初三英语总复习精品讲义 八种动词时态.有的只要求达到理解层次.有的则要求达到熟练运用层次.至少其中五种时态包括过去进行时是要求达到熟练运用层次的.而且其考查方式肯定不会以某一时态的独立形式出现.而是时——精英家教网——
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初三英语总复习精品讲义&八种动词时态，有的只要求达到理解层次，有的则要求达到熟练运用层次。至少其中五种时态包括过去进行时是要求达到熟练运用层次的，而且其考查方式肯定不会以某一时态的独立形式出现，而是时态的综合运用，尤其要重视各种时态之间的区别。找出它们之间的不同冠词的用法.&&& 现以冠词为例：
1.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost
just now.&&
A.an,a&&&& B.a,the&&& C.the,a&&&& D.an,the2.There's ________ old tree near
_______ house. &&A.a,an&& B.an,the&& C.a,the&& D.the,a 3.There is ___ 800-metre-long road
behind ___ hospital.A.an,an&&&& B.a,a& C.an,the&& D.a,the4._______ good,kind girl she is!
A.How& B.What a&&& C.What&& D.How a5.________ bad weather!I hope it
won't last long.&&& A.How&& B.What&&& C.What a&&& D.How a6._______ they are listening to
the teacher!A.How careful&&& B.What careful&&& C.How carefully&&& D.What carefully&&& 由上例题我们可以发现冠词和感叹句是必考内容。同样，象宾语从句的语序、代词的格、主谓语一致、动词和介词的搭配、近义词的比较以及习惯表达法和情态动词的使用等，无一不在考查之列。& 所有这一切语言基础知识，我都将通过对典型试题的解题分析，展开讨论，分层展示难易对比，系统归纳。 对于语言基础知识是这样处理，那么对以能力测试为主要目的的中考其他试题形式又该怎么办呢？ 这里我们以一篇完形填空题为例：&&& A poor farmer had never left
his small village.After he(1) a lot of money,he decided to spend a holiday in
an expensive hotel(旅馆)in a
bigtown.(2)lunch time came on his first day there,he went to eat in the
restaurant(餐馆)of the hotel(3) his new
clothes.The head waiter(服务员)(4)him to
the table,took his order and went away.When he turned and (5)the farmer
again,he had a (6)!The farmer had tied(系)his table cloth round his (7).&&& The head waiter told another
waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people (9) do such a thing in his
restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said in a (10) voice(声音),&Good morning,sir.Would you like a
haircut?&1.A.lent&&&&& &&&&&B.made&&&&&&&
C.paid&&&&&
&&D.gave 2.A.During&&&&&&&
B.Though&&& &&C.When&&&&&& D.Because 3.A.for&& &&&B.with &&&&C.on&& &&&D.in &&&&&&&&&&&4.A.wanted&&&& B.put& C.showed&&&&& D.brought 5.A.looked at& B.watched& C.saw&&& D.found &&&&&&&6.A.look&&& B.rest& C.table cloth&&&& D.surprise 7.A.arm&&&&&&&&
C.hand&&&&&
D.head &&&8.A.ask&&&& B.tell&& C.taught&&& D.told 9.A.can't&& B.don't&&& C.won't&& D.mustn't &&&&&&&&10.A.friendly&&& B.tired&&& C.sad&&& D.ter &&& 要求考生从所给的选项中选出正确答案，使补足后的短文意思通顺，结构完整。对此，考生必须通篇考虑，不能拿来就做，那样必然顾此失彼，前后意思不得连贯。目前的中考完型还侧重于语法，这将在逐年试题的变革中转向按上下文的要求来推断理解。&&& 在解这类题时，必须掌握“词感现象”，注意学会区分“干扰项”。所谓词感，“the sense of word&是指一种对词或词群的感受能力。对词的感受力强，在解题时会较为容易地找到它与情景的关系。词感并不仅仅指词与词之间的细微差异，也并不注重词的搭配与组合，它较多地强调选用恰当的词，以利于对情景作出合乎逻辑的判断。同时也就把其它三个作为干扰项的选择项排除掉了。最后复读一篇全文，就会语感流畅，句意明确。&&& 这儿举例的目的是想说明，我从一个较高的立意来对中考题型，特别是完形、阅读等，进行分析、探讨，借以使同学们获得较为完整的解题思路和解题方法。&&& 词汇（一）这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。一、名词关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a 1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog--dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch--watches。(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，&&&& 如：country--countries。请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。&& 如：monkey--monkeys。 (4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es， 如：knife--knives。& 2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep--sheep，fish--fish&&& Chinese--Chinese，Japanese--Japanese 3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth--teeth，foot--feeth(2)man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen& 请区别：German(德国人)―Germans&&&& (3)child―children&&&&&&&&&&&
&4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。&&
如：My clothes are (be) newer than
yours. &&&5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理) &&No news is good news.&&&&& &6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。 &How many are there in your
pencil-box?(knife)&&&&&&&&&&
&不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood. &2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread__________over there.(be) &&3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。 &4.常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：twopiecesof bread &请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，&&&& 如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples &&&&例： 1、These two pieces of bread __________over there.(be)&&&&&
2、Could I have three
___________,please？&& &&&A.piece &of &bread&& B.piece &of &breads& C.pieces of bread& D.pieces& of &breads&&&&&&&&&
&名词的格 &&名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ 's”。如：Tom→Tom's译为“…的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ '”即可。如：Teachers'Day , twoweeks'holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加's 。如：Children's Day &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点： &&&&1.可用名词所有格表示地点。 如：my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor's 去医生家。 &&&&2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加's&&& 如：Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的 &&&&&&3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩&&&&& a friend of mine
我的一个朋友&The white shirt is and blue one is .&& A、Kate,my&&
B.Kate's,mine& C.Kate,mine
D.Kate's,my &二、冠词& 冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点： 1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the& &2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour,an English car. 请区别：a useful machine &&&&&&3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the&
&&&&4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun,the moon,the earth &&&&&&&&&5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first,the best ,in the south &6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。&&& 如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a
holiday this summer. &7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair &8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer,in August& 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。&&
如：have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在…前面&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
in the hospital 在医院里&&&& in the front of 在…范围内的前部&&&&&& in
hospital (生病)住院&&&&&&
练习:There's _________800-metre-long road behind _________hospital.&&&&
A.an,an&&&&&
B.a, a&&&&&
C.an, the&&& D.a,
the 三、数词&&& 同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。&1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：&1,2,3特殊记，加th从4起 (first,second,third,fourth) &8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth,ninth)& &&&逢5逢12，ve变f (fifth,twelfth) &20到90，y要变ie (twentieth,ninetieth)&&&
若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。&& 如：five hundred people. 只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。&hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的&&& thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的&millions of 数百万的& 这些词组前不能用具体数字。 &&&3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。
练习:①Henry has learned eight _________ French
words this year.&&& &A.hundred&&&&& B.hundreds&&& C.hundred of&&&& D.hundreds of&&& ②The _________lesson is the most
difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)&&&&&&&&&&&
&&& 另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。&&& 顺读法(钟点＋分钟)&&&&&&
如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four
forty-five && &4:15 four fifteen&&& 倒读法(分钟＋to／past＋钟点)&&&&& 如：4:30 half past four &&& 4:15 fifteen past four／a quarter past four& 4:45 fifteen to five／a quarter to five &练习题& :1.At the beginning of the_____(twenty)
century,the world's population was about 1700 million.&&&&&& &2.Are these_____(watch)yours? Yes.&&&&&&& &3.You don't look well.You'd better go to
the______(doctor) at once.&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&4.Would you give me________,please? &A.two papers&&& B.two piece of paper&&& C.two pieces of paper&&& D.two pieces of papers&&&&&&&&&
&5.There are three_____and seven____in the
picture. &A.monkeys,sheeps&&& B.monkeys,sheep&& C.monkies,sheep&& D.monkies,sheeps&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&6.A lot of____are talking with
two_______.& &A.Germans,Frenchmans& B.Germen,Frenchmans& C.German, Frenchmen&& D.Germans,Frenchmen&&&&&& &7.June 1 is __.& A.the Children's Day&& B.the Childrens' Day& C.Children's Day D.Childrens' Day 8.__________people went out to see
what had happened. &A.Thousands of B.Three thousand
ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands&&&&&&&&&
have been in the school for______. &
A.three and a half month&& &&&&&&&B.three
and a half monthsC.three month and a half&&&&&&&&&
D.three months and half&&&&&&&&&
&10.__________English
is___________ useful language.& A.A,
an&&&& B./, a&&&&& C.The, an&&&&& D. A, /
11.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just
A.an,a&&&&
B.a,the&&&
C.the,a&&&&
D.an,the12.There's ________ old tree near _______
house. &&A.a,an&& B.an,the&& C.a,the&& D.the,a 13.There is ________ 800-metre-long road
behind _________ hospital.A.an,an&&&& B.a,a& C.an,the&& D.a,the&
四.代词①人称代词:&&&& 主格:&
单数I 、you 、he 、she 、it&&&& 复数 we 、you 、they
宾格:& 单数me 、you 、him 、her 、it& 复数us 、you 、them ⑵物主代词: 形容词性 my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their 名词性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs ③反身代词:&&
myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves 1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。 &&&&&&&&2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。&& 如：⑴These books aren't ours.&&&& Ours are new. (这里ours=our books) &&& ⑵This is not our room.&&&& Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room) &&&
3.&of+名词性物主代词&表示所属 如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹&
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 &4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.&&&&&& 5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快)&&&&&& by
oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to… (随便吃/喝 些...)&&&&&&&&
learn sth. by oneself& =teach
oneself sth. (自学) &&&&&&&&练习题&&
1.-Whose trousers are these?&&&&& -_____, I
think.& &A.They& B.Their&& C.Theirs&& D.Them&&&&
2. Nobody taught___English.& He
taught____. A.him, himself&&
B.his, himself&&&
C.him, by himself&&
D.his, his （二）& 修饰可数名词 many few 表否定意义&&&&&&
a few 表肯定意义 修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a little 表肯定意义&&& few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.=&用little, a little, few, a few填空: &1.I often stay at home because I have
_______ friends here.&&&&& &2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There
is ______ water in the glass. &3.Though he learned French only ________
weeks. He can speak very well.&&&&& &4.Lily had _________ bread because she
was hungry yesterday.& （三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.&&& 当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。 如：something& new&There's __________ in today's newspaper. 中考题 &A.important anything&&& &B.important something &&C.anything important&&&& D.something
important& &(四)另外，还要注意代词some, every, all, both, either,
another&1.some（一些，某）
一般用于肯定句中&&& 注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。& any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句 &① Will you give me some water?&&
② Would you like some meat? &③ May I ask some questions?&&&&& ④ Could I have some apples? &&&&&&2.every＋单数名词
“每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。& each “每一个”
强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。 &如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt.&&& Every child likes playing
games.&& &
3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。& none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of &如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada. &&&&& None of us
is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可） &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4.both “（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。 & either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。& neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。 &如：①They both swim well.& ＝Both of them swim well. &&&& ②There are trees on both sides of
the street. = There are trees on either side of the street. &&&& ③Neither of us is going to Beijing
next week.&&&&&&& &④Neither answer is right.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&5. another +单数名词, “另一个”&& one … the other “一个……，另一个……”&&&&&
the other +复数名词 = the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）&&
others “别人” &(五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which& 这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which.&&&&&&
例如: I like the
red shirt. &&___________
___________ do you like ?
练习:一、根据所给单词的适当形式填空，使句意通顺，语法完整6．Can
you come with 　us　?(we)?
skirts are 　hers　. Yours
are over there.(she)?
take care of 　yourselves　, boys and girls.(you)?
don't think this is my frisby, though it looks like 　mine　.(I)& ?
at 　those　 books. Are
they yours?(that)
二、根据首字母填空?11．Is
there anything interesting in the newspaper?& ?
asked us to help each other.
old man can neither read nor write.&
14．Nothing
is difficult if you put your heart into it.& ?
15．Please
help yourself to some fish, Lucy.?三、同义句转换?
The children played happily in the zoo yesterday.?B: The
children 　enjoyed　 　themselves　 in the zoo yesterday.& ?
He doesn't like mutton, and she doesn't, either.?B: 　Neither　 he 　nor　 she likes
All the American people don't like sandwiches.?B: 　Not　 　all　 the American people like sandwiches.& ?
They don't often hear the twins sing the song in the school.?B: 　Neither　 of the
twins 　is　 often heard 　to　 sing the
song in the school.[ZK)]& 四、单项选择?
(C)20、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes,
but only &&&&&&.?A.
little& B. few& C. a little& D. a few& ?
(A)21、-Do you like Jane's new skirt??-Yes, very
much. I'll ask mum to buy &&&&&&&for me.?A. one& B. it& C. the other& D. a& ?
(B)22、The color of her skirt is different
from &&&&&&&of mine.?A. one& B. that& C. it& D. this& ?
(B)23、Students are usually interested in
sports. Some like running, some like swimming.&&&&& &like ball games.?A. the
others& B. others& C. the other& D. other& ?
(A)24、-I'll give the boys &&&&&&&to eat.?-Oh, I
know, fish and chips.?A.
something English& B. English
something?C. anything English&
D. English anything& ?
(D)25、-Shall I help you with the heavy
thanks, I can do it &&&&&&.?A. me& B. my& C. mine& D. myself& ?
(D)26、-What time shall we meet this
afternoon,3:00 or 4:00??-I don't
mind.&&&&& &time is OK.?A.
Neither& B. Each& C. Any& D. Either& ?
(C)27、-My bag is full, what about &&&&&&??-&&&&& &is full, too.?A. you,
Yours& B. his, He& C. yours, Mine& D. hers, She& ?
(D)28、-I've had enough bread, Would you
like &&&&&&??-No,
thanks.?A. a few
more& B. one more& C. another more& D. some more& ?
(A)29、There are many trees on &&&&&&&sides of the river.?A.
both& B. either& C. neither& D. each
(A)1、He has two bikes, one is new,&&& &&&is old.A. the
other& B. other& C. the others& D. others& ?
(C)2、Without the sun,&&&&& &could grow in the world.?A.
anything& B. something& C. nothing& D. everything& ?
(B)3、&&&&& &of them is going to play
basketball with you this afternoon.?A. All& B. Neither& C. Some& D. Both& ?
(B)4、-Can you tell me what a panda looks
like?-Look! This
is a picture of &&&&&&.?A. it& B. one& C. two& D. some& ?
(B)5、There are not many pears here, but
you can take&&&&&
&if you want to.?A. few& B. a few& C. a little& D. little二、形容词 副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：& 原级：比较级： 比较...，更...一些&& 最高级： 最...
（A）1.构成：(规则情况)情况 变 化 方 法 例 词 单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest 以字母e结尾 加r, st nice-nicer-nicest 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写加er, est& big-bigger-biggest以辅音字母加y结尾& 变y为i加er, est
early-earlier-earliest& 部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加more, most 　 slowly-more slowly-most
&&& 2.不规则变化，须熟记： good/well-better-best&&& many/much-more-most&&& far-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst&&&& little-less-least && (B)常见的使用情况
&1.as … as … 和...一样（中间用原级） &&
2.not as(so) … as 和...不一样（中间用原级） &&&&&&&&&3… than …. ..比...（用比较级）
4.有范围修饰的用最高级&&& 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的 eg.⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year.&& ⑵This is the best film that I have ever seen . &&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越….eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越…...就越…...&& eg:The more, the better. 越多越好
&(C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。 &&&&&&&&&
&2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。 &&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&
3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.& &&(D)掌握三种同义句转换：
1.He is taller than any other
student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.&&&&&&
2.This film is less interesting
than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one.
=That film is more interesting than this one.&&&&&&&
3.I prefer maths to English. =I
like maths better than English.&&&&&&&&
&Which do you like _____, fish, meat _____
eggs?& A.best, or B.better,or
C.best, and D.better,and &此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：
&1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。 &&&&&&&&
&2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词&&&&& enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词&&
例如;She is old enough to go to
school. 她够上学的年龄了。 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&3.区别几组易混淆的副词: 也 too用于肯定、疑问句& also 较为正式书面语&&
either 用于否定句 &&&&&已经 already 常用于肯定句、疑问句 yet 常用于否定句、疑问句& &&&&&&&不再 no (not any) longer 从时间上讲& no (not any) more 从动作上讲 &&&&如此这样 such 修饰名词 eg: such a big box &so 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big& &&&&&单独、独自 alone 作表语 =by oneself& 孤独的 lonely 可作表语、定语& eg:A group of girls are
singing and dancing ______ over there. (happy)
1.The students are having a good time in the park.& Some are drawing by the lake. _ are
climbing the hill. A.Others& B. Other& C. Another& D.The other&&&&&
2.There isn't _____ in today's
newspaper. &&&A. important something&& B. important anything& C. anything important&& D. nothing important&&&&&&
3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is
it your sister's?& -No,Mum. It's not ______. It's ______.
A.hers, my& B. her, my& C. Mine, hers& D.hers, mine
4..The Changjiang River is the
third __ river in the world. A.long&
B.longer& C.longest& D.the longest &&&&&&&
5. An elephant is _____ than a
horse. &A.more strong& B. much stronger& C. the most strong& D. much more strong&&&&
6. Which do you like _____, tea,
orange or water? &&&A.good& B.Well& C. Better& D. Best 一、介词&&&&&&
1．与形容词搭配的词组有：&
be afraid of （怕） be angry
with （生某人的气） & be away from （不在某地） be different from （与…不同） & be good at （善于） be good/ bad for (对…有益/有害)&&&&& be
interested in （对…感兴趣） be late for （迟到）&&&&&& be/get ready
for （为作好准备） be sure of (对…有把握) & be worried about （为…感到担忧）& &&&&&&&&
&2．介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式&& & 1)You must take good care of her.& 2)Thank you for teaching us so
well.&&&&&&&&&&
&3．几组易混淆的介词& &A． “在...之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时） && after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）& after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）& & 如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.& &&& The baby will stop crying in half
an hour.& They will visit their
teacher after Friday.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&B． for +一段时间&& since +过去的一点时间 & 这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。 &&&&C． be made of &用……制成&& be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成” &&&&&&&&D． in, on, at表时间&&& in “在某月(季节、年)等” eg:in 1996, in January, in
summer && 固定词组：in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end & on &用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等& &&
eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16 & at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中” && 固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times,
at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this
month, at the same time 注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天 &&&&&&&&&E. except +宾格/doing something &除…之外” （不包括本身）& & Everyone is at school today except Lin
Tao. (同义句转换) =Only Lin Tao isn't at school
today.&&&&&&&&
&F． “用” 通过交通工具 by plane & 用语言 in English 通过媒介 on /over
the telephone,& on /over the
radio,& on TV 用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands &&&&&&&&&&&G． between “在~和~（两者）之间” & between...and...,& between the two... among 在...之间(三者或三者以上)& eg.Sue spent over two hours ___
her homework yesterday evening.&
A.on&& B.with&&& C.at&& D.over 二、连词&&&&&&&
&1．并列连词&&&&&&&&
both…and 既~又~谓语用复数动词 & neither…nor 既不~也不~含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。&&& either…or…&& “或者 …或者…”“不是…就是…” & and“和”& 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。 & but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。 & or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or，而不用 and。& Eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否)&&& &&I don't have brothers or sisters.=
I have no brothers and no sisters.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&2．引导宾语从句的连词 & 陈述句：that 可省略 一般疑问句：if /whether “是否”&&&& 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 &&&&&&&&&
&3．引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中) &&&&&&&&
&4．引导时间状语从句的连词： &A. when（当…时候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until（直到…才），after（在…之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。 Eg: I won't leave until he
comes back. &B. since（自从…以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。& Eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year. &C. while（当…时候，一边…一边…）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。& & Eg: My father came in while I was doing
my homework.&&&&&&&&&&
&5．引导条件状语从句的连词：&
if&& “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定 & eg:1)I don't know if it ＿＿＿＿ (rain) tomorrow. &&&& 2)If it ______ (rain)
tomorrow, I _____________ (not climb) the hills. &&&& 3)Joan and Mary
haven't seen each other_____they left school five years ago.A.as&& B.before&& C.after&& D.since 构词有法记无定法
一、利用构词法记忆： 1．合成法：note＋book→notebook，school＋yard→schoolyard，book＋mark→bookmark
2．派生法（即在词根上加前、后缀记忆）： en－（使……有）＋courage→encourage；inter－（one with another；face to face）＋view→interview；foreign＋er（人）→foreigner，play＋er（执行动作的人）→player，sharpen＋er（执行动作的物）→sharpener；library＋（y→i）an（人）→li?brarian；miss（v．）＋ing→missing（adj．），probable（adj．）＋（l）y→probably（adv．），sad（adj．）＋ly→sadly（adv．）；compose（v．）＋（e→i）tion→composition（n．），inform（v．）＋（a）tion→information（n．）
3．转化法： know（v．）→knowledge（n．） dictionary―words，umbrella―rain，library―book―shelf，kitchen―cook abroad―in or to another country，overseas；interview―meeting with sb．说说记忆单词的方法词是构成句子的重要元素，词汇量的多少在英语学习中占有重要地位。今天我们讲讲怎样记忆单词。 五、初中阶段还有一个很实用的记忆单词的好方法就是根据音标即单词读音来记单词。只要你首先根据音标把一个单词读准、读对，那么就可根据其读音基本拼写出该单词。首先这要掌握一定的拼读规则。比如“dirty”，根据音标我们就能拼写出d-ir－t－y（在非重读音节中发［i］）。这种方法对于记忆字母较多的单词尤其有效，如“contribution”，根据音标我们可把它分成四部分来记忆：con－tri－bu－tion，这样就能较快地记住单词。 以系统的方式来学习记忆知识能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背单词时我们一定要留心观察，寻找词与词之间的关系，这样将有助于我们记忆单词。总之，只要我们掌握一些科学的方法，并用心去记忆，就一定能记住英语单词。合成形容词英语中有许多种形式的合成形容词，仅在初中阶段需要学习使用的就达九种。现分述如下：
四、根据记忆与遗忘的规律来记忆单词，即应及时在第二天、第三天甚至以后再读第一天记忆的单词，定期作阶级性的复习，同遗忘作斗争。要记忆单词就不能怕重复，重复也是记忆的一种好方法。 1．数词＋单数名词。如：20－minute 20分钟的&& It＇s 20－minute walk．步行20分钟的路程。& second－class 二等的&& That＇s the second－class room．& 那是个二等房间。 500－word 五百字的&&& This is a 500－word composition．& 这是一篇五百字的文章。
2．数词＋单数名词＋形容词。如：8－year－old 八岁的&& Mr Green has an 8－year－old child．& 格林先生有个八岁的孩子。
3．数词＋名词的ed形式。如：three－legged 三条腿的&& Tom bought a three－legged table yesterday．&&
昨天汤姆买了一张三条腿的桌子。
4．形容词＋名词。如：&round－trip来回的；往返的&& Do you need a round－trip ticket?& 你想要一张往返的车票吗？part－time 非全部工作时间的；兼职的He found a part－time job．&&& 他找到了一份额外的工作。
5．形容词＋名词的ed形式。如：kind－hearted 好心的&&& Father Christmas is very
kind－hearted．&&
圣诞老人的心肠非常好。
6．名词＋过去分词。如：man－made人造的China has sent up many man－made satellites． 中国已发射了许多人造卫星。
7．名词＋名词的ed形式。如：glass－topped带有玻璃罩的I want to own a glass－topped table．&&& 我想要一张带有玻璃罩的桌子。
8．副词＋过去分词。如：so－called所谓的I don＇t like those so－called singers．&&& 我不喜欢那些所谓的歌星。
9．副词＋副词。如：so－so马马虎虎；不好不坏的&&& My English is just so－so．&&& 我的英语很一般。．Eg:To an American,a Chinese is a
______. (foreign) &&前缀 例词 派生词& un-“不” happy unhappy& like
unlike& usual unusual&& friendly unfriendly& im-“不” possible impossible& &&&&&&后缀 例词 派生词& -er“人” teach/play/clean teacher/player/cleaner&&& drive driver（以e结尾，-r）& run runner（重读闭音节，双写-er)& && win winner& travel traveller& -or“人” invent inventor& &visit visitor&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&-ly（副词后缀）& bad badly&& quick quickly& careful carefully& happy& happily&& & deep deeply&& lucky luckily&& usual usually&& noisy noisily&& & slow slowly&& angry angrily& strong strongly& quiet quietly&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&特例：&&&&& true
- truly&&& terrible -
terribly possible - possibly&&&&&&&&
&-ful（形容词后缀）& care& careful&& help& helpful&& use useful&& forget& forgetful&&&&&&&&&
&-y （形容词后缀）&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& rain rainy&& luck lucky&& cloud cloudy&& noise noisy（以e结尾，去e，加-y） & snow snowy&& sun sunny （双写，加-y）& wind windy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&-ion（名词后缀）&&& &invent invention& operate operation&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&-ness（名词后缀）&&& busy
business& good goodness&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&一些特例：&&& & 动词 形容词&&&&&&&&&&
动词 现在分词转化为名词 & sleep asleep&& boat boating&& die dead&& build building&& & enjoy enjoyable& begin beginning&&& cross crossing& & 名词 形容词&
meet meeting& friend
friendly& turn turning&& & south southern& shop shopping& wool woolen&&&&& & danger dangerous& 动词 过去分词转为形容词 &&difference different& fry &fried&&&& worry worried&& & 动词 名词&&
break broken&& &know&
knowledge& lose lost& & fly flight&& please pleased&&& please& pleasure& colour coloured&&&&&&& & 名词 名词&&
动词 现在分词、过去分词转为形容词 & farm& farmer 农夫&& follow following& &interest interested“感兴趣的” 只作表语，仅用于be interested in& develop
interesting “有趣的” 可作表语和定语&&&& developed “发达的”&&& developing “发展中的”& &&&&&&&
&练习题& 1、Lucy can write a letter___Japanese though she
has learned it only a few months. &A. from&& B. to&& C. in&& D. with&
&2、They will have an English test___two days.&& A. for&& B. at&& C. in&& D. after
3、Wu Dong was born___the evening of April 2,1975. A. at&& B. in&& C. on&& D. to&&&&&&
&4、I haven 't heard _______ her _____ she left home. &A. from, since&& B. from, after&& C. of, when&&& D. of , as&&&&&&
&5、Tom didn't know___Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow. A. how&& B. weather&& C. whether&& D. what&&&&&&&&
&6、His parents were _________ (happy) because he had failed the exam again. &&&&&
&7、Mrs. Green liked to stay _____ (safe) at the same place. &&&&
&8、The_______ (visit) from France are going to visit our school this
afternoon. &&&&&&&
&思考题&&&&&&&&
1、The farmer was___tired___he
couldn't fall asleep. &A. very…to&& B. too…to&& C. so…that&& D.neither…nor&&
&2、Work hard, ___you won't catch up with the others. &A. but&& B. and&& C. if&& D. or&&&&&&&&
&3、The game is very ___ and she's ___ in it. &A. interesting, interesting&& B. interested, interested &C. interested, interesting&&& D. interesting, interested 重要的短语、句型和惯用法（一）
1. get on/off(the bus) 上/下车&& get up 起床&
get ready for 为...作准备get oneself dressed 自己穿衣服 get well (better) 身体好&&& get in 进入，收集get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb. 为某人买某物get on well with sb/sth. 与某人相处很好，...进展顺利
2. have an accident 出事故&&&&&& have a
good time& =enjoy oneself 玩得很高兴& have a cold wet day 天气又冷又湿&&&&& have a cough 咳嗽&
have a drink(of)... 喝一杯... have a talk 听报告 have lunch 吃午饭& have...for lunch 午饭吃...have a meeting 开会have no idea 不知道 have a rest
3. make a mistake 犯错误 mistake A for B 把A错认为B
take sth. by mistake 错拿某物
4. make friends with 与...交朋友make faces 做鬼脸make a fire 生火& make an excuse 找籍口& make a...sound 发...音& make tea 沏茶 make room for... 为...找出空间make it 如期赴约 make a team 组成一个队 &eg.Let's make it half past one.&&&& 注意：时间前不用介词at &&&&&&
5. turn sth. on/off 打开/关掉...& turn sth. up/down 把...音量开大/小& 注意：当sth 是代词时，常放中间
6. try sth. on 试穿（衣、鞋、帽）&&&& 注意：当 sth 为it或them, 常放中间try out 试验、尝试& try one's best to do sth. 尽力干某事=do one's best to do sth. &&&&&&&&&&&
7. send sb. away 开除、解雇某人&&& &send for sb. 派人去请某人 send up 发射 &&&&&&&&&&&
8. hear from sb 收到...的来信&& hear of 听说 &&&&&&&&
9. hurry off 匆匆离去，赶快去&
hurry up 赶快 &&&&&&
10. get to +名词 get +副词(不用to)& reach+名词/副词& arrive in/at +大/小地点 （后接副词，不用at/in） && eg. get to Shanghai、reach Shanghai 、arrive in Shanghai到达上海eg. reach home、get home、arrive home 到家 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
11. teach sb. English 教某人英语&&& teach oneself=learn sth.by
oneself 自学 &&&&&&&&&&&
12.到...末为止 by the end of +过去时间 （用于过去完成时）&& by the end of +将来时间 （用于一般将来时）&& at the end of+地点 在...尽头 &in the end= at last 最后，终于 &&&&&&&&&&&
13. hundreds of 成百上千&&
thousands of 成千上万的&& millions of 成百万的 &&&&&&&&&&
14. be pleased to do sth 很高兴地干某事&&
be pleased with sth. 为某事而高兴 &&&&&&&&&&&
15. be used for 被用来&&
be used as 被当作&& be used by 被...所使用
16. so far 到目前为止， 用于现在完成时 &&&
17. on a Tuesday morning 一个星期二的早上&& on the morning of June 15th.1998 在日早上 &&&&&&&&&&&&&
18. keep sb.doing sth. 让某人一直干某事&&
keep doing sth. 继续做某事
keep on doing sth. 持续不断地做某事&
19. much too+形容词／副词原级 实在太...&too much+不可数名词
相当多的... &eg. It's _______ expensive. I can't buy
There's ___________ rain this
20. thanks to...由于，多亏thanks to one's help=because of one's help 由于某人的帮忙&
thanks for one's help 谢谢某人的帮助
21. be far away from＋a place/sb 远离某地
22. wear out 穿坏、穿旧、用尽 常用于被动语态。其P.P为worn
sell out 售完 卖完
23. two-month holiday=two months' holiday 二个月的假期
24. fall asleep 入睡（进入状态） get to sleep 入睡（还没睡着）
25. stop sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事 &eg. She stopped the child from listening.& stop doing sth. 停止干某事，不再干某事&& stop to do sth. 停止下来干另一件事。&
26. hardly any +n. 几乎没有...&&
27. quite a/an+形容词＋名词 一个相当...eg. Two months is quite a long time.&& a very ＋形容词+名词eg. English is a very useful language.
28. be afraid of+名词 害怕...&& be afraid to+动词 担心、害怕...&& be afraid that+从句 恐怕...
29.& so+形容词 so strong so beautiful&&&&&&&&
such+形容词+名词(复数或不可数)&&& such beautiful pictures such
nice smell &&&&such +
a/an+形容词+名词（单数）&&& such an interesting story
30. feel like doing 想干某事 &
31. be made/grown/produced三个词的被动语态都可解释为“生产” 归类: 机器一类→make(制造)盐.糖.丝绸→produce (经机器加工生产)&&
农作物、水果→grow (人工种出来的) &&&&&&&&&&&
32. finish doing sth. 做完某事&
be busy doing sth. 忙于干某事&go on doing sth. 继续干某事 be always doing 老是干某事
33. hope to do sth. 希望干某事 ...hope that...希望某人干某事,不可用hope sb.to do sth.
34. in surprise 惊奇地（作状语）&&
be surprised at sb. 对某人的举动感到诧异& be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶 &&&&&&&&&&&
35. no space(room) to stand in 没有站的地方、空间& &&&&&
36. be angry with sb. 生某人的气 agree
with sb. 同意某人的观点& with one's help 在某人的帮助下&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
选择题： &&
1.They arrived ___ London___ a cold winter night.A.at, in&& B.in, on&& C.at, on&& D.in, at&&&&&&&&&&&
2.It's rather cold today.You'd
better ___ more clothes before you go out. A.put on&& B.wear&& C.to put on&& D.to wear&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
3.You must be very tired. Why not
___ a rest?A.stop taking&& B.stop to take& C.to stop taking&& D.to stop to take
4.___, I've caught up with my
classmates in my English studies.A.Under his help& B.With his help&& C.Under the help of him& D.With the help of him
5.Mother told me ____ in the sun. &&&A.not read&& B.don't read&& C.read not& D.not to read
6.Watching TV ___ is bad for your
eyes.&& A.much too& B.many too& C.too much& D.too many&&&&&&&&&&&
7.Those foreign visitors ___ our
city the day before yesterday.A.arrived&& B.reached& C.reached to& D.got in
8.She asked me to help her ___ her
Chinese. &&&A.at& B.with& C.for& D.on
9.Look ___ the words in the
dictionary when you don't know ___ they mean. A.up, what& B.up, that& C.for, that& D.for, what&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
10.One after another, three of
them ___.A.fell asleep&& B.got to asleep&& C.went to asleep&& D.were sleeping
完成句子：&
1.你想不想喝杯桔子汁？ &Do you ______ ______drinking a glass of
orange?&&&&&&&&&&&
2.小杨毕业离校以来，我们从未收到他的来信。 & We have never ______ ______ Xiao Yang
since he _______ school for the last time.&&& &&&&&&&&&&&
3.人们兴建绿色长城是为了阻止风将土刮走。 & People started to build the Great Green
Wall ___ ___ it could stop the wind from ___ the earth away.
4.魏华把你错当成他的兄弟，是吗？ & Wei Hua ________ you ______ his
brother,didn't she?&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
1.人造卫星能用来向国外发送电视和广播节目 & Man-made satellites can be ___ for ___
TV and radio programmes to foreign countries.&&&&&&&&&
2.多亏有了绿色长城，现在他们种的棉花比以前多得多了。 & ____ to the Great Green Wall, they can
grow a lot ___ cotton than before.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
3.学生们相互交朋友，通常相处得很好。 & The students make friends ___ one
another and usually ___ ___ well.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
4.店主说你的尺寸的羊毛衫已售完了。 & The shopkeeper said the woolen sweaters
___ your size were ____.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
重要的短语、句型和惯用法（二）
1.There be 结构 &a.这是英语中常见的一种结构，表示“某地有某物”其含义为“存在有”。 eg.There are twenty girls in our
class.have也解释为“有”但是与there be有区别，它的含义是“所有，属有”，其主语为某人。eg.I have a nice watch. &&&&&&&&&&b.There be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致。 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&c.There is a river near our school.否：There is not a river near our school.问：Is there a river near our school.回答：Yes, there is. No, there isn't.划⑴How many rivers are there near our
school?&& ⑵What's near our school?&&&&&&&&
d.there be 结构的一般将来时，同学们较难掌握，其正确形式为：there is going to be &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&e.反意疑问句的构成：There is no water in the glass, is there?①There is going to _____ a football match this
afternoon.& A.have&& B.watch&& C.be&& D.play②They were sure that they were going to ____ a
rest.&& A.be&& B.have&& C.be on&& D.on
2.so,neither引导的倒装句,为了避免和前一句话的内容重复，英语中习惯用so,neither引导的倒装句。&
a.So+be(助动词，情态动词)+主语。表示某人也是如此。eg.Mike has bought some foreign
stamps.&&&&& So
has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too.&&&&&&&&&&&&&
b.Neither+be(助动词，情态动词)＋主语，表示某人也不。eg.Mother has never been to Japan.&&&&& Neither has
Father.=Father has never been to Japan, either. c.So＋主语＋be(助动词，情态动词)。表示果真如此(赞同), 请同学们与a.区别。eg.A:Mike is right in the
classroom.&&& B:So he
is.=He is really in the class room.&&&&&&&&&&&&
3.It's+时间+since动词过去式。自从...起已有...时间了。⑴It's two weeks since we met last.(自从我们上次见面已有两个星期了)⑵How long is it since we left Beijing?(自从我们离开北京已有多久了
4.祈使句+and (那么)...eg.Go straight on and you'll
see a school.=If you go straight on, you'll see a school. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&5.祈使句+or...否则...eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students.&& =If you don't work hard, you'll
fall behind the other
6. The+比较级...，the+比较级... 越...越...
eg.⑴The more, the better. 越多越好。& ⑵The harder you work on it, the better you'll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。)
7.How do you like the film?& =What do you think of the film? (你认为这部电影怎样？)
8.What...do with...?怎样对付...?怎样处理...?虽然中文为怎样，我们绝不可照字面翻译为how.&
eg.A:What have you done with the library book?&&& B:I've just returned it to
the library.
9.I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办？&&
I don't know how to do. ×
10.What...be like?...是什么样的？&
eg.⑴What's the weather like? 天气如何？⑵What's your school like? 你们学校是什么样的？
11.What...for?为何目的？为什么？eg.What do you want a science lab for?=Why do
you want a science lab?
12.one of +最高级＋复数 最...之一eg.Miss Zhao is one of the most
popular teachers.
13.find it +形容词+to do eg.I find it useful to learn English
well. (我发觉学好英语是很有用的) && find +宾语 +名词eg.I find him a good boy. (我发现他是个好男孩.)&& find +宾语 +形容词eg.I find the door open/closed. (我发现门开/关着)& I find our bags filled
with/full of presents. (我发现我们的包装满了礼物)
14.I don't think+肯定句 我想...不&& eg.I don't think I'll
take it. (我想我不买它了)请注意:中文意思否定在从句中,但是英语的表达否定在主句中。
15.prefer A to B=like A better
than B 更喜欢A不怎么喜欢B.eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I
like fish better than chicken
16.had better do sth.最好干某事.否定:had better not do sth.特别注意:had better后面跟be动词词组,不可漏掉be.eg.You'd better catch a train.You'd better not talk in
class.You'd better not be late for the class.
17.It is good (nice)of+宾格+to do sth.eg.It is very good of you to teach
me English. (你教我英语真是太好了)
18.It takes sb. some time to do
sth.(干某事化费某人多少时间)
=sb.spend some time on sth. (in) doing sth.eg.It took me half an hour to do the
work.=I spent half anhourin doing the
19.sb.pay 钱 for 物 某物化费了某人多少钱=sb.spend 钱 on 物& =物 cost sb.钱 , pay的过去式为paid 而不是payed.&&&& eg.I
paid thirty yuan for the coat.& =I
spent thirty yuan on the coat.
& =The coat cost me thirty yuan. 20.have
been to 某人曾去过某地,现在人不在那儿 sb.have been in +地点 某人呆在某地(一段时间)&&&&&
have gone to 某人已去某地,人不在这儿
21.⑴ too…形容词(副词)+to…&太…而不能& &太…以致于不&eg.①The basket is too heavy for me to carry. 这篮子太重我拿不动。&& ②This colour TV is too expensive for us to
buy. 这台彩电对我们来说太贵了，买不起。⑵so...that 如此...以致于...上面的too...to结构的句子，可以换成so...that 引导的句子转换。①The basket is so heavy that I can't carry it.&&&&& ②This colour TV is so expensive that we can't
afford it.&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&
22.What's the population of ...?
...人口有多少？&&& 不说How much population in...?形容人口数量的大用large&&& eg.The population of China
is ten times as large as that of the USA
23.I've come to return your pan. (我跑来是还你锅的)&&& →Why have you come? 而不用What
24.not...until (连词)方才，才&&&
eg.He says that he won't be free until tomorrow.他说他需到明天方才有空。&&&&& 肯定句＋until 到eg.You'd better wait until
tomorrow. (你最好等到明天)
25.neither...nor... 既不...也不...&&&&&&&
either...or... 或者...或者...eg.Neither Tom nor his brothers
know how to spell the word &hundred&.& Either you or she is right. (谓语动词就近原则) & both...and... 两者都... eg.Both Jim and I are in Grade One (主语看作复数)
&练习题：&&&&&&
1.-Where is Mary? -Oh, she _____ the librory. &&&A.has gone to&& B.went to&& C.has been to&&& D.had gone to
2.He knew little about the film
____ he saw it yesterday evening.& A.if&& B.since&& C.until&&& D.because
3.I____ change his mind. Don't
worry, He'll surely come to get it.&
&A.think he won't&& B.think he will&&& C.don't think he won't& D.don't think he will
4.- _____do you_____ the TV play?&&& - Not bad, I think. &A.Hthink of B.Wlike C.Hlike
5. I _____ have a good time _____
the party. &A.at&& B. on&&& C.in&& D. from &完成句子：
1.中国有多少人口，中国的人口大约是世界人口的四分之一。& &_____ the population of China? It's about _____ ______ of the
world's population.
2.门铃一直响着，直到门被林涛打开才停。 &The doorbell ______ _____until the door
was opened by Lin Tao.
3.午饭后他休息了一会儿，我也休息了一会儿。 &He had a short rest after lunch, and
______ ______ I.&&&&&&&&&&&&
4.史密斯夫妇离开他们的家乡已有十多年时间了。 &______ more than ten years ____ Mr and
Mrs Smith left their home town.
5.公共汽车里挤得几乎连站的地方都没有. &The bus was_____ crowded that there was
hardly ______ standing room in it. 思考题：
1、做饭花了她半个小时。 It ___ ____ half an hour ___ ___ some cooking.=I ______ half an hour _______
some cooking.
2、你真好，经常在数学上帮助我。 &It’s really
nice _____ you to ____ me _____ my ______.
3、Lily跑得不快，赢不了比赛。 &Lily ______ run quickly _____ ______
_____ the race.=Lily ____ ____ ___ ___ ____the race.
4、在美术课上做一张教师节卡片怎样？ &_____ ____ _____ a Teachers’ Day card
____ the art lesson?
5、足球是我校最受欢迎的运动项目之一。 &Football is ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
games in our school. Have 的两种特殊句型&&& have是英语中最活跃的动词之一，它与不同的词搭配表示不同的意思。如：have a meeting（开会），have a rest（休息），have a class（上课）等。你可知道have构成的两种特殊句型吗？不看不知道，一看就明了。
1．have＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”去做某事。此时的宾语与省略to的不定式（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：I would have you buy a new bike．&&& 我想让你买辆新自行车。We can＇t have the car stop．& 我们无法让汽车停下来。
2．have＋宾语＋过去分词该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”被……。此时的宾语与过去分词（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。如：&&& I＇ll have my hair cut tomorrow．我明天要理发。They have just had their car repaired．他们刚找人把车修理了一下。&注意：大多数情况下，这两种句型之间可以互换。如：&1）He had me wash the table cloth．→He had the table cloth washed．2) The man had the bike mended．→ The man had someone mend the bike．练习：根据汉语意思，完成英语句子，每空一词。
1．你应该找人建一座房子。&You should have someone＿＿＿＿＿a house．& You should have a house＿＿＿＿＿．
2．现在我们请下一位演讲者到前面来。 Now we＇ll have the next speaker＿＿＿＿＿to the
&3．你必须让人把这些书送到教室去。You must have these books＿＿＿＿＿ to the classroom情景交际英语（一）
1.问候：& ⑴A:Good morning/afternoon/evening.& Hello/Hi.& How do you do ? Nice to meet you.&&& B:回答相同 &&&&&⑵A:How are you?&& &B:Fine, thank you.And you?&& Very well,thank you.
2.介绍： ⑴This is Mr/Mrs/Miss...⑵ I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶ My name is....I'm a student.
3.告别 A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night.
B:回答相同4.感谢和应答& 表示感谢 通常回答 Thank you very much. Not at all.
Thanks a lot. That's OK. &&&Many thanks. That's all
right. Thanks for helping me. You're
5.祝愿、祝贺和应答&
⑴A:Good luck!&&& &Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good
time/journey. &Congratulations!&&&&& B:Thank you.
⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas!
B:The same to you. ⑶A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you.
6.道歉和应答
&A:I'm sorry.I'm
sorry to trouble you.&& B:It
doesn't matter.&&
It's not important.&& That's
7.遗憾和同情
&What a pity!I'm
sorry to hear that. &&&
8.邀请和应答 &&A:Would you like to … ?&& B:Yes, I'd love to. &&
9.提供帮助和应答 &A:Can I help you?=What can I do for
you?Here, take this/my bike.&Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your
help. Yes, please.& No, thanks.&That's very kind of you.
10.请求允许 ⑴A:May I...? Can I/Could I...?&& B:Yes/Certainly/Of course.& Yes, do please.&& OK/All right. &&&&⑵A:Do you mind if I open the window?& B:No, not at all. 或Never mind.
11.表示同意和不同意 (1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes,
please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK. && That's a good idea.& I agree with you. (2):No, I don't think so.&&& I'm afraid not.&&& I really can't agree with
12.表示肯定和不肯定 &&1:
I'm sure. I'm sure that...&&&&&& 2: I'm not
sure. I'm not sure whether/if... Maybe. &&&&
13.喜欢和厌恶 &1: I like /love...(very much) I like
/love to...&&& 2: I don't
like to... I hate to ... &&&&&
14. 问时间、日期的应答 &A:What day is it? B:It's Monday.A:What's the
date?B:It's Jan. 10th.A:What's the time,please? B:It's
five o'clock/half past five... It's time to ...
15.请求 (1): Can/could you...for me?&
Will/would you please do sth.?&
May I have...? (2): Please give/pass me...&& Please wait (here/a moment).& &&Please wait for your turn.&& Please stand in line.
(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.
16.劝告和建议
better...& You should...& You need to...2:Shall we do sth. ?& Let's do sth. .& What/How about doing sth. ?& 回答: OK. Good idea.
17.禁止和警告
&1:You mustn't play
on the road.&&& If you ...
you'll ...
2:Take care.=Be careful.&
18.表示感情& A:喜悦 Great!That's nice.I'm glad/pleased/happy to...B:焦虑 What's wrong?&&& What's the matter with
you?I'm/He's/She's worried.&&&
Oh, what shall I do?& C:惊奇 Really?Oh, dear!Is that so?
19.约会 &A:Are you free this
afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning?& Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school
gate? B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll
be free then.&& &All right.See you then.
20.语言困难 &Pardon?Please say that
more slowly again.What do you mean by...?I'm sorry I
know only a little English.
21.表示称赞：
&A:Oh, how nice!
Your dress is beautiful.B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank you.
22.常见的标志和说明 BUSINESS HOURS &&&NO PHOTOS &&&OFFICE HOURS &&&THIS SIDE UP &&&OPEN& CLOSED &&PULL& PUSH &EXIT &&&ENTRANCE &&&营业时间 禁止拍照 办公时间 这边向上& 开 关
1.-Would you like to go to the zoo
with us? ____.& A.Yes, please.&& B.That's true.&&& C.Yes, I'd love to.&& D.Quite well.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
2.-I've done quite well in the
exam this term.&& -___ &&&&&&&__.&A.I don't know.&& B.Congratulations.&&&& C.So do I.&&& D.Go on, please.
3.If your friend tells you that he
is ill, you may say&_&&&&&&&&
__&& &A.Excuse me.&&&&& B.I'm sorry to
hear that.& &C.It doesn't matter.&&&& D.I don't think so.
&4.-Have a good journey, Alice.&& A.All right&& B.Thanks a lot.&&& C.Very good&&& D.Much better
&5.The sign&THIS SIDE UP& is
often seen ____. A.on a box&&& B.in the street&&& C.in a cinema&&& D.in a park
&思考题：&&&&&&&&&&&
1.-Thank you for your help. -__&&&&&&&&&&&&
___ A.All right.&&&&& B.That's all
right. C.That's right.&& D.It's
very kind of you.
2.-Do you mind if I close the
window?& -____&&&&&&&&&&&
__ A.No, I mind.&&& B.Yes, I don't mind. &C. No, not at all.&&& D.Yes, I'm afraid not.
3.-Help yourself to some
apples.-__&& A.I don't like
it.&&&& B.Sorry, I
can't help it.C.Never mind.&&&&&& D.Thank
you very much.
4.-Tom will take care of our cat
while we're away. -____ A．Fine, thank you.&&&&
B.I'll do it myself.&& C.That's
very kind of him.&&&&
D.It doesn't matter.
5.-You speak English quite well.
-__&&&&&&&&&&&&
__ A.I don't think so.&&&&&& B.You
don't say so. &C.No, I don't speak
well.&&& D.Thank you. &动词的时态与语态的综合运用确定正确的时态
&1.根据时间状语确定时态.时间状语与时态有着密切的关系.a. I ________ (write) now.&&&& b. I ______(lose) my
pen yesterday.c. We ___________ (study) English
for two years.
&2.根据上下文来确定时态 &&有些句子没有明显的时间状语,又不能用时态呼应规则来对照,这时就可以根据上下文内容来判断时间关系,确定正确时态. A.Where are the twins?&&&
B.They ______ (go) to visit Uncle Wang.&&&&&&&&&&&&
&3.根据主从句的关系来确定时态. &&&&&&&&&&4.根据语言习惯来确定时态
*1.come,go,leave 等趋向性动词的进行时可用来表示即将发生的动作.
*2.永恒的真理和客观存在的状态用一般现在时.
*3.祈使句中,或在情态动词,助动词后,谓语动词用原形Don't _____ (read)in the sun ,
will you?& You'd better _____
(stay)at home since it's raining outside. &注意所填动词的语态 &Today both basketball and volleyball
_________(play) in many countries.&&&&&&&&
确定动词的形式
&1. be busy,what about等后用动词的-ing 形式.& 2.在介词后一般应用动词的-ing 形式. &&&&&&&&&
&3.在 keep,enjoy,finish,mind 等动词后采用动词的--ing 形式.&&&&&&
&4.在动词 decide,hope,wish,hate 等动词后应用动词不定式作宾语,而在ask, tell,want,teach 之后则用动词不定式的复合结构,即 “ask sb. to do sth.”的形式
5.在see,hear,watch,make,let等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式应省略动词不定式符号“ to”, 但在被动句中, 应添上&to&. &&&&&
&6.在 It‘s time(for sb.)to do sth. It's
kind/nice/good of sb. to do sth.It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中, 动词不定式短语作句子真正的主语.
&7.疑问代词/副词 (why 除外) + to do sth. 结构,可在句中作主语, 表语和宾语. &&&&&&&&练习题：
& 1.The Great Green Wall will stop the
wind from ________(blow) the earth away.&&&&&&&&&&
& 2.Mr Smith kept on _____ (ask) the
players to remember-----TEAMWORK
3.Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just
now,so she doesn't know how ____ (do) the problem.
4.The policeman asked the old
granny to put down her heavy box and let him ______ (carry) it for her.
& 5.用help,happen,listen,have,ask,be,plant,miss,leave,look的适当形式填空:(1).WangHai is a good comrade.He
always does his best ________others.(2).Dig the hole big enough,or the
trees can’t ___________well .(3).It's time for class.Let's stop
_______to the teacher.(4).Her face turned red when she
_______ to sing a song for all of us.(5).She is older than Mary but
________much younger.(6).--I can't find my keys.--Maybe
you ___________ them at home.(7).We waited in the next room
while they ____________a meeting.(8).Hurry up.You __________the
train if you don't. 思考题：&&&& 用
send,show,turn,cost,write,fly,get,stop,see,do,hear,go 的适当形式填空
& 1.____ you ___ each other since you left
school ten years ago?&&&&&&&&&&&
& 2.What ___they ___at 8:00 yesterday
evening.&&&&&
& 3.The Smiths are getting ready ___to Australia for
their holdiay.&&&&&&&&
& 4.The beautiful jacket___too much ,
doesn't it?&&&&&&&&
& 5.Lucy and Lily were playing cards when
they ___ a loud knock at the door.&&&&&&&&&&&
& 6.The radio says the rain ___later
on.&&&&&&&&&&
& 7.The boy ___to hospital as soon as the
traffic accident happened.&
& 8.Today films___in English everywhere in
the world.
&&& 9.It's summer now.The
days___longer and the nights shorter.
&& 10.Mother ___ to Shanghai and she'll be back in a week or
so.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
动词的时态（上）A:一般现在时?通常表示目前阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态。 结构 ：1）be动词的第一人称单数为，第三人称单数为，其他人称为。 有一顺口溜体现了它的用法： 我是am你是are ，is跟着他她它, 复数都用are 肯定式:主语+ am /is/are +其他&& 否定式:主语+ am/is/are +not + 其他疑问式:Am /Is /Are + 主语+ 其他?简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语 + am/ is /are(否) No,主语 + am /is/are not缩写形式: I'm == I am That's ==That isWe're ==We are What's== What is&&& You're == You are Who's ==
Who isThey're ==They are Where's ==Where
is&&&& He's ==He is
isn't==is notShe's ==She is aren't==are not&&&& It's == It is 2）行为动词除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词 词尾加-s或-es&& 肯定式:主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数& ， 否定式:主语+助动词 don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他&&&&&&&
疑问式:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他&&&&&&&&&
简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+do/does&&&&&& (否)No,主语+do/does not&&&&&&&&
缩写形式: don't == do not&&& doesn't ==does not注意：have的第三人称单数为has
用法： 1.表示事实,现状,性质或经常的,习惯的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every
five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用,&&& eg. He has a brother. &&&&2.表示普遍真理. eg. The earth goes round the sun.&
3.表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作 . &&eg. Here comes the train.
4.在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时 . &&eg.I'll go with you if you are free
tomorrow. B:一般过去时?表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一般过去时通常由动词的过去式表示。 肯定式:主语+动词的过去式 + 其他&&&&&&&
eg. I got up at six this morning. 否定式:主语 + did not + 动词原形 + 其他&&&&&& eg.John
didn't live here last year. 疑问式:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他&&&& eg.Did you see him a
moment ago? 简略回答.(肯)Yes, 主语 +did&&&& (否)No , 主语 + didn't.
结构： 1.动词的第一、三有称单数用,其他人称用,其肯定式,否定式,疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。&&&& 2.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去式是在动词后加或,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。 &用法 ：1.主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态. &&eg.My father was at work yesterday.
2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often,always 等表示频度的时间状语连用. &&& eg.He always went to work by
bus last summer.
3.和when等连词引导的状语从句连用. &&eg.When she reached home, she had a
short rest.
4.常与表示过去的时间状语, 如… ago, yesterday, last week, in the
old days, when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用. &&&&eg.They
began the work two months ago. Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was.
C:一般将来时?表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态& & 结构： 助动词shall/will + 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用shall，当主语为第三人称时，用will，但主语为第一人称时，也用will &&肯定式:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他否定式:主语+shall/will+not+动词原形+其他.疑问式:Shall/Will+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+shall/will .(否)No,主语+shall/will+not … 缩写形式: 'll ==shall/will
shan't== shall not&&& won't == will not
用法: 1.表示将要发生的动 作或情况,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等. &&&eg. I shall be eighteen years
old next year.
Maybe China's population _______ (pass)
1,300,000,000 by the year 2005.
2.表示某种必然的趋势 &eg. Fish
will die without water.
解析： 1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中,用will 表示请求. &&&eg. Where shall we have the
meeting? &&&&&&& Will
you please lend me your pen?
2.当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等. eg. I will give you an
English--Chinese dictionary for your birthday.
3.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时.&& eg. Tom will write to me when he
gets there. &&&&4.be
going to +动词原形也可表示将来时. (1).表示主观意愿.打算等. eg. He's going to learn English
next term. (2).根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况 &eg. Look at the black clouds!& ----It is going to rain. D:现在进行时?表示目前或目前阶段正在进行的动作。 结构： am/is/are + 动词的-ing形式
用法： 1.表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用时间状语有:now,at the moment 等,并常出现在祈使句的句子中,与 look, listen连用. eg. Are you writing a letter to
your father at the moment?&&
Listen! She is singing in the next room.
2.表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作. &eg. They are planting trees these
days.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
3.表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用. &eg. They are leaving for Australia
tomorrow afternoon.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
注意: 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如 love, like, prefer, hate, see, know等一般不用现在进行时. eg. Lucy prefers art to science. 练习题：
1.Mary and Joe go to the Shopping
Center ___ .& a.once a week&& b. in a week&& c. next week&& d. for a week &&&&&&&&&&&2.Be quiet! The baby ________ (sleep) in
the next room.
3.Dick will pass the message on to
your sister as soon as he ______ (meet) her in her office tomorrow.&
4.The bell for the class rang
while they ___________ (play) on the playground.
5.Lucy said it ___________ (rain)
later on. 思考题:
1.The Chinese people ____(work)
hard to make their country stronger and more beautiful.
2.He'll write to you as soon as he
_____ (arrive ) in Hainan.& 3.The students of Class One ___(have)a
meeting from three to five yesterday afternnon.
4.The sky is black. It ____
(rain), I'm afraid.&&&&
5.If it ___(not snow)tomorrow,we'll go skating&
6.Mr and Mrs Green____(travel)to
the south of China
next week,aren't they? 7.I___(not see)the film with you because I've seen it
already.& 8.He told us that
he_____(stay)here till the next week.&&& 9.I_____(lose)my pen this
morning. I haven't found it yet. 动词的时态（下）G:现在完成时?表示到目前为止已经完成，并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。 结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词
1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just,
before, once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days,today,this year,so far等连用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了) &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.
& 解析：& 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中. &eg. I've left Shanghai
for three days.(×)&&& I've
been away from Shanghai
for three days.( √ ).I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ )&&&& It is /has been three
days since I left Shanghai.( √ ) &
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow,
die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法: &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时. eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be
in/at open-----be open die------be dead close----be
closed become---be borrow---keep& &begin/start-----be on put on----wear leave-----be away (from)
buy-----have fall asleep----be asleepend/finish-----be over catch a
cold-----have a cold join the army----be in the army be
a soldier &&&&join
the Party----be in the Party be a Party member →My brother has been in the army for two
years.&& →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.现在完成时中been to,gone to和been in/at
been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once,twice,already,ever,never等连用.&&& eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里) &&&&&&&&&&&&&&gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地, eg. She has gone to Shanghai。 (表示现在她人不在这里) &&&&&&&&&&&&&&been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days,since I came here等连用. eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved
there.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过去的时间状语yesterday,in 1991,three days ago
last time,last night等连用一般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系. &&&&&&&&&&&&
5.现在完成时中的 for 与 sincefor + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用&&&&&& since + 时间点/从句I have kept the library book for a
week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& 6. It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了. &eg. It is /has been two years since my
brother joined the army. 注意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时
2.when 引导 的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.
3.have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has
&练习题:&&&&& &1.It's a long time since we ____ (meet)
last,isn't it?
& 2.--I know you _______ (choose) a
picture book among these.&
--Yes,Have a look at it, please.&
3.So far,spaceships without people
_______ (reach) the moon and some other partsof the universe.&
& 4.My father____ home for nearly three
weeks.A.has gone away from&&&&& B.has left&& C.has been away from&&&&& D.went away&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
5.Mr and Mrs Green have_____in China for a
week. A.been&& B.got&& C.arrived&& D.reached&&&&&&&&&&&&
& 6.--Where's Mary? --Oh,she _____the
library.A.has gone to&&& B.went to&&&& C.has been to&&&&& D.had gone to &H:过去完成时?表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作 &结构： 助动词had + 动词的过去分词
& 用法： 1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,动作发生的时间为“过去的过去“.表示过去某一时间可用by,before 等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示. &&eg. By the end of last term,we had
learned a thousand English words. & He had finished his homework before his
father came back last night.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& 2.表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态, 一直延续到这一过去时刻,或还将继续下去.& eg. When I got to know him, he had
worked there for twenty years.(注意) 否定式 had not == hadn't 时态的呼应
& 1.主句中谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,从句中的谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态,&
he wants to speak to the headmaster.&& He said that he won't be free
tomorrow.&&& he came last
&&2.主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态,从句中的谓语动词一般情况下要用过去时态的某种形式.&&
&&He said that he was
working hard on his Chinese.he had a very good journey home.&&&& he hadn't bought the
present yet.
he would stop in Moscow on the way. 3.如果从句所述内容是客观真理,则谓语动词总是用一般现在时,而不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响. eg. Miss Gao told us that light
travels much faster than sound.&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& 4.时间或条件状语从句中,若主句是一般将来时或祈使句,从句要用一般现在时代替将来时. & eg.Stop talking when the headteacher
______(walk)into the classroom. & Jim won't watch TV until he ___ (finish)
his homework every time.&&&&&&&&&&&
& 练习题： &1.They were so pleased to
see each other that they almost ____ (forget) everything else around.&&&& 2. The girl put on her
dress and then _______ (go) to the mirror to look at herself.&&
思考题：& &1.I____(leave)my ruler at home. Can I use
yours?&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& 2.Who's Jack London? I ___ never ____
(hear) of that man before.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& 3.I'm afraid I ___ (keep) you waiting
for such a long time.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& 4.--Where ___ you___ (be)?&& --I'm looking for you all the
&& 5.____they____ (know) each other
when they were young?&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& 6.The baby will cry if she ___ (not see)
her mother动词的语态动词的语态---表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态，分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
一、被动语态 结构:1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词. be有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样. &一般现在时 am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词&&&&& 一般过去时 was/were +及物动词的过去分词一般将来时 will +be +及物动词的过去分词&& 现在完成时 have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词&&&&&&&&&&&&
2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词 &否定式:是在助动词 be 或情态动词后加not构成疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成. &&&&&&&&&&&&
用法: 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者.
&eg. The window was broken yesterday.& Is English taught in your school?&&&&&&&&&&
2.强调或突出动作的承受者,此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +动作执行者(宾格)来表示. &eg.The red dress was made by her mother.
The letter must be written by me.
&&& 注 意点：& 1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.→The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.&&&&&&
3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有 be covered with be surprised at&&&&& be interested in
be worried about& be made of/from be
4.某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思.&& eg. This dictionary sells well.
&This kind of car drives fast. &&&&&The woolen
sweater costs $ 88.
&&5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系 &主动句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(动作执行者) (动作承受者)被动句: 主语 +谓语动词的被动