求as if 的所有用法.as if 是用于名词性从句中还是状语从句中?又还是都可以使用在这两者中呢...
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求as if 的所有用法.as if 是用于名词性从句中还是状语从句中?又还是都可以使用在这两者中呢...
Holding his head high, he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn’t exist.as if 与as though 是一组同义词，两者意思相同，用法也相同，只是在口语中人们多半会用as if, 取其简短。as if和as though 用法较为复杂，本文拟对其各种用法做一概述。1．在通常情况下， as if 和as though 所引导的从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气，表示所叙述的情况与事实相反。具体用法如下：1)谈论现在情形的，用过去时（动词be用were,也可用was）：Why is she looking at me as though she knew me? 他为什么那样看我？像是认识我似的。He behaves as if he owned the house. 他的样子好像他拥有这个房子。He treats me as if /as though I were a stranger.He speaks as if he were an Englishman.It’s not as though he was /were poor.2)谈论过去情形的动词形式有以下几种：a)过去式，表示过去的状态，如：He looked at me as if I were mad. 他那样看我，好像我是个疯子。He stood there looking at the train and laughing, as if to miss atrain was the best joke in the world.他站在那里，望着火车哈哈大笑，好像误了火车是天底下最开心的事儿似的。Mr. Coleman always talked as if he knew everything.但是，如果状态动词带有持续时间状语，则用过去完成时：They talked as if they had been friends for years. (高二册，第95页)(试比较：They had been friends for years.)Now it is as though she had known Millie for years. (《现代英语用法词典》)情态动词亦用过去时：She felt as though she could hardly endure such a life.她觉得简直无法忍受这样的生活。b)过去完成时，表示过去的动作先于主句动词而发生或完成，如：It was as if he had lost his last friend.“I remember,” she tells her children now, “how wild his white hairlooked——as if it had been electrified.”（高二册，第91页）必须注意的时，在指过去的动作时，即使主句是现在时，as if 从句中的动词也要用过去完成时：You look as if you’d seen a ghost. 你好像是见了鬼似的。He talks about Rome as though he had been there himself.他讲起罗马的情况来就好像他亲自到过那里似的。c)过去进行时，表示动作正在进行：He heard a noise, as if someone was breathing.（高一册，第211页）He ran as if ghosts were chasing him.I felt as if the ground were slipping beneath my feet. 我感到大地仿佛在脚下滑动。d)过去将来时，表示将要发生的事态：It looked as if it was going to snow. （高一册，第127页）He opened his lips as if he would say something to you.2. 如果as if后面的从句所表示的情况时真实的或很可能时真实的，则动词可以用陈述语气，在feel, look, seemsmell, sound, taste之后尤其如此。试比较：F. T. Wood所著English ColloquialIdioms中的两个例子：He walks as if he is drunk.He walks as if he were drunk.第一句表示“他已经醉了”，第2句则表示“他没有醉”。又如：It looks as if it is going to rain.It looks as if were going to rain.第一例意味着快要下雨了，第二例则意味着不会下雨。再看其她例子：There’s Hob, talking to the ticket-collector. It looks as if hehasn’t got a platform ticket. 那不，霍布正在同检票员说话，看样子还没弄到站台票。You look as if you’ve been running. 你好像刚跑了一阵似的。You look as if you know each other.He looks as if he’s tired.It looks/seems as if you’re right.You have acted as if you like me.It smells as if it is fresh. 闻起来很新鲜。3. 随着语言的发展，as if后面的从句即使反映的不是事实，也可以不用虚拟语气而用陈述语气，这主要出现在口语或不太正式的文体中。例如：With the development of these new tools, it is as if man hassuddenly become a millionaire of the mind.随着这些新工具的发展，人好像突然间成为精神上的百万富翁似的。Teen-agers may talk as if they know it all, but statistics tell adifferent story.The “historical present” is sometimes used in narrative when we wantto describe events vividly as if they are happening in our presence.4. 在非正式文体（尤其是美国英语）中，可以用like做连词代替as if 和as though。例如：It looks like it’s going to rain today.She looks like she’ll win the race.I love that boy like he was my son.He looked like he needed someone to talk to, so we lent him an ear.He sat there smiling like it was his birthday.She started kissing me like we were on our honeymoon.她开始吻我，好像是在度蜜月似的。5. as if和as though从句中的省略当as if和as though从句的主语与主句一致时，该主语和后面的动词可以省略。于是便出现下面几种结构：1) as if 不定式He opened his lips as if (he were) to make some reply.The bee checked its forward speed, circled and then drifted slowlyover the mirrorlike surface of the pool as if to admire its ownreflection. 蜜蜂放慢飞行速度，转了几圈儿，然后在清澈如镜的水潭上空慢慢地飘过，似乎要欣赏它自己的倒影。2) 不定式 形容词或形容词短语Carrie felt as if unable to endure such a life. 嘉莉觉得似乎无法再忍受这种生活了。He lay still for a long while, as if dead.3) as if 介词短语He looked about as if (he was) in search of something.4) as if 现在分词From time to time Jason turned round as though (he was) searchingfor someone.John paused as if expecting Mary to speak. 约翰停下来，似乎是等玛丽开口。Nevertheless, the bee kept exercising the wings slowly up and down,as though assessing the damage.然而，那只蜜蜂仍然在不停地慢慢上下活动着它地翅膀，仿佛在估量着所受的损害。5) as if 名词He acts as if (he was) a fool.6) as if 副词He made that remark as if absently. 他好像是漫不经心地说了那句话。6. 对as if-从句认识上的一个误区对于as if 的用法，一些人的认识上存在着一个误区，即把asif从句中动词的形式与主句的时态相联系。如1993年第10期《英语自学》中《浅谈由as if (asthough)和wish引出的虚拟语气就明确指出：“在由as if (asthough)引出的表示虚拟语气的方式状语从句中，如果主句的谓语是一般时，那么其从句的谓语一般应该用动词的过去式(be用were)；反之，如果主句的谓语用一般过去时，那么从句谓语一般用“had 过去分词”。这种认为从句动词形式受主句时态制约的观点是不符合语言实际的。实际上，as if和 asthough后谓语动词的形式与主句时态无关。本文前面列举的一些例句足以证明这一点，《现代英语惯用法词典》上也有如下例句：He looks as if he were ill.He looked as if he were ill.He looks as if he had been ill.He looked as if he had been ill.我们在前面也有过类似的例句。下面在提供一些主句用现在时而从句仍用过去完成时的例句：A: We’ve been back at work now for three days. 我们回来上课到现在已三天了B: I feel as if I had been back for three months. 我感到似乎已回来三个月了。（比较：I have been back for three months.）6. as if和as though的功能1) 引导方式状语从句They talked as if they had been friends for years.2) 引导表语从句He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. (高二册，第92页)3) 引导感叹句，表示对某种建议、假定、想象等的反对：As if I cared! 好像我很在乎似的！（相当于：I don’t care!）As if anyone would believe that story! 好像人人都会相信那种说法似的！He warned me against associating with people of doubtful character.As if I ever should! 他告诫我不要同可疑的人来往，好像我真会那样做似的！
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里面的 writing 部分。 （2）确定主题句 主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作 用。通常主题句出现 在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。 写主题句应注意以下几点： ①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点 ②提炼出一句具有概括性的话 ③主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。（二）巧用连接词 要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词 表示罗列增加 First, second, third,First, then / next, after that / next, finally For one thing … for another…, On (the) one hand…on the other hand, Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also, Especially / In particular, 表示时间顺序 now, at present, recently,after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally,immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment, form now on, from then on,at the same time, meanwhile,till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during, 表示解释说明 now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover, furthermore, in fact, actually 表示转折关系 but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of course, after all, 表示并列关系 or, and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or, neither …nor 表示因果关系 because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, as a result (of), otherwise, so…that, such…that 表示条件关系 as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless 表示让步关系 though, although, as, even if, even though, whether …or…, however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when,whom) 表示举例 for example, for instance, such as…, take… for example 表示比较be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)…just like, just as, 表示目的 for this reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to, 表示强调 in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all, 表示概括归纳 in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in conclusion （三）掌握常用句型： 台湾英语资源网 http://www.esl.tw 里面有很多，下面只列举比较常用的。 1. in order to 为了实现他的梦想，他学习非常努力。 He worked very hard in order to realize his dream. 2. in order that 她拼命干活以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪。 She worked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock.. 3. so…that 他们太累了，除了伸懒腰什么都做不了了。 They were all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn. 4. such…that 天气非常冷，以致于街上一个人都没有。 It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street. 5. would rather do…than do 他宁愿听他人讲而不愿自己说。 He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 6. prefer doing to doing 他宁愿在精心准备后去做报告。 He prefers making speeches after careful preparation. 7. prefer to do…rather than do 比起女人，男人总是宁可在家睡觉也不愿花那么多时间来购物。 Compared with women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time shopping. summary, in8. not only…but also 在短短的三年的时间里她不但完成了所有课程，而且还获得了博士学位。 In just three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also received her doctor’s degree. 9. either…or 如果考试过关，你可以买一个 MP3 或去云南玩一趟。 You could either buy an MP3 or go to Yunnan for a visit if you pass the exam. 10. Neither…nor 他是一个无聊的人，既不爱娱乐，也不爱读书。 He is a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading. 11. as well as 他善良又乐于助人。 He was kind as well as helpful. 12. …as well 这个小孩活泼又可爱。 The child is active and funny as well. 13. One…the other 你看见桌子上有两只笔吗？一支是红色的，另一支是黑色的。 Have you seen two pens on the desk? One is red, the other is black. 14. Some…others 每个人都很忙，有些在读书，有些在写作。 Everyone is busy in classroom. Some are reading, others are writing. 15. make…+adj /n 我们所做的可以让世界更美丽。 What we do will make the world more beautiful. 16. not…until 直到他告诉我发生的事，我才了解真相。 I didn’t know the truth until she told me what happened. 17. as if 他夸夸其谈好像什么事都知道。 He talks a lot as if he knows everything. 18. It is no use (good) doing… 假装不懂规则是行不通的。 It’s no use pretending that you didn’t know the rules.19. find it + adj to do… 我觉得作听力时有必要作笔记。 I find it necessary to take down notes while listening. 20. It is + time since… 我已经有两年没见他了。 It is two years since I last met him. 21. It is + time when… 我到电影院时已经八点钟了。 It was 8 o’clock when I got to the cinema. 22. It is + time before… 不久我们就会再见面的。 I won’t be long before we can meet again. 23. It is…that… 我最珍视的是友谊。 It is friendship that I value most. 24. It is + n / adj + that / to do… 每个人都必须懂得如何使用计算机 It is a must that everybody should know how to use computers.写作辅导：写作核心句型 核心句型 1． 开头 1. The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (take into account) that fact that… 2. As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly/generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas/views), I believe (argue that… 3. Although many people believe that …, I doubt (wonder) whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination). 4. The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A. 5. Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that …, it is unlikely to be true that… 6. There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and morebasic (important / essential) fact (reason) that… 7. It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,)…, but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesn’t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won’t be the case) that… 8. The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that … 9. It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that…, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that … 10. In all the discussion and debate over…, one important (basic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected). 11. There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that… 12. Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) when … is taken into consideration (account). 13. To assume (suggest) that … is far from being proved (to miss the point). 14. A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless / fallacious) it is. 15. On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that… 16. Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to) … may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts… 17. The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that… 18. What the arguer fails to understand (consider /mention) is that… 19. We don’t have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this argument (proposition). 20. However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem. 2． 正文 1. Although the popular belief is that…, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that… 2. Common sense tells us that… 3. The increase (change / failure / success) in… mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of)…4. The increase (change / failure /success) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that… 5. Many people would claim that… 6. One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change) to …, but … is not by itself an adequate explanation. 7. One of the reasons given for … is that… 8. What is also worth noticing is that… 9. There are many (different / several / a number of / a variety of) causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change /decline / increase) in .. First,… Second,… Finally,… 10. There is no evidence to suggest that… 11. Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, … For another, … 12. Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that… 13. It gives rise to (lead to / bring / create) a host of problems (consequences). 14. There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones. 15. It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on… 16. A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success/ failure / development) in… 17. In 1999, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent). 18. By comparison with 1998, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent). 19. It account for 15 percent of the total. 20. There were 100 traffic accidents in April, and increase of 5 percent in a five-month period. 21. By 1999, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over / as many as) three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) college population (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (1998) preferred to (liked)… 3． 结尾 1. From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that… 2. All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n)unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that … 3. It is high time that we place (lay / put) great ( special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of… 4. It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of… 5. We must look (search / all / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of… 6. There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution ( approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial). 7. No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of …, but the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of … might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction). 8. Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to)…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort. 9. Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that… 10. Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to)…, it is very likely (the chances are good) that… 11. There is little doubt (no denying) that serous (special / adequate / immediate /further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of … 12. It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct / check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon). 13. It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate) efforts should be make to control (check / halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of … 14. It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing / improving)… 15. It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy). 16. Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential / grave/ serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of… 17. To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state of main towards (attitude towards / outlook on)… 18. For these reasons, I strongly recommend that… 19. For the reasons given above, I feel that…英语写作十字真经：研习、背诵、默写、互译、模仿 英语的书面表达一直以来就是英语学习的瓶颈。在此，笔者向各位学习者提供突 破英语写作的十字建议，即研习、背诵、默写、互译、模仿，概括出培养写作能 力的五个方面，如能严格遵循，定能柳暗花明。 研 习 “没有规矩，不成方圆。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天 习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习， 需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的 精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章 法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话 题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里；二是思绪万千，却 无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以 至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后 领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等 等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各 种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有 善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。 背 诵 背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之 间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模 像样的文章。 只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中 (commit the highlights to memory)，才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于 写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活 用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、 经典篇章。 重点词汇 美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像 fall victim（受害） ，stand a fair chance（大有希望） 这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的 用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family） 。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用， 得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心 这一主题的词汇总结如下： emotional strength 情感的力量 the noblest of human emotions 人类最高尚的情感 no thought of gain 不计得失 the lamp of love 爱心之灯 help the victims of natural disasters 支援自然灾害受害者 donate whatever they can 倾囊相助 help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞 be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手 When we use the word “love”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions. As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can D be it money or goods D to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves. In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非 常狭隘的解释。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都 能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的 情感。 说到爱心的力量， 我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然 灾害受害者的。 尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫 地倾囊相助DD不管是钱还是物DD帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做 并不考虑自己的得失。 我认为， 表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向 有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能 够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之 灯的光芒就越闪亮。 常用套语 套语指流行的公式化语言，在写作中适当使用颇有必要。如在商业信函结尾，期 望对方早日回复的表达方式就要遵循套语的基本模式，使表达规范得体。下面试 举几个例子： Kindly favor us with an early reply. 请早日赐复。 Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated. 如能及时回复，将不胜感谢。 We look forward to hearing from you soon. 早日回复。 We are expecting your prompt reply. 急盼回复。 Please have the kindness to answer this letter quickly. 请早日回信。 Kindly let us have your reply at your earliest convenience. 请在您方便时尽早赐函。 We would appreciate it if you could respond right away. 如能即刻回复，将不胜感谢。 当前流行应试写作模板， 即套语的使用贯穿文章始终，为考生提供万能公式型的 文章主架，每句表达皆由固定套语框定，考生只要背下套用句型、过渡词语，在 考试中根据特定考题填充具体内容。这种应试策略使写出的文章矫揉造作，生硬 刻板，虽可以让考生及格过关，但绝对得不到高分。套语的过多使用不妨可以比 作大海中的救生圈， 有了它， 仅仅可以让不擅游泳者保全性命， 却无法自在畅游， 一展泳姿。一般而言，套语较为空洞，如使用过多，文章容易流于空泛，言之无 物。写作宜虚实结合，形式与内容相统一。下例是一篇比较在家学习与入校读书 谁优谁劣的范文， 文中巧妙地使用了一些固定句式和过渡词语，不仅增强了表达效果，而且实现了形式与内容的统一。 There are two major arguments that can be made for studying at home. First, as advances in the electronic media have brought the whole world of scholarship into the home via the Internet and educational courses on TV, the classroom is no longer the only place for acquiring knowledge. Second, it is widely held that a person studies better in the familiar surroundings of his own home and when he can arrange his own study time. But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are advantages to studying in the classroom, too. Being surrounded by people of roughly the same abilities and interests can be a great stimulus to acquiring knowledge, whereas studying in solitude at home is boring for many people. More importantly, there can be no substitute for a good teacher, who must not only be able to impart facts and theories, but also to appraise and encourage his students. Given the choice between these two methods of learning, I prefer the classroom. This is because I am the sort of person who finds it difficult to concentrate on study in the midst of household chores, and disturbances from visitors and telephone calls. The classroom environment, I feel, is the only one in which most people feel comfortable applying all their energies to the all-important task of acquiring knowledge. 关于在家学习，我们可以提出两个主要论点。第一，由于电子媒体方面取得的进 步把整个世界的知识通过互联网和电视上的教育课程带入了家庭， 教室不再是惟 一获取知识的场所。第二，人们普遍认为，在自己家里这样熟悉的环境中，并且 能自己安排学习时间，一个人能学得更好。 但是， 我们不能忽视在教室里学习也有好处这一事实。周围都是能力相近和兴趣 相投的人可能会对获取知识形成巨大的刺激， 而对很多人来说孤独一人在家学习 会有些枯燥乏味。更重要的是，没有什么可以替代一个好老师，他不仅能够传道 授业，而且能够评估并鼓励学生。 如果在两种学习方法中选择， 我更喜欢在教室里学习，因为我是那种很难在家务 琐事、客人、电话的打扰下集中注意力学习的人。我认为大多数人只有在教室里 才能把全部精力放在获取知识这件十分重要的工作上。 精彩句子 精彩句子指文章中句式优美、 蕴含哲理的句子。精彩句子的背诵有助于写作时的 引用和模仿。如在阅读美国前总统约翰?肯尼迪(John F. Kennedy)的就职演说 (Inaugural Address)时，可以记住诸如“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask whatyou can do for your country.（不要问国家能为你做什么， ” 而要问你能为国家做什么。 ） 这样的传世佳句，当你写关于爱国(patriotism)主题的作文时，则可以适时引用。现 仍以上面谈“爱心”的文章为例，其中值得背诵的句子为数不少。摘录如下： ①Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. 爱心是情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。 ②People all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can D be it money or goods D to help their needy fellow citizens. 全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助DD不管是钱还是物DD帮助那些有需要的同胞。 ③The best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. 表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。 ④The darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines. 悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。 优秀段落 阅读时，我们经常会碰到一些过目难忘的段落。这些段落或者表达流畅、文笔优 美，或者逻辑缜密、结构严谨。根据表达需要，有不同的功能段落，如现象说明 段、观点陈述段、原因列举段、利弊解释段、结论归纳段、趋势预测段、措施建 议段等。有些优秀段落可以作为写作的功能段落加以背诵，对于我们拓展思路、 规范行文大有裨益。在背诵过程中，熟练掌握各种功能段落的行文规则，自己在 表达时就能驾轻就熟。下面仅举观点陈述段和措施建议段各一例。 观点陈述段（陈述“民族文化应该成为世界文化”的观点） A culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial for all mankind. Since China has opened its doors widely to the outside world, many people from different countries want to visit China. They will come to accept and love Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be shared generously with foreign people, who show great interest in it. Meanwhile, as more and more foreigners come to China, they bring aspects of their own culture to share with the Chinese people. In this way, people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire a better understanding of each other and live peacefully together. 一个国家的文化可能成为世界文化，这对全人类都有益。由于中国已经向外界敞 开了国门， 许多来自不同国家的人都希望来看一看中国。他们会开始接受并喜欢 整个中国文化，中国文化应该大大方方地让感兴趣的外国人分享。与此同时，随着来中国的外国人越来越多，他们也把他们自己的文化带给了中国人。这样，世 界各国的人们就能够更好地相互理解、和平相处。 措施建议段（建议“人口老龄化”的解决措施） The rapidity of the population’s aging has made it more urgent for the adoption of countermeasures. No doubt, the key is to build a solid economic foundation. Meanwhile, importance should be attached to overall social progress by changing the backward situation in social security, welfare and service. What’s more, family care and community services should also be encouraged. 人口老龄化的加速使采取应对措施变得更为紧迫。毫无疑问，解决问题的关键是 建立稳固的经济基础。与此同时，应该重视整体的社会进步，改变社会保障、福 利和服务的落后局面。除此之外，应该鼓励家庭照料和社区服务。 经典篇章 古往今来，英语宝库中涌现出大批经典佳作，如林肯的《葛底斯堡演说》(The Gettysburg Address)，福克纳的诺贝尔奖演说(Banquet Speech)，海伦?凯勒的《给我 三天光明》(Three Days to See)。这些文章在文字的运用上技法高超，在思想内涵 上寓意深刻，读来字字珠玑，文字优美，启迪心智，含义隽永(full of exquisite words and truth, satisfying the mind, appealing to the heart)。这样的文章如不能熟读成诵，则 无法融会贯通。 背诵一定数量的经典名篇既有助于提高自己遣词造句的能力，也 有助于加强自己表达思想的深度。下面的一篇短文是英国哲学家罗素(Bertrand Russell)自传的序言部分，题为 What I Have Lived For（我的人生追求） ，概述了作者 一生追求的三种理想，文章在语言和思想两个方面都堪称经典，值得背诵。 What I Have Lived For Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy D ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness D that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saintsand poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what D at last D I have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people D a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I can’t, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me. 我的人生追求 有三种简单然而无比强烈的激情左右了我的一生：对爱的渴望，对知识的探索和 对人类苦难的难以忍受的怜悯。这些激情像飓风，无处不在、反复无常地吹拂着 我，吹过深重的苦海，濒于绝境。 我寻找爱，首先是因为它使人心醉神迷，这种陶醉是如此的美妙，使我愿意牺牲 所有的余生去换取几个小时这样的欣喜。我寻找爱，还因为它解除孤独，在可怕 的孤独中，一颗颤抖的灵魂从世界的边缘看到冰冷、无底、死寂的深渊。最后， 我寻找爱，还因为在爱的交融中，神秘而又具体而微地，我看到了圣贤和诗人们 想象出的天堂的前景。 这就是我所寻找的， 而且， 虽然对人生来说似乎过于美妙， 这也是我终于找到了的。 以同样的激情我探索知识。 我希望能够理解人类的心灵。我希望能够知道群星为 何闪烁。我试图领悟毕达哥拉斯所景仰的数字力量，它支配着此消彼涨。仅在不 大的一定程度上，我达到了此目的。 爱和知识，只要有可能，通向着天堂。但是怜悯总把我带回尘世。痛苦呼喊的回 声回荡在我的内心。忍饥挨饿的孩子，惨遭压迫者摧残的受害者，被儿女们视为 可憎负担的无助的老人，连同这整个充满了孤独、贫穷和痛苦的世界，使人类所 应有的生活成为了笑柄。我渴望能够减少邪恶，但是我无能为力，而且我自己也 在忍受折磨。这就是我的一生。我发现它值得一过。如果再给我一次机会，我会很高兴地再活 它一次。 （方舟子译） 默 写 默写也是提高写作的一个重要环节，即把背熟的东西付诸纸端。这个过程不仅是 为了检验自己的记忆效果， 更为重要的是训练正确的书面表达能力。在英语学习 中，我们少有机会动笔写英文，长期以来，手笔生疏，导致提笔即错。再者，由 于受汉语思维和习惯的种种影响，在潜意识里容易犯一些英语表达错误。普遍存 在的语言错误包括主谓一致、时态处理、冠词用法、名词单复数形式、单词拼写 等， 尤其在单词拼写方面， 很多人混淆词性， society, economy, difficulty 写成 social, 把 economic, difficult；再如字母位置错误，将 true, tired, modern 写作 ture, tried, morden；诸如此类。这些看似微妙的错误如果不加以有意识的克服，可能会发展 为根深蒂固的习惯，成为写作中的重大弊病。通过默写，写出曾经记诵过的段落 字句，之后自我查验、批改，发现并纠正在动笔中的错误，可以有效克服自己潜 意识中的英文错误，提高实际写作时的熟练和准确程度。 互 译 能够在英汉两种语言之间自如转换是英语学习的一个至高境界。尝试英汉互译， 即把英语文章翻译成地道汉语， 间隔数日再将汉语翻译回英文。英文和汉语在表 情达意方面存在着诸多差异，可惜学习者往往观察不足，领悟不深。通过互译训 练，比较异同，可以强化我们对两种语言之间差异的认知，可以加强英语表达能 力。在复原成英文的过程中，词汇表达、句式结构、段落组织、篇章布局等各个 方面、多个角度都得到复习。同时，可以有效避免中国式英语在作文中的出现。 中式英语在书面表达中屡见不鲜， 根源在于学习者受到汉语表达和中式思维的制 囿。 英汉互译有助于冲破两种语言习惯的壁垒， 有助于超越两种语言思维的障碍， 有助于思维与表达取得和谐的统一， 有助于将中文的思想地道流畅地传达为英语 语言。互译的实质在于巧妙地借翻译手段促进英语的创作性表达。 模 仿 在自己写文章时，应有意识地调用以前的积累，正向迁移，融入自己的写作，包 括语言表达、文章章法、写作技巧等，最终达到学以致用的目的。如果记忆中有 像 “Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. ”（不是我爱凯撒浅，而是我 爱罗马深。 ）这样的经典名句，当写作有关英语学习的文章时不妨模仿这个句式: Not that we can’t master English, but that we have not been willing to take pains. （不是我们不能掌握英语，而是我们不愿付出努力。 正如学好书法常要描红，学好绘画常 ） 须描摹，写好文章则需要模仿。Beauty imitated is beauty recreated. （模仿美就是创 造美。 ）赋予经典的表达以新的内涵，这也是一种创新。模仿他人目的在于提高 自己。模仿与借鉴为写作所必须。总之，Good writing favors the prepared mind. （好的写作总是照顾那些有准备的人。 ） 英语写作能力的真正提高有赖于上述概括为十字的五大策略，望朋友们勤之勉 之，将其融入自己的学习实践，打下坚实的语言基础，真正实现从阅读到写作的 飞跃，达到英语读写能力的完美统一。逐步积累，有所准备，需要之时就可以手 到擒来，应对自如，使英文写作成为自身的一项技能。英语议论文的语言特点 由于与其他文体相比，英语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说明文的 一些语言特点，比如：时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽 可能指明信息来源等等。 但作为一种独立的文体，英语议论文在语言上也有一些 自己特有的表达形式： 1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子 与英语说明文相比， 英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者 接受自己的观点，因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还必须注意委婉。在英语 中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词 can，could，may，might，would， should 等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字： （1） one should be admitted into No （招收进） college without a personal interview （面 试）.What can admissions people（招生人员）tell from a piece of paper？They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student face to face，can they decide what kind of a person he is. （2） Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper， as how such well a person writes and what he is interested in，there may be many other things that an application （申请表）can not tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks，the way he thinks about and answers questions，the way he reacts （反应） ，are all important facts of a person which can not be found on a piece of paper. 两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”， 但相比之下， （2） 例 用了情态动词，though 引导的让步状语从句等表达方式，语气较为委婉，更容易为读者所接受。 2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构 英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性 质的过渡词和连接词，常用的包括：since （既然） ，now that（既然） therefore ， （因而） ，consequently（因此） ，accordingly（因此） ，hence（因而） that case（在 ，in 那种情况下） ，because（因为） ，so（所以） 。另外，还有些句型也常出现在英语 议论文中， 比如： It follows that… （因而……） If…， may conclude that… ， we （如果……， 我们可以这样下结论……） Should it be the case ， （如果是这样的话……） Idon't want ， to…，but…（我并不想……，但是……） If you admit…，then…（如果你承认……， ， 那么……） is true that…，but…（诚然……，但是……） Even if…（即使……） ，It ， 等。 下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡 词等词语结构，从而使文章的辩论和推理条理清晰，富有说服力： Some people say that they will not give up smoking because they have the right to do what they want to do since smoking is not against the law.Yes，it's true that smoking does not violate （违反）the law and therefore they can do as they like，but what is equally true is that they have to be responsible for what they do at the same time. Now I don't want to bring fears to anyone，but here are some statistics（统计数字）I've just got from newspaper：Over seventy percent of the people who died of lung cancer were heavy smokers. More than thirty-five percent deformed（畸形的）babies have smoking mothers. Even if those chain smokers （一支接一支抽烟者） not afraid for themselves， are shouldn't they be afraid for their family members if they have got any？英语写作中的修辞 修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。 但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需 要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段，而且运用得好，会使语句生动从而增添 语句亮点。 因此， 掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。 对于大学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以下修辞手段，又称语句辞格，包括结构 辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转义、双关、矛盾等 则为语义辞格。 1.对比正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思， 因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。 如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况， 就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语 句的亮点。 1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可 以这样达： Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods， ragged in spirit. 注： but （ 句中 rich in 与 ragged in，goods 与 spirit 具有正反对比的关系和效果。 ） 2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达： The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中 the advantages 与 the disadvantages 具有正反对比的关系和效果。 ） 3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事 实”，可以这样表达： They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中 have noticed 与 have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements 与 a more important fact 具有正反对比的关系和效果。 ） 4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达： It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing. （注： 句中 negative 与 positive 具有正反对比的关系和效果） 5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以 这样表达： We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.（注：句中 similar to 与 different from 具有正反对比的关系和效果） 2.排比英文中有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感 到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达： Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong. 3.重复英文一般讲求简洁， 因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。 英文的重复又根 据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、 句尾重复、 首尾重复、 尾首重复等。 1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为 未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达： Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分 为句首的 now it the time to） 2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达： We long for success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复， 重复的部分为句尾的 for success.）3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达： I am convinced that we can succeed，and Iam convinced that we must succeed.（注： and 所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的 I am convinced that 与句尾的 succeed） 4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以 这样表达： We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and 之前的句尾与 and 之后的句首重复，重复部分为 a new era.） 4.倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法 结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装 结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。 这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进 行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充满 着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达： Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances. 5.转义转义 是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等， 比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。 1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为： What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture. （注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了 like 一词） 2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为： Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点 是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用 like 一词） 3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为： I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物 的名称宋代替另一事物的名称， 使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都 是可以用换喻来表达的） 4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为： A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分 来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用 hand 一词代 表整个人） 5）如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为： A great misfortune crept over the whole city.（注：此句采用拟人。拟人的特点是将 事物人格化） 6）如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：This is really a great stupid idea.（注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反 说，具有讽刺意味） 7）如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为： I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy. 注： （ 此句采用夸张。 夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词）如何进行英语记叙文写作训练 高考记叙文的写作一般要求考生根据试卷中提供的情景，组织语言材料，编 写成文。一般说来，记叙文有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果六要 素， 写作时要明白、清楚地给予表达。写人时，要注意介绍人物的身世、经历和事迹 等；叙事时，要写清事情发生与发展的过程以及事情发生的前因后果等。进行记 叙文写作训练时，应该注意以下三点： 首先，我们要让学生学习记叙文写作的六要素――人物、事件、时间、地点、 原因和结果，在记叙文写作时要把六要素交待清楚。让学生学习、掌握记 叙文 的中心和材料的关系， 学会从具体的材料中提炼中心，并根据中心思想的需要选 择材料，合理安排情节。让学生学习记叙文写作的顺序要求，学会正确使用叙事 的三种方法：顺叙、倒叙和插叙。让学生学习记叙文写作的详略要求，在写作中 能根据中心思想的需要确定详略， 分清主次。 让学生学习记叙文写作的人称知识， 学 会运用第一人称和第三人称进行写作。让学生了解记叙文记人、叙事、写景、 状物要准确、生动、真实的要求，学会运用多种表达方式。 其次，把阅读教学与写作指导结合起来进行训练。结合记叙文的阅读教学， 通过仿写、改写等手段，使学生的读与写融会贯通。阅读记叙文，重在对记叙文 写法的分析、阐述；学写记叙文，重在对记叙文知识运用的指导、点拨。 第三，教学生如何确定写作中心。根据这个中心，思考能够扩展的材料有哪 些，要避免写那些与中心内容无关的细节。围绕中心，列出写作提纲。提纲 一 定要包含所提供的情景要点， 同时要尽量使用自己熟悉的词语与句型将其扩展成 篇。扩展时要注意写作要求的字数，防止由于字数不够而引起的扣分。 下面从三个方面来分析记叙文的写作训练：(―)叙述的人称： (1)第一人称叙述(First―person narrator)：写作者以当事人的口气，即第一人称 来叙述，把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻来告诉读者，用主观的表现手法，给 读者一种亲切自然的感 觉，如同亲身经历一样，加强了事件的可信性，直接抒 发作者的思想情感，从而引起读者的共鸣。 (2)第三人称叙述(Third―person narrator)：写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述事件， 以客观的写作方法， 能够充分反映事件中各人的感受及见解，以全知的视角来叙 述。 (二)叙述的内容： 一篇记叙文应注意交代清楚事情的始末及细节，即何时、何地、何事、何人 及何因(when，where，what，who and why／how)，做到有条有理，使读者易于明白。 1．事件：为了引起读者的注意，可以从一些纠纷或交叉事件中展开，直到 高潮出现，再将问题解决。 2．人物：集中主要人物的描写，记叙人物遇到的事情及人物有什么影响。 3．时态：一般多采用一般过去时。 (三)叙述的方法： 一般叙述的线索可分为以下几种： (1)以时间为线索，按时间的顺序来展开。 (2)以地点为线索，以地点的转移为顺序来展开。 (3)以事件发展的过程为线索，或以人物出现的先后次序来展开。 (4)以事物的象征意义为线索来展开。(5)以人物的思想行为及认知的过程为线索来展开。 总之， 英文写作是一个学生综合能力的书面体现，是一个长期复杂的训练过 程。因此，培养学生的写作能力不是一蹴而就的，而要在平时就从学生的实 际 水平出发，有目的、有计划、有要求、有检查、有反馈地进行，由易至难，循序 渐进。只有这样，学生到高时考才能做到厚积薄发，思如泉涌、下笔如有神。 练习： 1．请将下面对话改写成一篇记叙文。 “Do you believe in life after death?”Jack’s boss asked Jack． “Yes，sir．” “Well， then， makes everything just fine， the boss went on. “About an hour after you that ” left yesterday to go to your grandpa’s funeral，he dropped into see you．” 文中应该说明：(1)Jack 向老板请假一天的理由是什么? (2)Jack 回来后，老板 向他提出什么问题?(3)老板举出什么事实?(4)当时 Jack 的表情如何? 词数大约 100。 2．请根据下面的提示写一篇词数为 120 左右的记叙文：(1)昨天你第一次跟 着妈妈去你家附近新开设的市场，你妈妈经常去那里买东西。(2) 市场里人很多， 各类商品随处可见，叫卖声此起彼伏，人们在谈论着商品和价格。(3)你曾要妈妈 买点鲜鱼。虽然到处都在卖冻鱼，但你们没费什么劲也买到了鲜 鱼。(4)妈妈还 买了一些别的东西。(5)市场上的一切给你留下了深刻的印象。艺考生的救命稻草！ 突破 130 分，快速提高 30 分的锦囊妙计！ 6 步搞定任何高考英语阅读真题，一般人不告诉他（她）！2013 吴军高考英语阅读理解 3 天提分秘术众说周知，得阅读、完形者得天下！ 文章看没看懂不重要，关键是要选对！ 高考英语阅读的核心暗示点：词和短语！ 题目（或题干）有暗示，秘笈为你精准导航！ 选项与出题点之间存在逻辑关系，3 天帮您梳理！ 速度比完美更重要，思路比题海要有效！2013 高考英语阅读 3 天提分秘术， 既不是神人的牛 B 押题，也不是最牛高 考班的密卷！而是沈阳高分英语家教吴军老师从
年 2700 多篇高考英 语阅读真题答案内幕规律衍生出的迅捷提分秘诀！ 2013 高考英语阅读 3 天提分秘术是纸质的解析讲解类自学教案，而不是如 同上大课般的名师讲座光盘（如高分突破，提分宝典，四步兵法，高频考点等）， 你可以站着，躺着，甚至在卫生间里也可以阅读自学！ 立竿见影！ 以一顶百！ 年来我们在自我独门秘笈的基础上， 9 20%参阅了 132 种全国知名高考英语教案或资料（如：新东方，张清波，北京四中李俊和，管卫 东，提分宝典，高频考点等） 。但发现很多名师教案与高考提分关联度小，因为 相当一部分名师只是把自己在考研和雅思领域的研究成果生搬硬套到高考英语 教学中（讲述的高频词汇严重超纲，甚至是大学 6 级的） ，而不是深入到 2700 篇历届阅读真题中潜心研究，效果可想而知。还有些重点高中一线老师，将自己 上课用的教案制作成光盘用以贩卖，其实质不过是高频考点和词汇的串讲，有的 甚至用 35%的篇章讲述如何记忆单词，而广告却说是提分秘笈，真是让人遗憾！ 好消息！吴军老师 2012 高考英语 3 天提分秘诀仅释放了其 30%的功力，就 达到了 90%以上的客户满意度，为了配合文科其他科目的上市，2013 年吴军高 考英语将释放其 70%的功力，2013 年高考英语提分速度和幅度将再升一倍，看 完下列示例后，还不赶紧抢购呀！目录： 一、2013 阅读吴军猜题秘术: 备选项高频答案特征 二、2013 阅读吴军暗示点秒杀: 备选项高频答案词 三、擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码 四、阅读出题点与细节题吴军答题法则五、阅读文章结构、题材与推论题吴军突破秘诀 六、阅读词汇、文章及作者态度题吴军破解规律2013 阅读吴军猜题秘术: 备选项高频答案特征（10 条秘诀）秘诀一：被动结构是备选项高频答案特征！【2010 辽宁卷 B 篇】I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I'm in London. And my friend Mallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There, '“I‘m having a dinner party' means: &I'm booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can't afford and we'll be sharing the checque evenly, no matter what you eat.& Worse, in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives. They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don‘t drink, end up paying even more. But if I try to use the same trick, the hostess will shout: &Where are you going?& And it's not like I can say I have somewhere to go: everyone know I have nowhere to go. But in London, dinner parties are in people's homes.(转折对比,说明前面 New Yorkers 评价是Self-centred.) Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix. The last time I went to one, theguests were from France, India. Denmark and N it was like a gathering at the United Nations in New York. The mix is less striking. It's like a gathering at Bloomingdale's, a well-known department store. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York? A There is a strange mix of people. C. The bill is not fairly shared. B. The restaurants are expensive. D. People have to pay cash63. What is the author's opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience？ A. Easy-going. B. Self-centred. C. Generous. D. Conservative.【2012 四川卷 E 篇】So far, efforts to cut emissions（排放）of planet-warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century ― a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world’s temperature? A. It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979.B. Its change will lead to weather extremes. C. It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1990. D. It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century.【2012 四川卷 A 篇】The seasons change just outside the door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars‘（杨树）putting out the first green leaves of spring. The rainbow smelt fills the local steam as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean? A. The change of seasons is easily felt. B. The seasons make the scenes change. C. The weather often changes in the forest. D. The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons.【2012 陕西卷 C 篇】 authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for The healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55. What can we learn from the text? A. Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart. B. The EPA conducted many studies on air quality. C. Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking, D. Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.【2012 江西卷 D 篇】 those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today For has turned the countries into a series of villages．Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet plane fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago. Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, notendured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. Then there is the time spent being Dprocessed‖ at a modern airport. People are conveyed like r baggage is weighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passenger move again to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes, but the hours devoted to being “processed‖ at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winning back passengers from the airlines. Man, however, is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many p whole new industries have been built around its design and operation. The holiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busy airports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days, relaxing in the sun. speed controls people‘ time saved, in work or play, is the important thing―or so we are told. Perhaps those first horsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a better world than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock was not their master. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73.According to Paragraph3, passengers are turning back to modern high-speed trains because_____． A.they pay less for the tickets B.they feel safer during the travel C.they can enjoy higher speed of travel D.they don‘t have to waste time being “processed” 75.What is the main idea of the passage? A.Air travel benefits people and industries． B.Train Travel has some advantages over air travel． C.Great changes have taken place in modern travel. D.The high speed of air travel is gained at a cost.2013 阅读吴军暗示点秒杀: 备选项高频答案词 17 项不到 90 个单词） （秘诀 9：lead to(result in, bring about, cause)是选项中答案高频暗示词!【2012 浙江卷 C 篇】 First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between studentsbegin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51. From Paragraph 2 we can learn that________ . A. violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime B. a small conflict can lead to violence C. students tend to lose their temper easily D. the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight 具体! 具体!【2011 湖北卷 D 篇】 own generation has access to more nutritious food .more convenient our transport .bigger houses, better ears .and of course, more pounds and dollars than any who lived before us .This will continue as long as we there things to make other things, This more we specialize and exchange, the better off we‘ll be. 2) Brilliant advances One reason we are richer, healthier, taller, cleverer, longer-lived and freer than ener before is that the four most basie human needs -food, clothing, fuel and shelter- have grown a lot cheaper. Take one example. In 1800 a candle providing one hour‘s light cost six hours‘ work. In the 1880s the same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes‘ work to pay for. In 1950 it was eight seconds. Today it‘s half second. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65. The candle and lamp example is used to show that A. oil lamps give off more light than candles B. shortening working time brings about a happier life. C. advanced technology helps to produce better candles. D. increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods. .秘诀 10：Control (handle, deal with )是选项中答案高频暗示词!【2012 天津卷 D 篇】 Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don‘t let this get in the way. They know they have their weaknesses, yet they don‘t blame themselves when they fail. Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. They believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的)moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional andspiritual growth. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52. According to Paragraph 2, creators __________. A. seem willing to experience failures in life C. handle ups and downs of life wisely B. possess the ability to predict future life D. have potential to create something new【2012 山东卷 D 篇】 Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it‘s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad. The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owners is at work or on the bus. Samsung says it‘s not just something new ― the app connection actually has some practical uses. DIf you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,‖ said spokesperson Amy Schmidt. The company also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money. Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do ―enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73. What can we learn about the new laundry machines? A. They can tell you when your clothes need washing B. They can be controlled with a smartphone C. They are difficult to operate D. They are sold at a low price秘诀 12：miss(missing) ; lose (lost)是选项中答案高频暗示词!【2011 全国新课标卷 A 篇】 There is sadly no home milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete (竞争). Besides, milk is for sale everywhere, and it may just not have been practiced to have a delivery service. Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. 1took it home and planted it on the back porch (门廊). Every so often my son's friends will ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box? A. He missed the good old days. C. He needed it for his milk bottles. B. He wanted to tell interesting stories. D. He planted flowers in it.【2010 江西卷 A 篇】 Andy rode slowly on his way to school, day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him. He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him. He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens. What he saw shocked and terrified him. A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him. With no time to waste, Andy sped off in the opposite direction, riding furiously―but without knowing how to escape the swarm. With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously, he sped down the rough road. As the bees came closer, his panic increased. Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇). The last sting had landed him in hospital―and that was only one bee sting! He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56. Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier? A. He was riding to school. B. He was listening to a strange sound. C. He was going fishing with his father. D. He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip.擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码方法一：找中心句 第一段首、末句(一段末出现转折) 二段一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定) 尾段首末句, 90%在末句有汉语标注的地方!【2012 全国新课标卷 B 篇】 Honey(蜂蜜)from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest(巢)and take the honey fro