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smic io类型和用途分类
& 13:50:32
SMIC IO类型：
stagger和in-line是封装的两种形式，通常in-line只是一排排列，这样对于core-limit的design, 可以节省面积，stagger也可以用于一排排列的封装，但多数用于pad-limit的design，这样pad交替排成两排，可以节省IO的面积，从而使core面积也小些stagger out
摇摇晃晃地走
老人走出房间应该说
It was sad to watch the old woman stagger out with the big bundle and disappear.
目送老妇人扛着一大包衣服蹒跚而去，实在令人心酸。
Finally, the hatch opens and, unaccustomed to the force of gravity, you stagger out amid venting waste gases.
终于，舱门打开，你蹒跚着（由于不习惯于重力作用）随舱内涌出的污浊气体走了出来。
So, I get up and sometimes I don't set the alarm and I get up late; I stagger out of bed; I wake the kids; I greet the servants; I get ready; I make breakfast.
我起床，有时候忘记调闹钟,结果起床晚了，我从床上踉跄爬起;,我叫醒孩子，跟仆人打招呼，作准备;,做早餐。
So, I get up and sometimes I don't set the alarm and I I stagger out I I I I make breakfast.
我起床，有时候忘记调闹钟,结果起床晚了，我从床上踉跄爬起;,我叫醒孩子，跟仆人打招呼，作准备;,做早餐。
"The most fun I have is when I'm a pirate, because you can drink and carry on and act out and stagger, and guys will throw their girls at you to take a picture, " said Robert Bean, a master technician for Toyota by day and " Pirate Cutthroat Robert" -- "Pirate Bob" for short -- at festivals, conventions, parades and pirate events.
One way to keep Greece in line would be to stagger the bulkier bail-out payments.
Eric Lee, who also rents out several homes in the Outer Banks, recalls buying one of three adjacent houses named Stumble Inn, Stagger Inn and Tumble Inn.
$firstVoiceSent
- 来自原声例句
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感谢您的反馈，我们会尽快进行适当修改！应用文写作 　　1.私人和公务信函 　　　　一、概述　　　　　　 书信是日常生活中常用的文体，是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具。书信一般可分为商务信件或公函（Business Letter or Official Correspondence）和私人信件（Private Letter）两大类。值得注意的是，英语书信的写法与汉语书信有一些明显区别，应特别加以区分。　　　　　　英语书信通常包括下面几个组成部分：信端、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签名、附件、再启等。下面我们将逐个进行介绍。　　　　　　1.信端（Heading）　　　　　　信端即信头，一般包括写信人的地址和写信日期。一些正式信函的信端还包括发信人或单位的电话号码、电报挂号、电传、传真和邮政编码等。　　　　　　西方国家中有些信端甚至还有单位负责人的姓名、职务和职称等。　　　　　　信端的目的是使收信人一看便知道书信来自何处，何时发出，便于复信和查阅。用一般的信纸写信时，信端应写在信纸的右上角，若字数较多，可从信纸中间或偏右的地方写起。若字数较少，可适当多向右移一些，使整个信端的重心落在右上角。　　　　　　信端的写法主要有并列式和斜列式两种。从目前情况来看，前者更为常用。　　　　　　采用并列式时，每行开头要左对齐；采用斜列式时，每行开头逐次向右移二三个字母的距离。　　　　　　例如　　　　　　（1）并列式　　　　　　16 Fuxing Street　　　　　　Haidian District　　　　　　Beijing　　　　　　Post Code: 100035　　　　　　People’s Republic of China　　　　　　Tel: 　　　　　　Aug. 20, 2004　　　　　　（2）斜列式（Indented Form）　　　　　　16 Fuxing Street　　　　　　Haidian District　　　　　　Beijing　　　　　　Post Code: 100035　　　　　　People’s Republic of China　　　　　　Tel: 　　　　　　Aug. 20, 2004　　　　　　写信端时，先写发信人的地址，地点的名称按由小到大的顺序排列，然后与其它项目和发信日期。具体次序是：第一行写门牌号和街名；第二行写区名、市（县）名、省（州、邦）名，往国外寄的信，还要写上国家的名称；国家名称的前面加上邮政编码，其后可写上电话号码，最后一行写发信日期。如果写信人的地址是机关单位的名称，则将其作为第一行。如果写信人的单位没有门牌号码和街名，则第一行可写上所在班级或专业组的名称；第二行写系、科、室名称；第三行写学校名称；第四行写市（县）、省（州）名称；然后再写邮政编码、国名、电话号码、发信日期等项。　　　　　　如果使用标点符号，则在每行末尾加逗号，最后一行的末尾加句号。但当前的信件中行末大都不加标点符号，但在每行之内该用标点符号的地方，仍要用标点。　　　　　　特别要注意的是，门牌号码和街名之间要加逗号。月份和日期之间不可用逗号。在西方国家，城市名称之后往往写有字母或数字（如 New York, 103），表示城市的邮政编码。　　　　　　关于发信日期的写法，应注意以下几点：　　　　　　①年份应完全写出，不能简写。　　　　　　②月份要用英文名称，不要用数字代替。　　　　　　③月份名称多用公认的缩写式。但 May, June, July, 因为较短，不可缩写。　　　　　　④写日期时，可用基数词1，2，3，4，5，……28，29，30，31等，也可用序数词 lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, ……28th, 29th, 30th, 31lst等。但最好用基数词，简单明了。　　　　　　日期可有下列几种写法：　　　　　　① Oct. 20, 2004　　　　　　② 10 May., 2004　　　　　　③ 3rd June, 2004　　　　　　④ Sept. 16th, 2004　　　　　　其中，①最为通用。　　　　　　2.信内地址（Inside Address, Introductory Address）　　　　　　信内地址收信人的姓名和地址，写在信纸的左上角，从信纸的左边顶格开始写，低于写信人地址和发信日期一二行，也分并列式和斜列式两种，但应与信端的书写格式保持一致。其次序是，先写收信人姓名、头衔和单位名称，占一二行，然后写地址，可占二至四行，例如：　　　　　　①并列式　　　　　　Ms. Joanna Kerry　　　　　　Peking University　　　　　　Haidian District, 100871　　　　　　Beijing　　　　　　China　　　　　　②斜列式　　　　　　Ms. Joanna Kerry　　　　　　Peking University　　　　　　Haidian District,100871　　　　　　Beijing　　　　　　China　　　　　　3.称呼（Salutation）　　　　　　对收信人的称呼应自成一行，写在低于信内地址一二行的地方，从信纸的左边顶格开始写，每个词的开头字母要大写，至于末尾处的符号，英国人用逗号，但美国和加拿大英语则多用冒号。称呼用语可视写信人与收信人的关系而定。　　　　　　给外国人写英文信时，称呼用语要注意以下几点：　　　　　　①对没有头衔的男性一般称呼 Mr. 。Mr. 用在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，不可只用在名字之前，例如对的称呼，应该是：Mr. 或 Mr. White, 不可是：Mr. Phil。若称呼多个男性，则在姓名前用 Mr. 的复数形式 Messrs. 。对一般以人名为名称的公司和企业常用这种称呼，例如：Messrs. Black and Brothers 布莱克兄弟公司。　　　　　　②对女性一般称呼 Mrs.， Madam 或 Miss。Mrs.用在已婚女子的丈夫的姓氏之前，或姓氏和名字之前，一般不用在名字前 Madame 此词可以单独使用或加在丈夫的姓名之前 Mrs. 没有复数形式。若称呼多个女性，则在姓名前用 Mme. 的复数形式 Mmes. 而对以女子名字为名称的公司、企业可用 Mesdames 称呼。 Miss 多用于未婚女子，此词可缩写为 Ms ，用于姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，一般不用于名字之前。　　　　　　③对收信人的称呼，也可用头衔或职位的名称，不分性别。例如 Professor （缩写为 Prof.），Doctor （缩写为 Dr.）， General (缩写为 Gen.) 。这些称呼都放在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，如 Prof. （Phil）White等。　　　　　　④对外公函中对收信人的称呼，可用 Gentlemen （而不是 Gentleman），Dear Sir (s)和 My dear Sir(s)等。Gentlemen 之前不能加 Dear， 后面也不能带姓名。用 Sirs 时，前面常用 Dear 一词，但也可单独用 Sir。若收信人是妇女，则无论已婚或未婚，都可单独使用 Madam 或其复数 Mesdames。　　　　　　⑤对外国高级官员的称呼，如国家元首、政府首脑、部长、大使、公使和特使等，可用（Dear）Sir， （Dear）Mr. Chairman，（Dear）Mr. Premier， （My dear）Mr. Ambassador，Your Excellency （复数为 Excellencies）。　　　　　　⑥对君主制国家的国王和皇帝等男性君主，可以 Sir 称呼，对女王、女皇和皇后等女性君主，可用 Madam 称呼。有时也用 Your Majesty 称呼以表示。客气和尊敬Your Majesty 可兼指男性和女性，其复数为 Your Majesties。　　　　　　⑦对王室成员，如太子、王子、亲王和公主等，一般可用（Dear）Sir 或（Dear）Madam 但在正式尊称时，一般用 Your Highness (复数为 Highnesses)。　　　　　　收信人称呼　　　　　　先生（男人）Mr./Esq.　　　　　　夫人（已婚）Mrs.　　　　　　小姐（未婚）Miss　　　　　　夫人、小姐统称Ms.　　　　　　夫妇俩人Mr.and Mrs.　　　　　　两位或两位以上男子Messrs　　　　　　两位或两位以上女子（已婚）Mesdames　　　　　　两位或两位以上小姐（未婚）Misses　　　　　　常见的头衔（汉英对照）如下：　　　　　　教授Professor　　　　　　博士Doctor(Dr.,Ph.D.)　　　　　　医学博士Medical Doctor(M.D.)　　　　　　总统或校长President　　　　　　主席或董事长Chairman　　　　　　副主席或副董事长Vice Chairman　　　　　　副总统或副校长Vice President　　　　　　首相Prime Minister　　　　　　总理Premier　　　　　　省长或州长Governor　　　　　　市长Mayor　　　　　　参议员Senator　　　　　　大使Ambassador　　　　　　秘书长Secretary General　　　　　　一秘First Secretary　　　　　　二秘Second Secretary　　　　　　院长Director,Dean　　　　　　副院长Vice Director　　　　　　系主任Dean,Head,Chair　　　　　　馆长Chief Librarian,Curator　　　　　　阁下Excellency　　　　　　神甫Father　　　　　　4.信的正文（Body of the Letter）　　　　　　信的正文每段第一行应往右缩进约四五个字母。在写事务性信件时，正文一般开门见山，内容简单明了，条理清楚。在写私人信件时，信写好之后若有什么遗漏，可用 P. S.表示补叙。　　　　　　5.结束语（Complimentary Close）　　　　　　结束语是写信人表示自己对收信人的一种谦称，只占一行，低于正文一二行，从信纸的中间或偏右的地方开始写。第一个词的开头字母要大写，末尾用逗号。结束语视写信人与收信人的关系而定例如写给机关、团体或不相识的人的信，一般用：　　　　　　Yours (very) truly, Yours (very) faithfully,Yours (very) sincerely， 等等。　　　　　　写给上级和长者的信一般可用：　　　　　　Yours (very) respectfully, Yours (very) obediently, Yours gratefully, Yours appreciatively, Your obedient servant, 等等。　　　　　　写给同志或同事的信一般可用：　　　　　　Fraternally yours, Comradely yours，等等。　　　　　　写给熟人或朋友的信可用：　　　　　　Yours, Ever yours, Yours affectionately, As ever, Yours sincerely Yours devotedly, (Most) Fondly yours, Yours excitedly, Intimately yours，等等。　　　　　　写给亲属或挚友的信一般用：　　　　　　Yours, Ever yours, Yours as ever, As ever, Yours affectionately, Lovingly yours, (Much) Love, With Love,Lovingly, Your loving son, Your most affectionate, Your devoted friend, Devotedly, 等等，意即：“您的”、“永远是您的”、“您的亲爱的”、“您的爱子（孩子、姐妹、侄、侄女、祖母）” 、“您的挚友”等。　　　　　　写给挚友的信有时也可用：　　　　　　Yours hurriedly, Yours hastily, Yours in haste, 等等。　　　　　　写信给挚友，表示歉意时，可用：　　　　　　Contritely yours, Regretfully yours, Yours in (with) regret, Yours in (with) deep remorse 等。　　　　　　在欧洲一些国家里，多把Yours 放在 sincerely等词的前面。在美国和加拿大等国，则多用，把 yours 放在 Sincerely 等词之后。Yours 一词有时也可省略。　　　　　　6.签名（Signature）　　　　　　信末的签名一般低于结束语一二行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始写。若写信人是女性，与收信人又不相识，则一般在署名前用括号注上 Miss, Mrs.或 Ms.，以便对方回信时知道如何称呼。有的还有署名后写上自己的职称、职务或头衔　　　　　　7.附件（Enclosure）　　　　　　信件若有附件，应在左下角注明 Encl. 或 Enc.。若附件不止一个，则应写出2（或3，4，5等）Encls.，例如：　　　　　　Enc: Resume　　　　　　Encls:Grade Certificate　　　　　　8.再启（Postscript, 缩写为 P. S.）　　　　　　再启部分用于补叙正文中遗漏的话，一般应尽量少用，正式的函件中更应避免使用。　　二、注意事项　　　　　　首先，写信者应设身处地想到对方，尊重对方的风俗习惯。　　　　　　其次，英文信应该行文流畅、言简意赅，避免冗长。这就是说，写信者应用尽可能少的文字表达其必须传递的信息，而且写信者应将其所需传递的信息表达清楚，以免对方产生误解。书信交往，同样需要以礼待人。因而在写信过程中，要避免伤害对方感情，措辞上多选用些礼貌婉转词语。　　　　　　最后，除了避免语法、拼写、标点错误外，信中所引用的史料、数据等也应准确无误。　　 　　　　　　三、常用句式　　　　　　常用的起首语有：　　　　　　1）Thank you for your letter dated Dec.22,1969.　　　　　　2)Many thanks for your letter of Sept.5，1997.　　　　　　3)A thousand thanks for your kind letter of June 5,1997.　　　　　　4)Your kind letter of November 22th arrived this morning.　　　　　　5)Your letter which arrived this morning gave me great comfort.　　　　　　6)In reply to your letter dated 4th July,I want to say…　　　　　　7)Thank you very much for your letter of August 2 and the gift you sent me on Christmas Eve.　　　　　　8)What a treat to receive your kind letter of May 5th!　　　　　　9)It is always a thrill to see your nice handwriting.　　　　　　10)First of all I must thank you for your kind assistance and high attention to me .　　　　　　11)With great delight I learn from your letter of this Sunday that …　　　　　　14)I am very much pleased to inform you that my visit to your country has been approved.　　　　　　15)I wish to apply for teaching position you are offering.　　　　　　16)I am too excited and delighted at your good news.　　　　　　17)I am very obliged to you for your warm congratulations.…　　　　　　常用的结束语有：　　　　　　1）Awaiting your good news,　　　　　　2)Looking forward to your early reply,　　　　　　3)Hoping to hear from you soon,　　　　　　4)We await your good news.　　　　　　5)I hope to hear from you very soon.　　　　　　6)We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.　　　　　　7)I look forward to our next meeting there in Los Angeles.　　　　　　8)Your early reply will be highly appreciated.　　　　　　9)Any other particulars wanted we shall be pleased to send you.　　　　　　10)The help you give me is sincerely valued.　　　　　　11)I hope everything will be well with you .　　　　　　12)Please let us know if you want more information.　　　　　　13)I hope you always enjoy yourself.　　　　　　14)I wish you very success in the coming year.　　　　　　15)Please remember me to your family.　　　　　　16)With best regards to your family.　　　　　　17)All the best.　　　　　　18)With love and good wishes.　　 　　　　　　四、分类举例　　　　　　1）私人介绍信（Private Letter of Introduction）　　　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions: One of your classmates and friends Li Fang will go to a university in New York to study for several months. Please write a letter to an American friend in New York and introduce Li Fang to him/ her.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Mrs Mark，　　　　　　I am giving Miss Fang Li, a classmate of mine, this note of introduction to you and Mr. Mark, when she goes to visit New York City. Miss Li is my good friend. She is invited by a university to study there for a few months. She is a kind young lady. I believe you will enjoy meeting and knowing each other and become friends. It is my hope that you will kindly invite her to stay in your house for a few days.　　　　　　Kind regards　　　　　　Very affectionately,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*It is my hope that ... 是一个强调句式，意同 I hope that.　　　　　　stay in your house 表示在你家小住。　　　　　　例2　　　　　　Directions : Your friend Mary Brown will go to Washington D. C. next month. Write a letter to Tony who is there and introduce Mary to him. You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Tony,　　　　　　This letter will introduce my best friend Mary Brown of whom you’ve often heard me mention. She is going to be in Washington D. C. next month to lecture. I want very much to have her meet you there.　　　　　　And this seems like an excellent chance for you to meet each other. I think both of you will have a lot in common. So far as I know, you both are interested in modern literature. Once you meet her, you will really enjoy her company. Any kindness to her will be duly appreciated by me.　　　　　　Yours affectionately,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 这是一个向朋友介绍朋友的介绍信。Tony 和 Mary都是写信人的朋友，在他看来，他们志同道合，有共同爱好，所以希望他们相识，信中说“you both are interested in modern literature once you meet her, you will really enjoy her company”。　　　　 　　　　　　2）应聘信（Accepting Request for an Interview）　　　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions: You have just received a letter from a company, which replied your application for a job and asked you to go to the interview on August 30. Please write a reply which is about 100 words and you do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Mr. Wang,　　　　　　Thank you for your reply of August 20 about my application for a position. It came to hand this morning as a pleasant surprise. I am glad to tell you that I will attend the interview at the time you set for the morning of August 30. I will bring along full details of my testimonials as you suggested.　　　　　　I would like to introduce myself to the company and hope to be a member of it. I would certainly spare no effort to acquit myself to your satisfaction.　　　　　　Yours respectfully,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*come to hand 表示收到。set 表示设定时间。 spare no effort 不遗余力。　　待续　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
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　　thanx a lot　　looking forward to your later paste~
　　thanks!　　go on!　　
　　3)推荐信(Letters of Recommendation)　　　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions:You are preparing to introduce your student to sb. Write a letter about 100 words and express your opinion clearly.　　　　　　1) what the referee want to obtain　　　　　　2) the reason you want to introduce him or her.　　　　　　3) the opinion and suggestion of yourself.　　　　　　You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Professor Smith,　　　　　　It is my pleasure to recommend my student Mr. Wang Gang for admission to your department for pursuing a master degree in accounting.　　　　　　I am engaged in accounting teaching at a university in Beijing China, I enjoy my work and all of my Chinese students, who are so clever and friendly. However Mr. Wang Gang excels almost any others. He is not only outstanding in the field of accounting but also gifted for the English language, for he seems to understand almost every word I say in class. As concern as his personality, I find him honest, responsible, and cooperative. I bet you’ll like him too.　　　　　　I recommend him enthusiastically. If you need further information regarding Mr. Wang Gnag, do not hesitate to contact me.　　　　　　Best regards,　　　　　　Sincerely yours,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*be engaged in 表示从事（……工作），as concern as关于、提及　　　　　　例2　　　　　　Directions:You are asked to write a recommendation of your student for a position of marketing clerk about 100 words please express your reason clearly.You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Mr. Manager,　　　　　　I am writing this letter to recommendate my student Wang Gang who is seeking the position of marketing clerk of your company.　　　　　　He says you are satisfied with his presentation at the interview and require recommendation to be attached to his exceptional academic performance in the college.　　　　　　As his political instructor, I think Mr.Wang is well qualified for the position he seeks. He always ranks among the top five in his grade, has passed CET-6 and obtains a certificate of intermediate computer skills. Mr. Wang is a studious, selfless, and aspiring young man, and he is awarded the title of Three Good Activist by the college every year.　　　　　　I believe he is a good candidate worthy of your consideration.　　　　　　Your sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*interview即面试， be well qualified表示完全具有资格、很合格　　　　　　例3　　　　　　Directions:You are going to write a recommendation for sb. as you will introduce him or her a job. Please express your idea clearly about 100 words.You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Sirs,　　　　　　I take delight in recommending Mr Wang Gang to the Education Department of your university.　　　　　　Mr Wang is a conscientious and strong-minded young man. He was first trained for two years in Beijing Normal University and assigned to work as a high school teacher. His desire, however, was to instruct English in a university. Then he entered the Beijing Institute of Education to study English for another two years . His academic record was exceptionally good, especially in American literature course.　　　　　　Now, He has graduated from the institute and hopes to study further abroad, which will benefit his future employment prospect and may help fulfil his desire.　　　　　　I should appreciate it very much if you would consider him.　　　　　　Yours sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*take delight in表示很乐于（做某事）。　　　　　　例4　　　　　　Directions: Your are asked to write a recommendation for a student. Please give your suggestions and express your opinions clearly about 100 words.You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　To Professor Zhang,　　　　　　I have the pleasure of writing this letter of recommendation for Mr. Li Ming, who is a student of mine. He wishes to be considered an applicant for the MS course of biology at your college.　　　　　　Mr. Wang is a gifted young man. He has devoted his heart to his study and research. Not only has he obtained A’s in all major subject areas, but he has also published several articles in the school journal, illustrating his originality and his deep understanding of science. For his competence, he is respected by everyone who knows him.　　　　　　I feel sure that, if he is accepted by your college, he will be able to develop his talent to its fullest potential. I sincerely hope you will give him favorable consideration.　　　　　　Yours cordially,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 推荐信经常使用一些褒奖的形容词来描述被推荐人。以下是一些常用的描述品行和能力的词语，供大家参考：bright, clever, capable, gifted, talented, ingenious, outstanding, prominent, diligent, assiduous, industrious, conscientious, hardworking, humorous, good-humored, cooperative, compromising, competent, original, innovative, ambitious, creative, original, innovative, inventive, imaginative, firm, persistent, persevering, resourceful, kind-hearted, generous, honest, helpful, cheerful, considerate, devoted, dedicated, committed, promising, far beyond the average person等。以上各词应根据语意选择，但不要过于堆砌。　　　　
　　　　　　　　4）祝贺信（Letters of Congratulation）　　　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions: Please write a letter of about 100 words to congratulate your friend Li Ming, who did well in the passed college entrance exam and has been enrolled in Peking University.You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Ming,　　　　　　We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.　　　　　　You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results.　　　　　　We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you. Wish you greater achievements in your college education.　　　　　　Yours cordially,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*对朋友高考胜利的祝贺信应包括对其所付出努力的肯定，对其成绩的祝贺和对未来的祝福。　　　　　　例2　　　　　　Directions:Your friend Steven and Jenny have just had a new baby boy. Please write a letter of about 100 words to congratulate them.You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Jenny:　　　　　　How happy you must be to have a beautiful new baby boy.The happiness in my heart is just the same with you. Now you‘ve experienced the joy that only a new mother knows as her baby is put into her arms for the first time.　　　　　　I am sure that the little stranger must look like his father and some years later he will be a smart fellow.　　　　　　May the years ahead be filled with good health and good fortune for you and Steven and your little What‘s-his-name.Best wishes to all of you!　　　　　　Very sincerely yours,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*庆贺孩子出生的信一般都写给孩子的母亲　　　　　　例3　　　　　　Directions:Your high school classmate Zhanghong has just graduated from Cambridge University. Please write a letter to congratulate her.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Zhanghong:　　　　　　How time flies! Here you are graduating from Cambridge University and planning to find a job in a computer cooperation in the United States.　　　　　　Congratulations on the job well done while at university and good luck to you during your new career.　　　　　　I wish you success in all your undertakings and hope you‘ll find your career a source of great joy and happiness.　　　　　　Any time when you come back home,I wish you would come to my place.Then,we may recall our high school life.Everything will be well with you —I believe.　　　　　　Sincerely yours,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*写作时要充分挖掘导语中的有效信息，特别是high school classmate等细节信息。　　　　　　　　　　　　例4　　　　　　Directions：Bill got a Doctorate in literature for Tsinghua University. Write a letter to congratulate him.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Bill,　　　　　　I got the news from Mike that you have received a Doctorate in literature from Tsinghua University. I congratulate you for this. To have reached this milestone in your scholarship at a young age is really great. It means, I believe, years of assiduous study and hard work on your part. And it is an achievement you can be well proud of. As your best friend, I hope you can reach higher level in your study and do more contribution to the society. My best wishes to you!　　　　　　Sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 朋友年轻有为，获得博士学位，应该祝贺。正如信中所说，这一成就是“多年来刻苦学习和努力工作的结果”（years of assiduous study and hard work）。英文有一句成语：No sweet no sweat. 世界上不劳有获的事情是没有的。　　　　　　例5　　　　　　Directions: Write a letter of congratulation to a friend who win the scholarship in Tsinghua University. You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Jiang,　　　　　　I take great pleasure in sending congratulations to you on your winning the scholarship to the Tsinghua University of American literature.　　　　　　While I’m not a little surprised, I’m all happy to get the good news. I know you have got excellent marks for all the courses you took. It is great to know that you have achieved the goal you set for yourself. It is an award that you richly deserve. I’m really proud of you.　　　　　　Warmest congratulations.　　　　　　Cordially yours,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 这是一封祝贺信。字词之间流露出祝贺的诚意，如“great pleasure”，“not a little surprise”，“great”　　　　　　例6　　　　　　Directions: You have just found an article about your friend Jim’s success in research on Jinghua newspaper. Write a letter to him to congratulate him. You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Jim,　　　　　　We are very happy to learn from today’s Jinghua newspaper the great news of your success — A paper on Teaching Theory. You can’t image how pleased we are.　　　　　　It is a well-deserved recognition of your remarkable work. We are lucky in having you among our friends, and we are so proud of you and happy for you.　　　　　　Please accept our warmest congratulations.　　　　　　Yours cordially,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 写作中应擅用破折号，以达到简单明了的目的。It is a recognition of 表示这是对某人某事的认同和肯定。　　　　
　　　　　　 　　　　　　5)求助信(Letters of Asking for Help)　　　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions: You want to study further for a Master’s degree and you are preparing for the entrance exam. Since you have difficulty in English, you should write a letter around 100 words to ask for help from your good friend Fang.You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Fang,　　　　　　I am sorry that I have to ask a favour of you, with the hope that you will be kind to help me.　　　　　　I have been longing to apply for the entrance examination for MA candidates for a long time because I want to pursue advanced studies.Unfortunately I find myself far from the required standard, especially my very poor English. At this moment, the personal friendship leads me to approach you with the request, whether you can manage to give me some constructive guidance. I promise to be a diligent student. If you agree, I will come to your house once a week at a time most convenient to you.　　　　　　Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.　　　　　　Your friend,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.　　　　　　多次承你帮忙，不胜感激！　　　　　　例2　　　　　　Directions: Suppose you are a senior majored in physics and plan to study further abroad. Please write a letter of about 100 words to professor Li and ask him to write a reference for you to a U. S. university.You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear professor Li,　　　　　　I am a undergraduate from the Department of physics and I fortunately took a major course on which you lectured. Your lessons impressed me deeply.　　　　　　As a senior, I face the choice between hunting for a job and continuing to study. I prefer to apply for a chance to pursue a Master’s degree abroad.　　　　　　I have taken required English exams and got excellent scores. What’s more, I have finished my personal statement, which is attached to this letter. I’m now writing to ask if you can write a reference for me, which will greatly facilitate my admission into a U.S. university.　　　　　　Best wishes for your health.　　　　　　Your Student,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*在请求别人写推荐信时应写明自己的目的和打算，并为对方提供相关信息。　　　　　　例3　　　　　　Directions:You plan to apply for admission to Harvard University. You want Mr Black help you with money. Write a letter to him to tell him.　　　　　　1) The reason for your letter.　　　　　　2) The sum of money　　　　　　3) How you make your living in the U. S.　　　　　　You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Mr. Black，　　　　　　I have applied for admission to Harvard University. As I have no relatives in the United States and I have no enough money for the tuition. I must find a financial guarantor. You know, in applying for a student visa, an affidavit to support must be submitted from an individual who will assure this opportunity. It plays an important role for my chance to enter the Harvard University. Could you do me a favor to be my financial guarantor. If I really have the chance of coming to the U. S., I will undertake part-time employment to cover all the living expenses.　　　　　　Please write to me soon.　　　　　　Yours sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 出国留学需要有人经济担保。如果是到美国留学，那么你的美国友人要填写一份担保书（affidavit of support），保证你在美国学习期间的学费和生活费用。　　　　　　例4　　　　　　Directions:You are preparing to ask for some help from your teacher,write a letter that:　　　　　　1) detail what you want he or she do for you.　　　　　　2) express your thanks to your teacher.　　　　　　You do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Ms Wang,　　　　　　I make bold to write this letter to ask you to do me a favour. I have tried to translate several short chinese stories into English for a part-time job. As it is the first time for me to do a translation work, I think there must be many errors and awkward expressions of Chinese English for my lack of experiences. I sincerely hope that you would read over my manuscripts and correct my mistakes and sociolisms. Also could you please give me some other suggestions on my translation work.　　　　　　Thank you for your help with great respect!　　　　　　Your faithful student,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*. 请人帮忙除了通常所说的ask for help,也可以用do sb a favour来表达。表示很诚恳地希望什么时，可用句型“I sincerely hope that…”　　
　　　　　　 　　　　　　6)求职信(Letters of Applying for A Job)　　　　　　求职信的内容一般包括以下部分：　　　　　　1）写信的缘由；　　　　　　2）个人情况简介，例如；年龄、性别、文化程度、工作经历、工作技能、个人专长等；　　　　　　3）推荐人或证明人姓名以供录用方查询；　　　　　　4）约定面试时间。通常随求职信附上个人简历和两三封推荐信。　　　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions:You are ×××, an to—be graduate from JiLin University, majoring in English. Write a letter to a company applying for a position, Your letter should include　　　　　　1) an introduction of yourself.　　　　　　2) your qualification for the position.　　　　　　3) asking for an interview.　　　　　　You should write 100 words or so, you don’t need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Sirs,　　　　　　I am a graduatee from Jilin University of Foreign Language Institute. As a student of English for Business, I hope to work in a foreign company after graduation.　　　　　　In the past four academic years, I have proved myself to be a straight A student, awarded a succession of scholarships. My English is particularly good and German happens to be my second foreign language, which will live up to the requirements set by a wholly-owned foreign company like yours.　　　　　　I apply for the position of assistant to your marketing project manager. You will find me a good team player, self-motivated and eager to learn. I believe I can be of value to your company.　　　　　　I should be very happy if you would arrange an interview with me.　　　　　　yours sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*Live up to符合arrange an interview安排面试　　　　　　例2　　　　　　Directions:You are a senior of computer science. You’d like to be an intern for an IT company. Write a letter to present your willings:You should clear:　　　　　　1)your education background.　　　　　　2)your purpose of being an intern.　　　　　　You should write about 100 words and don’t need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear sirs,　　　　　　I am a senior of computer science in Beijing University of Technology. I would like to work as an intern in your company. As I have a wide interest in computer, I will do whatever job assigned to me, in software development or in technical support. One of my advantages is that I am able to work conscientiously under pressure. The more challenging my task is, the better it will be done.　　　　　　My main purpose is just to put into practice what I have learned from the classroom in the past few years and to learn about my own ability in practical work. Remuneration is not yet taken into consideration.　　　　　　I am enclosing a resume and looking forward to hearing from you.　　　　　　Yours respectfully,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*put into practice付诸实践　　　　　　例3　　　　　　Directions:Suppose you graduates from Business School of Peking University.Please write a letter to a director and apply for a chance of further study. The number of words is no less than 100 words and you don’t need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Mr. Director,　　　　　　I am interested in your graduate Program of International Management. I have just graduated from the Business School of Peking University, holding a bachelor degree and awarded the Title of Excellent Student.　　　　　　I should be most obliged to you if you would send me your catalogue and necessary application forms at your earliest convenience.　　　　　　Enclosed please find my resume attesting to my outstanding academic performance at the Business School of Peking University.　　　　　　Thank you for your consideration.　　　　　　Yours sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*这是一封本科毕业生写给研究生导师的信，把它归入求职信是因为二者在写法上基本上是一致的。　　　　　　例4　　　　　　Directions:Write an application for employment. The application should be presented the details of your personal references. You should write about 100 words.　　　　　　APPLICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT　　　　　　POSITION APPLIED ManagerAsistant　　　　　　AVAILABILITY TO COMMENCE July 1st, 2004　　　　　　NAME×××　　　　　　ADDRESSNo. 8 Suzhou Street, Beijing.　　　　　　TELEPHONE 86—010—××××××　　　　　　E-MAIL shuangboshi @ 163. com　　　　　　SEX MaleHEIGHT175 cm　　　　　　DATE OF BIRTH Dec .12, 1981　　　　　　MARITAL STATUSNO　　　　　　NAME OF SPOUSENO　　　　　　HIS OR HER OCCUPATIONNO　　　　　　EDUCATIONMaster　　　　　　NAME OF SCHOOLBeijing, Foreign Language　　　　　　DURATION OF STUDIES3.7　　　　　　MAJOREnglish　　　　　　DEGREE OBTAINEDMaster of English Art　　　　　　EMPLOYMENT RECORDA Foreign Company　　　　　　COMPANY NAMENeo Company　　　　　　EMPLOYED FROM04.7　　　　　　POSITION HELDsecretary　　　　　　GROSS SALARY PER MONTH3.000 RMB　　　　　　REASON FOR LEAVINGHoping for more challenges and chances　　　　　　*工作申请表一般包括申请人最基本的信息且言简意赅，多用省略句。　　　　　　例5　　　　　　Directions：Please write a letter of about 100 words to a university to apply for a teaching post.You Should not write the address.　　　　　　Dear Sirs,　　　　　　I am sending you my resume for consideration of acceptance to teach English within your University this coming summer or Fall/Winter semesters.I do have high qualifications with much related experience.　　　　　　If your University has a need in my field of expertise,I would be very happy to discuss any possibilities.Please feel free to call,fax or write me at the address below.　　　　　　Thanks so much for receiving my resume.I believe I will be able to hear from you soon.If for some reasons you currently do not have any available positions,please keep me on file for my future availability.　　　　　　Sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*求职信的末尾可写上如果不予聘用，可将本人纳入备选档案。　　　　　　例6　　　　　　Directions:You are applying for a position of teaching English as a second language to a University. Write a letter about this. You should write no less than 100 words and the address is not necessary.　　　　　　Dear Sirs,　　　　　　I would like to apply for any position of teaching English as a second language that become available in the semester of 2003.I am a professional artist and have taught at the university level.　　　　　　Chinese art is special interest to me,and I took an introductory class in Far Eastern Arts before completing my Master‘s degree.If no position is available teaching English as a second language,I could contribute by teaching courses in the recent history of Western art.　　　　　　I enclosed my resume,which indicates my teaching experience and my work with people of various backgrounds.　　　　　　Thank you for your consideration.　　　　　　Sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*此文指出了在最优选择之外提供其它选择的表达法。　　　　　　例7　　　　　　Directions: You are preparing for a application because you want to get a position in a company. Please write the letter in about 100 words. You don’t need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Mr. Director,　　　　　　I have learned from the newspapers that you are employing an administrative secretary. I am very interested in this position.　　　　　　I have worked as an administrative secretary for a economic company in Beijing for three years, so I have some understanding of the counting. I graduated from Peking University, holding a bachelor degree. Having obtained certificates of CET-4 and CET-6, I find myself fluent in both spoken and written English. In addition, I am also quite familiar with computer skills.　　　　　　Enclosed please find my resume.　　　　　　Looking forward to your early reply.　　　　　　Yours sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*你申请某公司的职位，一定要对这家公司有一定的了解，尤其要注意它所提出的各项要求。例如，公司对英语和电脑有所要求，写信人就说自己已经通过大学英语四级和六级，并且熟悉电脑。最后还附上简历。这样写法对求职是十分有利的。　　　　　　例8　　　　　　Directions: You are applying for the post of programmer in a company. Your letter should include:　　　　　　1) your current situation　　　　　　2) your reasons for applying.　　　　　　You should write no less than 100 words and don’t need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Sir/Madam,　　　　　　With reference to your advertisement in Guangzhou Daily on 20 May 2004, I am writing to express my interest in applying for the captioned post.　　　　　　I am presently a programmer at Success Securities.Ltd, and my 2-year contract will expire soon. By applying for the post I am looking forward to switching to a larger, more sophisticated and more computerized company so that I can enrich my professional knowledge. I am confident that my 2-year solid experience will enable me to meet the challenges which a large company poses.　　　　　　Please refer to the enclosed resume for the technical details of my past duties. I would be available for an interview at your convenience. Thank you for your attention to this application.　　　　　　End:resume Yours truly,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* expire期满、到期，switch to，改变，switch positions，换一换位置。sophisticated adj. 高级的、尖端的。please refer to the enclosed resume for……相关详细情况请参阅附带的简历。　　　　
　　待续　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　顶一个。
　　　　　　 　　　　　　7)邀请信(Letters of Invitation)　　　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions:You are planning to ask your friend to join an outing. Express your idea clearly as follows:　　　　　　1) details about what you are going to do　　　　　　2) when and where you will go out.　　　　　　You should write no less than 100 words and don’t need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Li Ying,　　　　　　Haven’t seen you for a long time. How have you been? I am missing you all the time. As the weather is splendid now, Jack、 Lucy and I have made a plan to go out to the countryside by bike. Each of us may take food for the picnic, which we will have at the hillside. The countryside must be very lovely, with grass and trees growing flourishingly, flowers full bloom and bright sunshine. We can enjoy the scenery to our hearts’ content, at the same time and take some pictures as a memory . It is possible for us to meet at the bus stop 8 a. m. I am sure we will have a good time. Do come and join us.　　　　　　Yours always,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*. 邀友交游时的语言可以比较轻松、简单而不用太正式，例如一些简单的问候“How have you been?” 和邀请语句“Do come”　　　　　　例2　　　　　　Directions:You want to invite Mr. Wallace to give a speech on “American literature”. Write a letter to him and say.　　　　　　1) the purpose of the invitation.　　　　　　2) the time of the lecture　　　　　　It should be less than 100 words.　　　　　　You don’t need write the address.　　　　　　Dear Mr. Wallace,　　　　　　We know that you are an expert on literature. As students in English major, we want to know some details about literature. We should be very grateful if you could give a talk on “American Literature” to students of the English Department on Saturday, April 19. If this subject does not suit you, any other similar topic would be welcome as well.　　　　　　We have already had several very interesting talks from distinguished visiors from various countries this semester and we look forward eagerly to the opportunity to benefit from your experience and wisdom.　　　　　　Sincerely yours,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 本文是邀请外国专家做讲座的邀请函。信的言辞应表示诚意，如“我殷切期盼”（to look forward eagerly to the opportunity），还要表示尊重，如“从您的阅历和智慧中受益”（to benefit from your experience and wisdom）.　　　　　　例3　　　　　　Directions: Write an invitation to Mr John Sze, inviting him to be the calligraphy competition judge.　　　　　　The number of the words is no less than 100 words and you don’t need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Mr Sze,　　　　　　The 20th Taiwan Chinese Calligraphy Competition, organized by the Good Hope Association and Modern Trade Ltd., will accept entries from 3 March to 15 April 2004　　　　　　As a renowned expert in Chinese calligraphy, you are cordially invited to present as a member of our panel of judges. We would also like to invite you to give away the prizes at the prize presentation ceremony, and to deliver a speech to the audience.　　　　　　Details of the Competition are as follows:　　　　　　1.Aim:　　　　　　To help raise the standard of Chinese calligraphy among primary and middle school students, and to arouse their interest in traditional Chinese culture.　　　　　　2.Contestants:　　　　　　Primary Division:students of Primary 6 or below. Junior Middle School Division: students of 14 to 16. Senior Middle School Division: students of 16 or above　　　　　　3.Selection procedures:　　　　　　First-stage selection by respective schools, second-stage selection and final decisions by the Panel of Judges.　　　　　　4.Date of prize presentation ceremony:　　　　　　15 July 2004 ( details to follow)　　　　　　I would appreciate it if you would give me a reply at your earliest convenience so that the necessary arrangements can be made soon without delay. In case of queries, please do not hesitate to contact me at
during office hours. Thank you.　　　　　　Yours sincerely.　　　　　　×××　　　　　　Chairperson　　　　　　Competition Planning Committee　　　　　　* Calligraphy Competition 书法比赛，panel of judges.专家裁判，或专家仲裁组tentative adj. 暂定的，in case of queries：如有置疑。　　　　　　例4　　　　　　Directions: write a letter to invite your colleagues to participate in a family party. The follows should be included　　　　　　1) the reasons of invitation　　　　　　2) time and location of the party　　　　　　It should be no less than 100 words and don’t need write the address.　　　　　　Fiona:　　　　　　I will go to a food party at Karen Yiu?s place together with colleagues of the Accounts Department at 4:00 p.m. this Sunday to celebrate the fourteenth anniversary of his marriage. Everybody is expected to bring a dish and a bottle of wine of his or her own. If you feel interested, please join us at the main entrance of Pioneer Plaza at 3:00 p.m. sharp that day, and don’t forget your dish and wine. We do hope you come and are expecting to see you then.　　　　　　With best wishes.　　　　　　Sincerely yours,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 邀请信语言应简明真诚，形式通常有正式和非正式两种形式。本文是同事之间的邀请，并且参加的是家庭聚会，所以用非正式形式即可。　　　　
　　　　　　8)感谢信（Letters of Thankness）　　　　　　例　　　　　　Directions:Your friend Jenny gave you a hand when you were in depression because of your mother’s death. Write a letter to express your thankness.　　　　　　1) the reason for the letter　　　　　　2) What you will do to overcome the sorrow.　　　　　　The address is not necessary and it should be no less than 100 words.　　　　　　Dear Jenny,　　　　　　I do not need to tell you how greatly I appreciate all you have done for me these days and how grateful I am for the comfort and understanding you gave me when I needed them so desperately.　　　　　　No one knows better than you how important my mother meant to me and what an aching void my life has become without her. But I am trying to take your advice and I hope that returning to my work next week will help heal the sorrow　　　　　　I really do not know what I would have been without you. Thank you again for everything you have done for me!　　　　　　Affectionately,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 假如你失去亲人，你会感到“悲伤”（sorrow或aching void），“迫切需要别人的安慰和理解”（need comfort and understanding desperately）。这封信就是对于别人在此时此刻所给予的帮助表示由衷的感谢，写信人说：“要是没有你，我真不知道该怎么做”（I really do not know what I would have been without you.），请注意英语句子的虚拟语气　　
　　　　 　　　　　　9)求学信(Letters of Applying for Study Chance)　　　　　　改革开放以来，出国留学的热潮一直有增无减。对于一个渴望出国深造的人来说，写封好的求学信，至关重要。　　　　　　总的来说，第一封求学信不要过长，只需写明自己的姓名、职业、学历、专业、入学时间以及通讯地址即可。待所申请的学校复函后，再按要求寄去所需材料，例如：简历、成绩单、学位证明、推荐信、经济担保书、健康证明、外语考试成绩等。　　　　　　例　　　　　　Directions: If you are a student of Tianjin University and you want to apply to the Graduate School for pursuit of the International Business Program of the New York University. Write the applying letter like following:　　　　　　1) Declare all your situations in Tianjin University.　　　　　　2) What do you want to apply for?　　　　　　You should write about 100 words and don’t need to write address.　　　　　　Dear Mr Smiths,　　　　　　Thank you for your last letter.　　　　　　As your require, I have written a personal statement to give a detailed description of my academic and work experience in Tianjin University. I also wrote my reasons for my applying to your Graduate School for pursuit of the International Business Program.　　　　　　I have two letters of recommendation for me. One of them is from an English Professor, which proves that my English has reached an advanced level. The other is from an economics professor, which certificates that I am good in the field of economics and business management. Both of the letters will be mailed directly to you.　　　　　　My GMAT score is 2160. I haven’t received my TOFEL score yet. But I will send it to you as soon as I know.　　　　　　Best Wishes　　　　　　Yours sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*申请出国的求学信应包括PS.推荐信和相关英语考试的成绩，诸如TOFEL、GRE以及GMAT等，一般来说GRE和GMAT有一个即可申请，而TOFEL成绩则是去英语国家留学的必要条件　　
　　　　　　 　　　　　　10）请求信(Letters of Request)　　　　　　例　　　　　　Directions: You are about to write an application for you want to get a rise of your salary. Please express your reasons clearly in about 100 words.　　　　　　September 10, 2002　　　　　　Dear Manager,　　　　　　I make bold to write this letter to you. One year ago I joined your firm as an apprentice, receiving $ 500 per month during the period of training. Now I became a full-time clerk afterwards for a few days, but my salary has remained the same. As the cost of living is rising, would you consider an increase of my salary? I will not wonder too much but the same as other clerks in our firm. I pledge myself to continue to serve the firm to the best of my ability .　　　　　　Many thanks　　　　　　Yours faithfully,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* make bold to表示冒昧（地做某事）一般请别人帮忙或者要求加薪时可以这样用。full-time表示全职，part-time表示兼职。　　
　　　　　　　　11)祝福信（Letters of Regards）　　　　　　例　　　　　　Directions:You are going to send a letter to your friend for the new year. Please write it in about 100 words and do not need to write the address.　　　　　　Dear Mr. Carter,　　　　　　As a new year comes across the corner, it gives us great pleasure to say how much we have appreciated working with you over the past twelve months. It was a good memory for me which I always kept in my mind. Would you be the same with me? Last year was a wonderful year and we both got many benefits and progress from each other. I sincerely hope that our pleasant business relationship will continue for years to come.　　　　　　Our staff here join me in wishing you a very Merry Christmas and a Happy and Prosperous New Year.　　　　　　Yours sincerely,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 生意人在新年来临之际相互祝愿，主要关心的当然是“继续保持业务关系”（to continue the pleasant business relationship），并且“在新的一年里生意兴隆”（a Happy and Prosperous New Year）。　　　　　　　　　　
　　待续　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　2.便笺(便条)和短信　　　　　　一、概述　　　　 　　　　便条也是书信的一种形式。它的特点是内容简短，主要有临时性的询问、留言、通知、要求等。跟正规书信相比，便条的语言比较口头化，比如要通知某事只需这样开头：Just a line to tell you that ...而无须像正规书信那样This is to inform you that ...开头。另外，在便条中常出现省略现象，例如：“key to back door is under mat.”或者“key to back door under mat .”(后门钥匙在垫子下面)代之以“The key to the back door is under the mat.”。　　　　　　结束时也无需结尾礼词，只需写上写便条者姓名。如果是关系比较近的人，则只需写上姓或名。　　　　　　便条的日期通常写在右上角。一般只写上星期几或者星期几上午或下午，也可写上午、下午的具体时刻。日常应用中，写上几月几日的也很普遍。但一般不写年份，因为便条的内容多半是当日或近日内要办的事情。写便条时，不得事先准备，因此无固定格式，大多用手写。　　　　二、注意事项　　　　　　1.词句简洁，尽量避免应酬语和各种敬词　　　　　　2.切忌内容空洞、言不达意。　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　 　　　　三、分类举例　　　　　　1）请假（Asking for Leave）　　　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions:You are about to write a Business Leave Note of about 100 words. Please describe these information clearly.　　　　　　1) the reason you ask for the leave　　　　　　2) the time and how long you will leave　　　　　　Class 4, Grade 3　　　　　　Aug. 22nd　　　　　　To Department Office　　　　　　Secretary Li,　　　　　　I’m sorry to apply for ten day’s leave from the Aug. 23rd to sept, 3rd instant. As I have to leave with the time is urgent. My father now in the hospital is badly ill. I have to go to see him and take care of him for a few days. You know I’m the only child in my family. Of course I will show you the telegram about my fathers illness which is recieved from my mother to support my application.　　　　　　As concern as the missed lessons during my absence, I promise I will do my best to catch them on after I come back to the campus. Wish for your allowance.　　　　　　Yours respectfully　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*本文是一封请假条，一般我们要向上级或老师请假，通常用的是ack for leave这个短语，请三天假可写作：ask for three days’因病请假则是ask for sick leave.leave在这里是名词用法，文中用的短语是apply for意为“申请”，含有更加郑重的意味，常用于下级对上级或晚辈对长辈的书面语中，“Only child”意为“独生子女”相应的，“独生女”译作“only daughter”而“独生子”译作“only son”. As concern as.后面跟名词性结构，意为“涉及到，至于”与Concerning同意，两者可以互换。　　　　　　例2　　　　　　Directions:Your father is seriously ill, and you want to go back home. Write a note to the secretary and it should include.　　　　　　1) t　　　　　　2) the days: from 16th to 21　　　　　　3) Catch on the lesson after returning school.　　　　　　July 5th　　　　　　Dear Miss Huang,　　　　　　My sister called me last night, and she said that my father is dangerously ill. I beg to apply for seven days’ leave of absence from 16th to 21st instant, in order that I can see my beloved father.　　　　　　I should be much obliged if you would grant me my application. As regards the lessons to be missed during my absence, I will do my best to make up for them as soon as I get back from home.　　　　　　Sincerely yours,　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*本格式采用The Semi-indented Form（半缩进式），以前比较流行，现在人们也继续采用。I should be much obliged if you would...是一种客套语，表示“结果……，我当不胜感激。”“补课”的英文是to make up for the lessons。 as soon as意思是一……就　　
　　看贴要回贴阿！！
　　2)约请(Invitation)　　　　　　例　　　　　　Directions:You have a ticket to the Russian National Ballet Troupe, which is visiting and you want to give it to your friend Alice. Write a note to her and say:　　　　　　1) the time of the show,　　　　　　2) the place where you will wait for her　　　　　　You should write about 100 words.　　　　　　Sunday　　　　　　Dear Alice,　　　　　　Here is a piece of good news for you. The Russian National Ballet Troupe, which is now on a visit in Beijing, will give a performance in the Beijing Grand Theater tomorrow evening. I am sure that you will be happy to watch it. Here I leave you an admission card. The performance will begin at seven o’clock sharp. I will wait for you at the theater entrance. Please let me know whether you are prevented from coming or not.　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 约朋友一起去看戏，可是朋友不在家，只好留下票子和一张便条，但又怕朋友来不了，所以在便条最后特地写上“如果你来不了，告诉我一声”（Please let me know whether you are prevented from coming）此文的wait for也可以用expect 代替。　　　　
　　　　　　　　 　　　　3)道歉（Apology）　　　　　　人非圣贤，孰能无过。在社会交往中，人们常常会出现一些疏忽、过失等。如果发生此类事情，就会给对方带来麻烦和不便。为了避免误解，不影响感情，在这种情况下，应写信给对方予以解释，以请求谅解。　　　　　　此类信要写得及时，态度要诚恳，用词需谦逊。一般在信一开始就向对方表示歉意或内疚，然后说明原因并提出补救的办法。　　　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions: You have missed a date of your friend, now you have to write a letter for appologization in about 100 words.　　　　　　May 20th　　　　　　Dear Lily,　　　　　　I am sorry I missed seeing you yesterday. I know that you must have been disappointed. I also feel worried and anxious in my heart. The fact is that my manager at the last moment asked me to prepare a urgent plan while I could not get to a phone to call you and yesterday I have worked late until about 8:30 p. m. I am terribly sorry.　　　　　　However, I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for yesterday. Please give me a chance and I am waiting for your reply.　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 临时有事未能赴约，一定要把事情解释清楚并真诚的道歉，最好能有弥补（to make up），就像这封信里所说的那样，邀请对方周末再碰头（I would like to ask you out this weekend）注意英文句子you must have been disappointed中情态动词的用法：情态动词+完成时态，表示过去行为。这句话应该理解为“你当时一定感到很失望”。　　　　　　例2　　　　　　Directions: You have received a invitation from your friend, but you have already had some guests in your house. Please express the reason you can’t go clearly in about 100 words.　　　　　　6.April　　　　　　Dear Lucy,　　　　　　I do appologize for having to send this letter about Saturday night.　　　　　　When I accepted your invitation, I simply forgot that Saturday was a holiday and that my own guests were not leaving until Sunday morning. It is difficult for me to make a choice. Though I also wonder to meet you very much. I could not very well go out by myself and leave the guests at my home.　　　　　　I hope you know how sorry I am not to be with you this Saturday. Should I make a visit to you in my other spare time?　　　　　　Thank you very much.　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 自己家里有客人，自然不方便再接受别人邀请去做客所以可以明正言顺的表示拒绝或可另约时间。英文要强调谓语动词，可以加上助动词，例如：　　　　　　I do apologize for being late.　　　　　　He did come yesterday.　　　　　　例3　　　　　　Directions: You are already have a date with your friend but suddenly have another thing to do and you have to tell your friend that you can’t go. Express your reason clearly in about 100 words.　　　　　　Monday 9:00 a.m　　　　　　Dear Jane,　　　　　　I am sorry to tell you that I won’t be able to come this afternoon because I have to go to the airport at 2:00 p. m. to meet an overseas visitor from Australia. I really have kept our datd in my mind all these days, however, I received my boss’ e-mail this morning, he asked me to go to the airport to meet one of his friends from abroad, it’s suddenly and urgent and I must go. Please forgive me. Would you please ring me up to make another time?　　　　　　Many thanks.　　　　　　×××　　　　　　* 因有事而不能赴约，只能另约时间（to make或to fix another time）。写信人Bluce很可能是英国人，因为他把“打电话”说成to ring somebody up，美国人通常说to call somebody。英国人打电话还可以说 to give somebody a ring，不要错以为别人要送你个戒指。与别人已经定好的约会却临时不能赴约时，应说明原因并诚恳地道歉，以期获得别人的谅解。　　　　
　　very good !~　　xiexie louzhu !
　　　　　　　　 　　　　4）借物(Borrowing)　　　　　　例　　　　　　Directions:You are going to write a note for borrowing sth. please deseribe these information clearly.　　　　　　1) the thing you ask　　　　　　2) detailed what you are going to do with it.　　　　　　3) how long will you take it.　　　　　　Tuesday　　　　　　Dear Xiao Wang:　　　　　　I wonder if I could borrow your electronic dictionary for a few days. Now I am translating some important articles. There are many new words which I have to look up the dictionary usually. I just have a paper dictionary but of course it’s not as convenient as the electronic one, which has a bad effect upon my velocity of my translating. So I think your electonic dictionary is more suitable for me to complete my work. I promise that I must be very careful of your dictionary and make no damage done on it. Thank you very much!　　　　　　Yours ever　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*字典是我们日常生活中常用的学习工具，但是千万不能直接从字面上认为“查字典”就是“check the dictionary”，而应该用“look up”这个固定短语来表达。　　　　　　“影响……”有一个很地道的短语。“have effect upon/on”,后面接受影响的人或物，如果是积极影响就在have和effect之间加a good ，反之，就加“a bad”其他的形容词例如great， remarkable也可以用来修饰effect，此词在这里是名词。　　　　
　　　　　　　　 　　　　5）回复友人问侯(Reply for Regards)　　　　　　例　　　　　　Directions:You have just had a operation, and received a note of regards from your friend Jenny. Now please write a reply to her to tell her your current situation.　　　　　　You should write about 100 words.　　　　　　Jan.8th.　　　　　　Dear Jenny,　　　　　　Thanks for your letter of sympthy I received the day before yesterday. The operation on my leg was a wonderful success. You know I had been suffering a lot from my leg since my childhood. The operation removed the cause of trouble. It is quite worth having the operation. I am daily recovering from my illness. I’m confident I will soon be in the office again after proper treatment. Thank you for kind wishes.　　　　　　My best wishes to all your family　　　　　　×××　　　　　　*这是对好友问侯便条的回复。形式简单，内容明了。过去完成进行时“I had been suffering…my childhood”表示动作从过去一直持续到现在。　　　　　　　　　　
　　3 应用文写作 备忘录　　一、概述　　　　　　备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等级是比较低的，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上，它一般用来补充正式文件的不足。它的内 　　容可以分为以下几项：　　　　　　书端（Heading）;　　　　　　收文人的姓名、头衔、地址（Addressee’s Name, Title, Address）；　　　　　　称呼(Salutation)；　　　　　　事因(Subject)；　　　　　　正文（Body） ；　　　　　　结束语（Complimentary Close）；　　　　　　署名（Signature）。　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　二、注意事项　　　　 　　　　书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期，有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺，在写书端时，其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。收文人（或收文单位）的姓名、头衔、地址一项写在左上角编号处的下面，其格式与书信的写法相同。　　　　　　称呼从左边顶格写起，对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir， 对政府官员可用 Sir。　　　　　　“事因”一项目前采用得较少。它可放在称呼语之前，也可放在其后，前面可加 Re或Docket, Subject。如果此项写在称呼语之前，多从左边的顶格写起；若放在称呼语之后，一般写在信笺正中。它多采用不完整的句子，只需很少几个词，甚至一个词，目的在于使收文人对文中的主要内容一目了然，便于及时处理。　　　　　　正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。　　　　
　　　　　　　　三、举例　　　　 　　　　例1　　　　　　Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.　　　　　　MEMO　　　　　　August 16,2004　　　　　　To:The leader of student service department　　　　　　From: Li Ming　　　　　　Subject:Telephone　　　　　　Dear Sir,　　　　　　I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.　　　　　　We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.　　　　　　Regards.　　　　　　Yours，　　　　　　Li Ming　　　　　　*“remind”一词用法比较多，可以在后面直接接人或宾格，如“提醒我”译为please remind me.如果提醒某人某事则用remind somebody of something ，也可以在后面加从句，即“remind sb that”,remind还有一个意思为“使想起”同样用remind…of…的结构，应注意与提醒某事区分。　　　　　　例2　　　　　　Directions:You are supposed to write a Memorandom of about 100 words to the leader of the supply section to borrow one more microscope for your biological experiment. It should include:　　　　　　1) Why you need the microscope.　　　　　　2) When you need it.