor symbol to a schematic ...
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- 高级应用工程师 - 市场策略工程师
Introduction
Often the most challenging aspect of Hot Swap& circuit design is verifying that a MOSFET&s Safe Operating Area (SOA) is not exceeded. The SOAtherm tool distributed with LTspice IV& simplifies this task, allowing a circuit designer to immediately evaluate the SOA requirements of an application and ...
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- 市场策略工程师
这里给出了采用 LTspice IV&进行变压器仿真的简单方法：
为每个变压器绕组绘制一个电感器
采用一个互感 (K) 描述语句通过一条 SPICE 指令对其实施耦合： &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ...
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- 市场策略工程师
如何确定闭环开关模式电源 (SMPS) 的开环增益呢? 针对该问题，最好的解决方案是运用 Middlebrook 的方法，其首见于《International Journal of Electronics》第 38 卷第 4 期 (1975 年) 上。这种方法将测试信号注入闭环系统中以独立地求解电压和电流增益，从而可保持环路的封闭并且不会干扰操作点 ...
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- 市场策略工程师
虽然在 LTspice 中可以从头开始为某个第三方模型创建一种新符号，但是谁有这个时间呢。遵循以下简单的步骤可为定义在一个子电路中 (.SUBCKT 语句) 的第三方模型产生一种新符号。
在 LTspice 中打开包含子电路定义的网表文件 (File & Open 或将文件拖入 ...
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- 策略应用经理 - 信号
高性能 SAR ADC 能够在越来越快的采样速率下提供令人惊讶的动态范围和线性度。但是，如何设计模拟输入端上的放大器和接口呢? LTspice 可为您提供帮助。本视频将说明怎样进行高性能 SAR ADC 之模拟输入接口的仿真。我们将研究电荷回踢、稳定时间和噪声，以及如何在有时出现相互冲突的目标之间寻求平衡 ...
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- 仿真开发经理
The gain of a negative feedback loop needs to fall with frequency below unity before too much phase shift occurs unless your aim actually is to make an oscillator[1]. This idea can be applied to the stability analysis of a Switch Mode Power Supply(SMPS). Even though a SMPS is an intrinsically non-linear circuit with no small- ...
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- 现场应用工程师
有时，电路的频率响应比观察原理图特定部分的个别电压或电流更加重要。LTspice 能够利用其 AC 分析功能帮助您实现该目标。本视频为您说明了怎样运用 LTspice 来完成基本的 AC 分析，并指出了一些您或许还不知道的功能 ...... ...
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- 市场策略工程师
LTspice IV can perform .noise analysis of a circuit, where the noise voltage density (V/&Hz) for 1Hz bandwidth) can easily be plotted for the output noise, input noise or for any noisy component like a resistor, diode or transistor. However, you can also easily integrate noise over a selected bandwidth in a .noise analysis.
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- 策略应用经理 - 信号
众所周知，反馈电路会发生振荡。我们甚至可能知道一些对其进行修复的方法。但是，假如我们的仿真工具能告诉我们究竟正在发生什么以及出现这种状况的原因岂不是更好吗? 本视频将以实例说明怎样使用 .AC 分析以在LTspice IV 中察看运放反馈电路的开环增益和相位 ...
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- 市场策略工程师
The LTspice IV waveform viewer can integrate a trace to produce the average or RMS value over a given region.
To integrate a trace in the waveform viewer:
Zoom in to the region of interest.
Hold down the control key and click the label of the trace you want to integrate.
Based on the physical units of the data trace, ...
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- 市场策略工程师
There are two ways to examine a circuit in LTspice IV by changing the value for a particular parameter: you can either manually enter each value and then resimulate the circuit to view the response, or use the .step command to sweep across a range of values in a single simulation run.The .step command causes an analysis to be ...
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- 应用工程经理 - 市场策略工程师
Today&s electronics systems require an increasing number of power rails and supply solutions, with the load range from a few mA for standby supply to over 100A for ASIC or FPGA core voltage regulators. It is important to have the appropriate solutions for the targeted applications and meet specified performance requirements, ...
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- 市场策略工程师
Adding informative comments to a schematic using text is very useful. However, there are times when adding a line, rectangle, circle or arc to a schematic can better illustrate a circuit. A classic example is highlighting a transformer core using two lines. In LTspice IV these graphical annotations are available under Draw in ...
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- 市场策略工程师
Plotting results in LTspice IV is as easy as clicking on a node to show voltage, or a component to show current&the trace is then displayed in the waveform viewer. In transient analysis, the horizontal axis defaults to showing time, but you can always change the horizontal axis to show other quantities (such as current) ...
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- 市场策略工程师
The LTspice IV waveform viewer is a handy way to perform basic measurements, but there are times when you need to export data from, or import data into LTspice to further evaluate a circuit.
To export waveform data to an ACSII text file:
Click to select the waveform viewer
Choose Export from the File menu.
Select the traces ...
Blog Post LTspiceIV
- 市场策略工程师
Piecewise linear (PWL) functions are used to construct a waveform from a series of straight line segments connecting points defined by the user in LTspice IV. Since PWL functions are useful in creating custom waveforms, they are typically used in defining voltage or current sources.
To add a PWL function to a voltage or current ...
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- 设计工程师 - 信号调理
LTspice IV 能够完成频域噪声分析，该分析涵盖了散粒噪声、热噪声和闪烁 (1/f) 噪声。这样就可绘制最终的噪声密度 (单位：nV/√Hz) 曲线图，从而为电路分析和理解提供帮助。
本视频短片内容包括怎样利用 LTspice 来设置噪声仿真以查看输入和输出参考电压噪声，并讨论了几种用于更多地了解噪声源的技巧 ...
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LTC2367-16
LTC2367-18
LTC2368-16
LTC2368-18
LTC2368-24
LTC2369-18
LTC2370-16
LTC2372-16
LTC2372-18
LTC2373-16
LTC2373-18
LTC2376-16
LTC2376-18
LTC2376-20
LTC2377-16
LTC2377-18
LTC2377-20
LTC2378-16
LTC2378-18
LTC2378-20
LTC2379-18
LTC2380-16
LTC2380-24
LTC2381-16
LTC2382-16
LTC2383-16
LTC2385-16
LTC2385-18
LTC2386-16
LTC2386-18
LTC2387-16
LTC2387-18
LTC2389-16
LTC2389-18
LTC2391-16
LTC2392-16
LTC2393-16
LTC2508-32
LTC3406AB-2
LTC3406B-2
LTC3407A-2
LTC3417A-1
LTC3417A-2
LTC3525L-3
LTC3526L-2
LTC3528B-2
LTC3633A-2
LTC3672B-1
LTC3672B-2
LTC3707-SYNC
LTC3727A-1
LTC3727LX-1
LTC3728L-1
LTC3729L-6
LTC3851A-1
LTC4075HVX
LTC4252B-1
LTC4253A-ADJ
LTC4259A-1
LTC4266A_C
LTC4271_LTC4270
LTC4271_LTC4290
LTC4274A_C
LTC4300A-1
LTC4300A-2
LTC4300A-3
LTC4440A-5
LTC5800-IPM
LTC5800-IPR
LTC5800-WHM
LTC6268-10
LTC6269-10
LTC6400-14
LTC6400-20
LTC6400-26
LTC6401-14
LTC6401-20
LTC6401-26
LTC6420-20
LTC6421-20
LTC6430-15
LTC6430-20
LTC6431-15
LTC6431-20
LTC6433-15
LTC6605-10
LTC6605-14
LTC6905-XXX
LTC694-3.3
LTC695-3.3
LTM2220-AA
LTM4601AHV
LTM9001-A_-B
LTM9001-GA
LTM9006-14
LTM9007-14
LTM9008-14
LTM9009-14
LTM9010-14
LTM9011-14
LTP5900-WHM
LTP5901-IPM
LTP5901-IPR
LTP5901-WHM
LTP5902-IPM
LTP5902-IPR
LTP5902-WHM
LTP5903-WHR
ClockWizard
FracNWizard
LinearLabTools
LTC2983 Software
LTC2984 Software
LTC6951Wizard
LTC6954_GUI
LTpowerCAD
LTpowerPlanner
LTpowerPlay
QuikEval System
SmartMesh IP Starter Kit Software
SmartMesh WirelessHART Starter Kit Software
LT Journal
软件和仿真