What is virtual memory? - Definition
virtual memory
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Virtual memory is a
capability of an OS that uses hardware and software to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from random access memory () to .
space is increased using active memory in RAM and inactive memory in hard disk drives () to form
that hold both the
and its data.
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Computers have a finite amount of RAM so memory can run out, especially when multiple
run at the same time. A
using virtual memory can load larger programs or multiple programs running at the same time, allowing each one to operate as if it has infinite memory and without having to purchase more RAM.
As part of the process of copying virtual memory into physical memory, the OS divides memory into pagefiles or
that contain a fixed number of addresses. Each page is stored on a disk and when the page is needed, the OS copies it from the disk to main memory and translates the virtual addresses into real addresses.
Pros and cons of using virtual memory
Among the primary benefits of virtual memory is its ability to handle twice as many addresses as main memory. It uses software to consume more memory by using the HDD as temporary storage while
translate virtual memory addresses to physical addresses via the . Programs use virtual addresse when a program is , the virtual addresses are converted into actual memory addresses.
Memory hierarchy
Other advantages of virtual memory are that it frees applications from managing
and saves users from adding more memory
when RAM space runs out.
Mike Murphy explains virtual memory in this video tutorial.
However, the use of virtual memory has its tradeoffs, particularly with speed. It's generally better to have as much physical memory as possible so programs work directly from RAM or physical memory. The use of virtual memory slows a computer because data must be mapped between virtual and physical memory, which requires extra hardware support for address translations.
In a virtualized computing environment,
can use virtual memory management techniques to allocate additional memory to a virtual machine () that has run out of resources. Such
management tactics can improve VM performance and management flexibility.
See also: ,
Continue Reading About virtual memory
Related Terms
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Storage pools are capacity aggregated from disparate physical storage resources in a shared storage environment.
Thick provisioning pre-allocates storage capacity on a disk rather than on an as-needed basis.
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What virtual memory management techniques have you used?
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Comments: 70Blog links: 33Article Category: SpeechwritingEthos, Pathos, Logos:3 Pillars of Public Speakingby Andrew Dlugan 2300 years ago, Aristotle wrote down the secret to being a persuasive speaker, the secret which forms the basis for nearly every public speaking book written since then.Do you know the secret?If you don’t, you might be wondering what a 2300-year-old theory has to do with public speaking in the year 2010.In a word — everything!In this article, you’ll learn what ethos, pathos, and logos are (the secret!), and what every speaker needs to understand about these three pillars of public speaking.What are Ethos, Pathos, and Logos?So, what are ethos, pathos, and logos?In simplest terms, they correspond to:Ethos: credibility (or character) of the speakerPathos: emotional connection to the audienceLogos: logical argumentTogether, they are the three persuasive appeals. In other words, these are the three essential qualities that your speech or presentation must have before your audience will accept your message.Origins of Ethos, Pathos, Logos — On Rhetoric by AristotleThree Pillars of Public SpeakingEthos, Pathos, Logos - IntroductionEthos - Speaker CredibilityWhat is Ethos?How to Establish EthosPathos - Emotional ConnectionWhat is Pathos?How to Develop PathosLogos - Logical ArgumentWhat is Logos?How to Convey LogosWritten in the 4th century B.C.E., the Greek philosopher Aristotle compiled his thoughts on the art of rhetoric into On Rhetoric, including his theory on the three persuasive appeals.Many teachers of communication, speech, and rhetoric consider Aristotle’s On Rhetoric to be a seminal work in the field. Indeed, the editors of The Rhetoric of Western Thought: From the Mediterranean World to the Global Setting call it “the most important single work on persuasion ever written.” It is hard most advice from modern books can be traced back to Aristotle’s foundations.In The Classic Review, Sally van Noorden points to George Kennedy’s modern translation as the standard reference text for studying On Rhetoric. Kennedy’s translation is the source that I use. (At the time of this writing, it is available
for $24.56, 18% off the list price.)EthosBefore you can convince an audience to accept anything you say, they have to accept you as credible.There are many aspects to building your credibility:Does the audience respect you?Does the audience believe you are of good character?Does the audience believe you are generally trustworthy?Does the audience believe you are an authority on this speech topic?Keep in mind that it isn&#8217;t enough for you to know that you are a credible source. (This isn&#8217;t about your confidence, experience, or expertise.) Your audience must know this. Ethos is your level of credibility as perceived by your audience.We will define ethos in greater detail, and we will study examples of how to establish and build ethos.PathosPathos is the quality of a persuasive presentation which appeals to the emotions of the audience.Do your words evoke feelings of &#8230; love? &#8230; sympathy? &#8230; fear?Do your visuals evoke feelings of compassion? &#8230; envy?Does your characterization of the competition evoke feelings of hate? contempt?Emotional connection can be created in many ways by a speaker, perhaps most notably by stories. The goal of a story, anecdote, analogy, simile, and metaphor is often to link an aspect of our primary message with a triggered emotional response from the audience.We will study pathos in greater detail, and look at how to build pathos by tapping into different audience emotions.LogosLogos is synonymous with a logical argument.Does your message make sense?Is your message based on facts, statistics, and evidence?Will your call-to-action lead to the desired outcome that you promise?We will see why logos is critical to your success, and examine ways to construct a logical, reasoned argument.Which is most important? Ethos? Pathos? or Logos?Suppose two speakers give speeches about a new corporate restructuring strategy.The first speaker &#8212; a grade nine student &#8212; gives a flawless speech pitching strategy A which is both logically sound and stirs emotions.The second speaker &#8212; a Fortune 500 CEO &#8212; gives a boring speech pitching strategy B.Which speech is more persuasive? Is the CEO&#8217;s speech more persuasive, simply because she has much more credibility (ethos)?Some suggest that pathos is the most critical of the three. In You&#8217;ve Got to Be Believed to Be Heard, Bert Decker says that people buy on emotion (pathos) and justify with fact (logos). True? You decide.Aristotle believed that logos should be the most important of the three persuasive appeals. As a philosopher and a master of logical reasoning, he believed that logos should be the only required persuasive appeal. That is, if you demonstrated logos, you should not need either ethos or pathos.However, Aristotle stated that logos alone is not sufficient. Not only is it not sufficient on its own, but it is no more important than either of the two other pillars. He argued that all three persuasive appeals are necessary.Is he right? What do you think?Next in this Series&#8230;In the next article of this series, we examine ethos in greater detail.Please share this...This is one of many public speaking articles featured on Six Minutes. Subscribe to Six Minutes for free to receive future articles. Andrew Dlugan &is the editor and founder of Six Minutes. He teaches courses, leads seminars, coaches speakers, and strives to avoid Suicide by PowerPoint. He is an award-winning public speaker and speech evaluator. Andrew is a father and husband who resides in British Columbia, Canada.Google+: Andrew DluganTwitter: @6minutes Image credit: Temple of Castor and Pollux by Brian Jeffery Beggerly (CC BY 2.0)Add a CommentSubscribe - It's Free!Subscribe via EmailSubscribe via RSS<img
style="vertical-align:" src="/wp-content/themes/sixminutes/img/rss-red-32.png" alt="RSS" width="32" height="32" border="0"/Follow Us
Similar Articles You May Like...Presentation Power: Four Ways to PersuadeSpeech Critique: Dan Pink (TED 2009)Book Review: Thank You For Arguing (Jay Heinrichs)What is Logos and Why is it Critical for Speakers?17 Easy Ways to Be a More Persuasive SpeakerWhat is Pathos and Why is it Critical for Speakers?Find More Articles Tagged:I once heard these three terms applied to the writings of the apostle Paul and they made good sense then too. You&#8217;ve done a tremendous job of introducing these pillars &#8211; can&#8217;t wait to see what the next few posts hold!
Recent TweetsInteresting article on persuasive speech (ethos, pathos, logos) https://t.co/FtySJOUSHB& @bestlifeican Apr 5th, 2016Ethos, Pathos, Logos: 3 Pillars of Public Speaking https://t.co/9qvMo46I2l by @6minutes& @SleimanSkaf Apr 20th, 2016Public speaking! My favorite! https://t.co/HMdKb8gKXq& @MelissaAMilano Jul 3rd, 2016Ethos, Pathos, Logos: 3 Pillars of Public Speaking https://t.co/uAammoIYxr& @JastrzebskiJ Sep 27th, 2016Ethos, Pathos, Logos: 3 Pillars of Public Speaking https://t.co/WpXWFuLRrz& @Rjones5236 Jan 29th, 2017Ethos, Pathos, Logos: 3 Pillars of Public Speaking https://t.co/63xD1loFL4 by @6minutes& @MatteoCone Feb 23rd, 2017Ethos, Pathos, Logos: 3 Pillars of Public Speaking https://t.co/zJv9Kj2slk by @6minutes& @ae_bellamaven May 22nd, 2017Improve on your persuasion skills! Its an amazing concept #ethos #logos #pathos #DESMDM https://t.co/CxTLwTVZUE& @hvgalla Sep 19th, 2017@VenkatSundar77 Not ethos, rather, pathos tends to move the needle. Here&#8217;s a quick link: https://t.co/g7IwbwGaEe& @sreedhari_desai Sep 26th, 2017What I&#8217;m studying I my Principles of Public Speaking Class! https://t.co/FKDMx9rYEL& @Laedee Oct 18th, 2017 33 Blog LinksWheel History - Invention of the Wheel
Fascinating
facts about the invention
of the Wheel by Mesopotamian's in c3500
The wheel is probably
the most important mechanical invention of all time. Nearly every machine built since the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution involves a single, basic principle embodied in one
of mankind&#146;s truly significant inventions. It&#146;s hard to imagine any mechanized
system that would be possible without the wheel or the idea of a symmetrical component
moving in a circular motion on an axis. From tiny watch gears to automobiles, jet engines
and computer disk drives, the principle is the same.
Based on diagrams on ancient clay
tablets, the earliest known use of this essential invention was a potter&#146;s wheel that
was used at Ur in Mesopotamia (part of modern day Iraq} as early as 3500 BC. The first use of the wheel for
transportation was probably on Mesopotamian chariots in 3200 BC. It is interesting to note
that wheels may have had industrial or manufacturing applications before they were used on
A wheel with spokes first appeared on Egyptian chariots around 2000 BC, and wheels seem
to have developed in Europe by 1400 BC without any influence from the Middle East. Because
the idea of the wheel appears so simple, it&#146;s easy to assume that the wheel would
have simply &happened& in every culture when it reached a particular level of
sophistication. However, this is not the case. The great Inca, Aztec and Maya
civilizations reached an extremely high level of development, yet they never used the
wheel. In fact, there is no evidence that the use of the wheel existed among native people
anywhere in the Western Hemisphere until well after contact with Europeans.
Even in Europe, the wheel evolved little until the beginning of the nineteenth century.
However, with the coming of the Industrial Revolution the wheel became the central
component of technology, and came to be used in thousands of ways in countless different
mechanisms.
LEARN MORE
INFORMATION:
&& from The Great Idea Finder
ON THE BOOKSHELF:
by Bill Yenne, Morton, Dr. Grosser (Editor) / Paperback - 112 pages
(1993) / Bluewood Books&
This book contains inventions from all around the world from microchips to fire. This is a
really good book if you are going to do research on inventions.
by Lionel Bender / Hardcover: 64 pages / DK Publishing I 1st edition
(June 1, 2000
A unique and fascinating introduction to the amazing variety of inventions,
both ancient and modern. From simple machines such as wheels, gears,
pulleys, and levers,
by John H. Lienhard / Paperback: 272 pages / Oxford University Press, USA
(December 4, 2003)
Based on episodes from Lienhard's widely
broadcast public radio series, this intriguing set of essays begins with a
simple premise: more than we often care to admit, our lives are shaped by
our machines. Fleshing out this proposition, Lienhard ransacks 2,000 years
of scientific and technological history, cobbling together a quirky
biography of the strange being he calls homo technologicus.
by Edwin Tunis / Paperback: 96 pages / Johns Hopkins University P (September 1, 2002)
Nothing like the wh it may be one of humanity's
greatest inventions. In Wheels, writer and illustrator Edwin Tunis traces
the development of the wheel over 5,000 years, his accurate drawings and
lucid text depicting the human victory over space and inertia.
by Roger Bridgman / Hardcover: 256 pages / Dorling Kindersley P (August 1, 2002)
Profiles of the famous (and not-so-famous) men and women who have had
&Eureka!& moments, a running timeline which puts the inventions and
discoveries in historical context, and feature boxes highlighting key topics
make this chronologically ordered volume a must-have for school and home
Inventors:
From Da Vinci to Biro (Out of
Struan Reid, Patrica Fara,, Ross Watton (Illustrator)& / Paperback - 48 pages (1994)
/ EDC Pub.
This book looks at the men and women whose ideas and creations have changed our lives.
Brief descriptions of hundreds of inventions from the earliest to the computer age.
ON THE WEB:
The true beginnings of the wheel date back possibly as far as the
Paleolithic era (15,000 to 750,000 years ago). This wheel was nothing more
than a log, laid alongside others, which was placed beneath a load to be
Today, we see
that the wheel has indeed undergone a drastic transformation from a simple
one made of wood to the pneumatic rubber tyres that we see on vehicles
The wheel was almost certainly invented in Mesopotamia—present-day Iraq.
Estimates on when this may have occurred range from 5500 to 3000 BC, with
most guesses closer to a 4000 BC date.
Continuous rotation was the conceptual hurdle. Two primary examples, the
vehicle wheel and the potter's wheel, arose about the same time. Article by
John H. Lienhard.
All the inventions that have ever been created weren’t just something that
was already drawn out on a piece of paper for the inventors. They had to
think. They had to imagine the masterpiece before it was even a physical
I'm very excited to announce a new invention of mine. I call it &The Wheel,&
and I think it could really revolutionize transportation. From outward
appearances the Wheel may seem very simple, yet I think you'll find that it
has the potential to be used in countless ways. Contributed by Keith Cronin.
Sources in BOLD Type
page revised March, 2005.
Berners-Lee's invention has revolutionized the world like nothing
The invention of the Internet,
should be classed with the greatest events of the 20th Century.
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(C) 1997 - 2007 &The Great Idea Finder&
All rights reserved.