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绝热材料及相关术语
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绝热材料及相关术语
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绝热材料及相关术语
官方公共微信2220 McKinley Avenue
National City& CA& 91950
800/925-4855 & 619/477-4855 & FAX 619/477-4874
  
PROPERTIES
Excellent dielectric strength
Good machinability
Light weight
Heat and wear resistant
Resists corrosion and chemicals
Good mechanical strength & dimensional stability
Low moisture absorption&
APPLICATIONS
Terminal boards
Wear strips
Transformers
Machining components
Industrial laminates
Phenolic sheet is a hard, dense material made by applying heat and
pressure to layers of paper
or glass cloth impregnated with synthetic
resin. These layers of laminations are usually of cellulose paper, cotton
fabrics, synthetic yarn fabrics, glass fabrics or unwoven fabrics. When
heat and pressure are applied to the layers, a chemical reaction
(polymerization) transforms the layers into a high-pressure thermosetting
industrial laminated plastic.
PAPER REINFORCED PHENOLIC
NEMA X per MIL-I-24768/12 PBM
NEMA XX per MIL-I-24768/11 PBG
NEMA XXX per MIL-I-24768/10 PBE
Normal electrical applications, moderate mechanical strength, continuous
operating temperature of 250°F.
CANVAS REINFORCED PHENOLIC
NEMA C per MIL-I-24768/16 TYPE FBM
NEMA CE per MIL-I-24768/14 TYPE FBG
Good mechanical and impact strength with contiunuous operating
temperature of 250°F.
LINEN REINFORCED PHENOLIC
NEMA L per MIL-I-24768/15 TYPE FBI
NEMA LE per MIL-I-24768/13 TYPE FBE
Good mechanical & electrical strength. Recommended for intricate
high strength parts. Continuous operating temperature 250°F.
NYLON REINFORCED PHENOLIC
NEMA N-1 per MIL-I-24768/9 TYPE NPG
Superior electrical properties under humid conditions, fungus resistant,
continuous operating temperature of 160°F.
NEMA GRADE
PAPERPHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, intricate punch parts, insulating washers, switch bases. terminal boards
Requires little to no preheating. good cold shearing, cold punch
TanBlackChocolate
PAPERPHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, intricate punch parts
Excellent cold punch and cold shearing
ChocolateTanBlack
PAPERPHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, punch parts 3/32" max thickness
Non Nema, warm punch
Tan Chocolate Black
PAPERPHENOLIC
Mechanical grade
Non Nema, warm punch
Tan Chocolate Black
PAPERPHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, terminal boards, structural parts, switch bases, washers, panels
General purpose. high mechanical strength, electrical properties are secondary
PAPERPHENOLIC
Electrical grade, switch board panels, relay and switch bases, breaker arms, barriers
Electrical insulation in dry or humid conditions, good machining, fair mechanical strength
NaturalBlack
PAPERPHENOLIC
Electrical grade, panel boards, high voltage switch, gear, radio, television panels
Electrical insulation, high humidity resistance, good dimensional stability, excellent resistance to splitting
PAPERPHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, intricate punch parts, insulating washers, switch bases, terminal boards
Solid black color throughout, requires little to no preheating, good cold shear and punch
PAPERPHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, thick punch parts 3/32" through 1/4"
Ultra Soft punch plate, cold punch. Solid black color throughout
NaturalBlack
PAPERPHENOLIC
Electrical grade, punch parts, electronic equipment, insulating washers and spacers
Electrical insulation, low dielectric losses in severe humidity, warm punch
PAPERPHENOLIC
Electrical grade, punch parts, radio & TV terminal boards, panels, U.L. listed as 65M03 unclad
Cold punch and shearing, high insulation resistance and low dielectric losses under severe humidity
FINE WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, fine tooth gears, radio parts, terminal boards
High mechanical strength, good appearance, good machining qualities
FINE WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Electrical - mechanical grade, marine relay bases, terminal bases and strips, radio parts, high humidity applications
Electrical and mechanical strength, moisture resistance
NaturalBlack
FINE WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical grade - for fine machined parts, gears, radio parts, terminal boards
Fine weave canvas where better than CE machining characteristics are required & grade L cannot be justified
MEDIUM WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, gears, pinions, spacers, structural applications
Economy grade, high impact strength, good mechanical properties
MEDIUM WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical - electrical grade, small gears, pinions, radio parts, marine switch board panels
Economy grade, good acid resistance, low voltage, low frequency electrical performance
MEDIUM WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, marine bearings, piston and packing rings, pump valve, doctor blades, marine Phenolic
Low moisture absorption, dimensional stability
MEDIUM WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, valves, plating tanks
Low moisture absorption, good dimensional stability, good resistance to acids and
MEDIUM WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, support blocks, spacers for liquid oxygen tanks
Special formulation for cryogenic applications, property retention at extremely low temperatures
MEDIUM WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, packing rings, pistons, bearings
Canvas with molybdenum disulfide, low coefficient of friction
MEDIUM WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, wire stranders, heat dissipation applications
Canvas with copper screen
MEDIUM WEAVE COTTON CLOTH PHENOLIC
Mechanical grade, pistons, packing rings, textile mill bearings
Canvas with graphite, self-lubricating, low coefficient of friction
GLASS CLOTH MELAMINE
Electrical - mechanical grade, switch board panels, arc barriers, circuit breaker parts, structural electrical parts
High mechanical strength high arc and heat resistance, self-extinguishing, excellent electrical properties under dry conditions
GLASS CLOTH MELAMINE
Electrical - mechanical grade, marine switch board panels, structural parts
High mechanical strength, high arc and heat resistance, self-extinguishing, excellent electrical properties under dry and humid conditions
GLASS CLOTH SILICONE
Electrical grade, class H insulation, heating-appliance insulation
Good electrical properties under humid conditions, excellent heat and arc resistance, self-extinguishing
GLASS CLOTH EPOXY
Electrical - mechanical grade, terminal boards, high humidity applications, U.L. listed as 65M38 unclad
High flexural, impact and bond strength at room temperatures, good electrical properties under dry and humid conditions
GLASS CLOTH EPOXY
Electrical - mechanical grade, rotor slot insulation, structural members at elevated temperatures
High mechanical strength at temperatures up 150°C, retains 50% of its flexural strength at elevated temperatures
Typical properties of PHENOLICS
ASTM or UL test
General purpose
Non bleeding
Electrical
Heat resistant
Glass reinforced
Chemical resistant compound
Specific gravity
1.35- 1.46
1.36- 1.41
1.37- 1.38
1.36- 1.75
1.41- 1.84
1.37- 1.75
Water absorption, 24 hours, 1/8 inch thick (%)
0.05- 0.20
0.30- 0.35
0.20- 0.40
MECHANICAL
Tensile strength (psi)
6,500- 7,000
6,000- 7,000
6,000- 7,000
5,000- 7,000
5,000- 6,000
6,000- 12,000
7,000- 9,000
Flexural modulus (10~5 psi)
Flexural strength (psi)
9,000- 11,000
9,000- 11,000
12,000- 24,000
Impact strength, izod (ft-lb/in. of notch)
0.30- 0.35
0.28- 0.45
Hardness, Rockwell E
Thermal conductivity (10~4 cal - cm/sec- cm~2- &#176C)
Coefficient of thermal expansion (10~5 in./in.-&#176C)
Deflection temperature (&#176F)
At 264 psi
Flammability rating 1/8 inch
ELECTRICAL
Dielectric strength (V/mil) short time, 1/8 in. thick
Dielectric constant At 1kHz
Dissipation factor At 1kHz
0.04- 0.05
0.04- 0.06
0.025- 0.10
Volume resistivity (ohm-cm) At 73&#176F, 50% RH
10~11- 10~12
10~11- 10~12
10~11- 10~13
Arc resistance(s)
Thermoset Plastic Laminate.
Thermoset Plastic Laminate is a
uniformly dense and structurally strong material that
will not soften appreciably under the reapplication of
heat. It is an extremely durable plastic that is lightweight
and moisture resistant. Industrial laminates
are thermoset resin impregnated reinforcing materials
(paper, cotton fabric, glass fabric, etc.) that are cured
under heat and pressure to form solid shapes having
high mechanical and electrical insulating properties.
Laminates are available in sheet, rod, tube, and angle.
Since laminates are comprised of a combination of
materials, they are also referred to as composites.
Standard stock grades include:
G1O/FR4 Glass Reinforced
Epoxy - natural (yellowish to light green) The most
versatile all around laminate, this grade is a continuous
glass woven fabric base impregnated with an
epoxy resin binder. It has extremely high mechanical
strength, good dielectric loss properties, and good electric
strength properties, both wet and dry. Certifies to
Mil-I-24768/27 GEE-F
G11/FRS Glass Reinforced
Epoxy - natural (yellow green to amber) This grade is
similar to G10/FR4, with the addition of a higher operating
temperature and some improved mechanical
strength at elevated temperatures. Certifies to Mil-I-24768/28 GEB -F
G5/G9 Class Reinforced
Melamine - natural (grayish brown) This grade is composed
of a continuous glass woven cloth base impregnated
with a melamine resin binder. Melamine is the
hardest of all laminates, exhibiting good dimensional
stability and are resistance. It is also caustic resistant.
Certifies to Mil-I-24768/1 CME
G7 Glass Reinforced Silicone -
natural (cream to white) Composed of a continuous
glass woven cloth base impregnated with a silicone
resin binder,this grade has excellent heat and are resistance.
It has extremely good dielectric loss properties
under dry conditions and good electrical properties
under humid conditions, although the percentage of
change is high. Certifies to Mil-I- GSG
X/XX/XXX Paper
Reinforced Phenolic - natural (tan) This grade is composed
of a paper base impregnated with a phenolic
resin binder. It has good electric strength properties
with fair mechanical strength. Outstanding for use as
template material and or backup material. Certifies to
Mil-I- PBM,I11 PBG and /10 PBE
C/CE Cotton Fabric
Reinforced Phenolic - natural (light tan to brown) This
grade is composed of a continuous cotton woven cloth
impregnated with a phenolic resin binder. This grade
contains a medium weave canvas and is known primarily
for it's mechanical properties. This grade is not
recommended for primary insulation. Certifies to Mil-
I-24768/14 FBG
Linen L/LE Cotton Fabric
Reinforced Phenolic - natural (light tan to brown) This
grade is composed of a continuous cotton woven cloth
impregnated with a phenolic resin binder. This grade
contains a fine weave linen and, like the canvas phenolic,
is known for it's mechanical properties. The finer
weave allows for machining more intricate details than
Canvas, like gear teeth. This grade is not recommended.
for primary insulation. Certifies to Mil-I-24768/13 FBE
Mat Glass Reinforced
Polyester - GPO-1 (tan) and GPO-3 (red) These grades
are composed of random mat (non-woven) fiberglass
reinforcement held together by a polyester resin
binder. GPO-3 offers superior arc and track
resistance.
THERMOSET SHEET TOLERANCES
All measurements are in inches
THICKNESSDecimalInches
ALLGlassGrades
ALLGPOGrades
ALLPaperGrades
CCanvasGrade
CECanvasGrade
LLinenGrade
LELinenGrade
±.001
±.002
±.002
±.003
±.003
±.003
±.0025
±.0035
±.0035
±.004
±.003
±.004
±.004
±.0045
±.0035
±.004
±.004
±.0065
±.0075
±.0035
±.0065
±.0065
±.005
±.005
±.0075
±.0045
±.0075
±.0075
±.0055
±.0055
±.0075
±.0075
±.005
±.0075
±.0075
±.006
±.006
±.009
±.009
±.007
±.009
±.009
±.007
±.007
±.012
±.010
±.008
±.010
±.010
±.008
±.008
±.015
±.011
±.009
±.011
±.011
±.009
±.009
±.019
±.0125
±.010
±.0125
±.0125
±.010
±.010
±.022
±.015
±.012
±.015
±.012
±.026
±.0145
±.0175
±.0145
±.030
±.020
±.017
±.020
±.017
±.033
±.019
±.022
±.019
±.036
±.024
±.021
±.024
±.021
±.040
±.027
±.024
±.027
±.024
±.043
±.029
±.027
±.029
±.027
±.046
±.030
±.031
±.030
±.049
±.033
±.033
±.033
±.033
±.055
±.037
±.037
±.037
±.061
±.041
±.041
±.041
±.067
±.045
±.045
±.045
±.073
±.049
±.049
±.049
Sheet tolerance thickness - At least 90% of the sheet will measure within the tolerance given in the above table.
Sheet tolerance Length and Width - The tolerance in length and width of standard sheet sizes will be plus or minus 1" from standard.
Thicknessrange "from - to
Percentagewarp & twistallowed
36" widthwarp (")allowed
48" lengthwarp (")allowed
.031 - .062
.063 - .125
.126 - 2.50
.251 - .750
.750 - max
Sheet tolerance Warp and Twist - In the case of warp, this percentage is stated in terms of the lateral dimensions (length or width); in the case of twist, one corner to the diagonally opposite corner.
** The value for grade G-7 is 1.5 percent
Note 1- These values do not apply to cut pieces but only to sheet sizes manufactured.
Note 2- For method of measuring warp and twist, see ASTM-D-709
Also see Property Comparison ChartPhenolic Epoxy Sheets, Plates, Rods and Tubes
Phenolic Thermoset Plastic Laminate.
Phenolics are a uniformly
dense and structurally strong material that will not soften appreciably
under the reapplication of heat. It is an extremely durable plastic that
is lightweight and moisture resistant. Industrial laminates are thermoset
resin impregnated reinforcing materials (paper, fabric, glass
fabric, etc.) that are cured under heat and pressure to form solid shapes
having high mechanical and electrical insulating properties. Laminates are
available in sheet, rod, tube, and angle. Since laminates are comprised of
a combination of materials, they are also referred to as composites.
Phenolic standard stock grades include:
Plates, Rods, Tubes Available Sizes and Prices
G10/FR4 Glass Reinforced
Epoxy - natural
(yellowish to light green)
The most versatile all-around laminate, this grade is a continuous glass
woven fabric base impregnated with an epoxy resin binder. It has extremely
high mechanical strength, good dielectric loss properties, and good
electric strength properties, both wet and dry.
Certifies to Mil-I-24768/27 GEE-F
G11/FR5 Glass Reinforced Epoxy - natural
green to amber)
This grade is similar to G10/FR4, with the addition of a higher operating
temperature and some improved mechanical strength at elevated
temperatures.
Certifies to Mil- I-24768/28 GEB-F
G5/G9 Glass Reinforced Melamine - natural
This grade is composed of a continuous glass woven cloth base impregnated
with a melamine resin binder. Melamines are the hardest of all laminates,
exhibiting good dimensional stability and arc resistance. It is also
caustic resistant.
Certifies to Mil-I-24768/1 GME
G7 Glass Reinforced Silicone - natural (cream
Composed of a continuous glass woven cloth base impregnated with a
silicone resin binder,this grade has excellent heat and arc resistance. It
has extremely good dielectric loss properties under dry conditions and
good electrical properties under humid conditions, although the percentage
of change is high.
Certifies to Mil-I-24768/17 GSG
Paper X/XX/XXX Paper
Reinforced Phenolic - natural (tan)
This grade is composed of a paper base impregnated with a phenolic resin
binder. It has good electric strength properties with fair mechanical
strength. Outstanding for use as template material and or backup material.
Certifies to Mil-I-24768/12 PBM, /11 PBG and /10 PBE
Canvas C/CE Cotton Fabric Reinforced Phenolic -
(light tan to brown)
This grade is composed of a continuous woven cloth impregnated with
a phenolic resin binder. This grade contains a medium weave canvas and is
known primarily for it's mechanical properties. This grade is not
recommended for primary insulation.
Certifies to Mil-I-24768/14 FBG
Linen L/LE Cotton Fabric
Reinforced Phenolic -
(light tan to brown)
This grade is composed of a continuous woven cloth impregnated with
a phenolic resin binder. This grade contains a fine weave linen and, like
the canvas phenolic, is known for it's mechanical properties. The finer
weave allows for machining more intricate details than Canvas, like gear
teeth. This grade is not recommended for primary insulation.
Certifies to Mil-I-24768/13 FBE
K-Mac Plastics& 3821 Clay Ave, SW
Wyoming, Mi& 49548 &&
616-406-0671 Main您所在位置： &
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磁性纳米材料的备及其在酚类化合物和三磷酸腺苷检测中的应用研究.pdf72页
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磁性纳米材料的备及其在酚类化合物和三磷酸腺苷检测中的应用研究
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摘要 磁性纳米材料的制备及其在酚类化合物和三磷酸腺 苷检测中的应用研究 环境科学专业硕士研究生程琴 指导教师罗红群教授 摘要 磁性纳米材料是20世纪70年代后逐渐产生、发展起来的新型纳米材料，广泛应用于生物
医学、磁性共振成像、催化、环境治理、生物分离以及生物传感等诸多科学领域，被称为面 向2l世纪的新型材料。磁性纳米材料具有粒径小、比表面积大、磁性性能优良等不同于常规
磁性材料的特性，因此得到众多研究者的青睐。但是，相比其他的纳米材料而言，磁性纳米
材料也有其自身的弱点，更易被氧化或团聚，因而磁性纳米材料的表面修饰改性成为研究的
热点。表面修饰改性是指用化学、物理方法对粒子表面进行处理，有目的地改变粒子表面的
物理化学性质。比如表面电荷性质、表面亲水性、表面化学结构、化学吸附及反应特性等等。 Fe304是一种被广泛研究的磁性材料，其化学及物理性能都极其稳定，而且表面可以根据
需要进一步修饰改性。通常在磁性粒子表面包覆有机或无机物，主要是为了弥补其在抗氧化
能力、抗腐蚀能力、生物相容性及在使用溶剂中的分散性、稳定性等缺陷。此外，为了拥有
特殊的使用功能，还可以通过表面改性赋予磁性纳米粒子表面不同的反应性功能基团 如
．COOH、．NH2 。本论文的主要内容如下： 首先，通过化学沉淀法合成了分散性好的Fe304纳米颗粒，通过振动样品磁强计 vSM 测定磁化强度为76．64 emu旷1，通过外加磁场可以实现快速分离。电子透射电镜 TEM 结
果显示其粒径分布均匀，平均粒径为9．1nm。实验测得Fe304纳米颗粒的等电点为6．3，通过
调节溶剂的pH值可以控制纳米颗粒表面电荷密度。加入适量带相反电荷
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