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广告共享计划
LaTeX技巧249：latex宏包特殊符号集锦
有些符号例如星形类、铅笔类和花朵类符号，以前在 LaTeX
中无法生成，现在使用该宏就能实现了。它提供有：剪刀类、书写工具类、手指类、十字类、星形类、花朵类、几何类和综合类
共八类一百二十多个图形符号：
Karel Horak& et al
提供一套专用符号，按用途分为通信、工程、信息、洗熨、货币、安全、导引、计算机、生物、天文、宗教等种类，如：手机、时钟、勿烫、欧元、辐射和太极等符号或标志：
所有符号均为 PS 字型，可直接经 pdfLaTeX 编译，生成 PDF
格式文件。
Thomas Henlich
它提供了一组文稿中常见的符号及其选择命令 \ding {代号}：
例如 \ding {38}，可得到电话听筒符号。
Walter Schmidt
提供对国际标准的计量单位符号的支持。例如计算机时钟频率单位经常写成：mHz、Mhz 或
mhz，而正确的写法应该是：MHz。
国标数值前缀
该宏包为下列单位提供有专用生成命令：
SIunits 宏包还有几个选项，可调节字母之间的距离。
Marcel Heldoorn
提供一套“”数学符号，主要用于函数式编程、进程代数、线形逻辑和域论等计算机理论。这些符号需在数学环境中应用：
该宏包还有两个选项，可以影响符号加载数量或符号的粗细。这套符号原为 MetaFont 字型，现已有 Type 1 字型。
Jeremy Gibbons
这是 LaTeX 的标准宏包之一，它提供了许多 TS1 编码的可直接在文本中使用的常见数理单位和货币符号。例如命令
\textperthousand 可得到“&”，等等：
Herbert　Voss
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Latex符号大全
A The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List Scott Pakin &pakin@uiuc.edu&? 29 September 2003AbstractA This document lists 2826 symbols and the corresponding L TEX commands th
at produce them. Some A X 2 others require fonts and packages of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L TE ε that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fonts and packages used to prepare this document―as well as this document itself―are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).Contents1 Introduction 1.1 Document Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Frequently Requested Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Body-text symbols A Table 1: L TEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Table 2: L TEX 2ε Commands De?ned to Work in Both Math and Text Mode A Table 3: Prede?ned L TEX 2ε Text-mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 4: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . Table 5: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 6: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 8: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 9: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 10: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11: phonetic Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12: Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 13: tipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 14: wsuipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 15: phonetic Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 16: wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 17: textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 18: textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 19: marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 20: wasysym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 21: eurosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 22: textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 23: textcomp Old-style Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 24: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 25: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 26: AMS Commands De?ned to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by Alexander Holt. See Section 7.6 on page 69 for more information about who did what.13 Mathematical symbols Table 27: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 28: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 29: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 30: wasysym Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 31: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . . Table 32: mathabx Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 33: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . Table 34: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . Table 35: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . Table 36: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . Table 37: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . Table 38: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . Table 39: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . Table 40: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators Table 41: esint Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . Table 42: Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 43: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 44: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . Table 45: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 46: wasysym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 47: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . . Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations . . . Table 49: mathabx Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 50: mathabx Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . Table 51: trsym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 52: trfsigns Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 53: Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . Table 54: AMS Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . Table 55: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations . . . . Table 56: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations . . . . Table 57: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations Table 58: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations . . . . Table 59: Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 60: AMS Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 61: wasysym Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . Table 63: mathabx Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 64: AMS Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 65: stmaryrd Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . Table 66: mathabx Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . Table 67: Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 68: Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 69: textcomp Text-mode Arrows . . . . . . . . . . Table 70: AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 71: AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 72: AMS Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 73: stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 75: mathabx Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 76: mathabx Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 77: mathabx Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 78: chemarrow Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 79: ulsy Contradiction Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . Table 80: Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 81: stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . Table 82: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 282Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table83: 84: 85: 86: 87: 88: 89: 90: 91: 92: 93: 94: 95: 96: 97: 98: 99: 100: 101: 102: 103: 104: 105: 106: 107: 108: 109: 110: 111: 112: 113: 114: 115: 116: 117: 118: 119: 120: 121: 122: 123: 124: 125: 126: 127: 128: 129: 130: 131: 132: 133: 134: 135:mathabx Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . upgreek Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trfsigns Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nath Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable-sized stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . textcomp Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yhmath Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trfsigns Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . overrightarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yhmath Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chemarr Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chemarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . esvect Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undertilde Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathdots Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yhmath Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Miscellaneous L TEX 2ε Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous AMS Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous wasysym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous mathabx Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . mathcomp Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gensymb Symbols De?ned to Work in Both Math and Text Mode mathabx Mayan Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 4034 Science and technology symbols Table 136: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . Table 137: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 138: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 139: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols Table 140: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 141: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 142: mathabx Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 143: wasysym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 144: marvosym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 145: mathabx Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 146: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 147: wasysym APL Modi?ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 148: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . Table 149: ascii Control Characters (IBM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 150: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . Table 151: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 152: wasysym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 153: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 154: marvosym Safety-related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Dingbats Table 155: Table 156: Table 157: Table 158: Table 159: Table 160: Table 161: Table 162: Table 163: Table 164: Table 165: Table 166: Table 167: Table 168: Table 169: Table 170: Table 171: Table 172: Table 173: Table 174: Table 175: Table 176: Table 177: Table 178: Table 179: Table 180: Table 181: Table 182: Table 183: Table 184: Table 185: Table 186:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 43 43 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 50bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . dingbat Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . universa Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . . skull Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols . . . marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . . Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . . Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . . Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Other symbols Table 187: textcomp Genealogical Symbols Table 188: wasysym General Symbols . . . . Table 189: wasysym Musical Notes . . . . . Table 190: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . Table 191: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . Table 192: marvosym Navigation Symbols . Table 193: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . Table 194: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . Table 195: Miscellaneous universa Symbols . Table 196: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . Table 197: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . Table 198: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . Table 199: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . Table 200: skak Chess Informator Symbols 7 Additional Information 7.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . 7.2 Where can I ?nd the symbol for . . . 7.3 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Bold mathematical symbols . . . . 7.5 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference 7.6 About this document . . . . . . . . References Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 51 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 54 55 55 55 64 65 66 69 69 71. . ?. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .51IntroductionA A Welcome to the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of L TEX A symbol information: font samples, L TEX commands, packages, usage details, caveats―everything needed to put thousands of di?erent symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).A 2. All of their symbols have L TEX 2ε bindings. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name, not just by \char number . A These are not particular the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List contains samples of 2826 A symbols―quite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L TEX 2ε others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help with installing new fonts and packages.1.1Document UsageEach section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with the A corresponding L TEX command to the right of each symbol. A table’s caption indicates what package needs to be loaded in order to access that table’s symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 23, “textcomp Old-Style Numerals”, are made available by putting “\usepackage{textcomp}” in your document’s preamble. “AMS” means to use the AMS packages, viz. amssymb and/or amsmath. Notes below a table provide additional information about some or all the symbols in that table. One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certain symbols do not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuth’s original, 7-bit font encoding, which is the A default font encoding for L TEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a di?erent encoding, such as T1 (a common 8-bit font encoding). That means that you should put “\usepackage[ encoding ]{fontenc}” in your document’s preamble, where encoding is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to the current group, use “\fontencoding{ encoding }\selectfont”. Section 7 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It shows which symbol names are not unique across packages, gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols, A explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a L TEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and provides A some information about this document itself. The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List ends with an index of all the symbols in the document and various additional useful terms.1.2Frequently Requested SymbolsThere are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex. If you’re looking for such a symbol the following list will help you ?nd it quickly. , as in “Spaces are signi?cant.” ? ` ? ? etc. (versus ? ` ? and ? ?, ?, ?, ?, i, i, i, i) ? ........ ........ 7 11 13 14 14 15 20 21 22 .. and . ......................... 24 38 39 40 40 58 60 66 67.............................. .............. ........................ ..................................................... .............................. ...................... .............................. .............................. ............................... and .........................e‰ ∴°, as in “180°” or “15℃” L, F, etc.R??, ?, and ?N, Z, R, etc................................? ? a e ?, `, etc. (i.e., several accents per character) &, &, and | (instead of ?, ?, and ―) ? and ? (or ?) ...... .....................62Body-text symbolsThis section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents, ligatures, and currency symbols.A Table 1: L TEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters$?\$%\%\_ ?}\}&\&#\#{\{The underscore package rede?nes “_” to produce an underscore in text mode (i.e., it makes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).A Table 2: L TEX 2ε Commands De?ned to Work in Both Math and Text Mode$ ? §\$ \P \Sc ○? ?\_ \copyright \dag? ... ?\ddag \dots \pounds{ }\{ \}A Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that L TEX 2ε provides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes available.A Table 3: Prede?ned L TEX 2ε Text-mode Commandsc ○? ? ? \ | { } ? ? ? ? $ ... ― C ? &\textasciicircum \textasciitilde \textasteriskcentered \textbackslash \textbar \textbraceleft \textbraceright \textbullet \textcopyright \textdagger \textdaggerdbl \textdollar \textellipsis \textemdash \textendash \textexclamdown \textgreatera or ○TM& ? ? ? ? ? “ ” ‘ ’ ? § ? ?\textless \textordfeminine \textordmasculine \textparagraph \textperiodcentered \textquestiondown \textquotedblleft \textquotedblright \textquoteleft \textquoteright \textregistered \textsection \textsterling \texttrademark \textunderscore \textvisiblespaceA Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that L TEX 2ε provides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes available.7Table 4: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) ? a ? A ? ??\aa \AA \AE \ae? ? ? ?\DH? \dh? \DJ? \dj?L l ? ?\L \l \NG? \ng?? ? ? ?\o \O \OE \oe? SS ? ?\ss \SS \TH? \th?Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1.? ? ? § ? ? ? ? ?\B{D} \B{d} \B{H} \B{h} \B{t} \B{T} \m{b} \m{B} \m{C}° ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Table 5: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages \m{c} \m{D} \M{d} \M{D} \m{d} \m{E} \m{e} \M{E} \M{e}¤ ? ? ? ? à ? ? ?\m{f} \m{F} \m{G} \m{g} \m{I} \m{i} \m{J} \m{j} \m{K}¨ ? ? ? ? ? ± ? ?\m{k} \m{N} \m{n} \m{o} \m{O} \m{P} \m{p} \m{s} \m{S}? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?\M{t} \M{T} \m{t} \m{T} \m{u}? \m{U}? \m{Y} \m{y} \m{z}? ? ? ? ?\m{Z} \T{E} \T{e} \T{O} \T{o}These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package.?\m{v} and \m{V} are synonyms for \m{u} and \m{U}.Table 6: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 ? ? \guillemotleft \guillemotright ? ? \guilsinglleft \guilsinglright ? ? \quotedblbase \quotesinglbase & \textquotedblTo get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1.Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks ? ? \ding{123} \ding{124} ? ? \ding{125} \ding{126} ? ? \ding{161} \ding{162} ? \ding{163}Table 8: wasysym Phonetic Symbols D ? \DH \Thorn \dh \inve ? \openo \thornTable 9: tipa Phonetic Symbols8? b c d é g ? 1 ? 8 ? 0 ì B ò X ? ? ? ? ^ ? ? g è ? ?2C ? ?? ? J ? ? ?C ? ? d? S } = / { ? ? ? dz E S R ? G ?\textbabygamma \textbarb \textbarc \textbard \textbardotlessj \textbarg \textbarglotstop \textbari \textbarl \textbaro \textbarrevglotstop \textbaru \textbeltl \textbeta \textbullseye \textceltpal \textchi \textcloseepsilon \textcloseomega \textcloserevepsilon \textcommatailz \textcorner \textcrb \textcrd \textcrg \textcrh \textcrinvglotstop \textcrlambda \textcrtwo \textctc \textctd \textctdctzlig \textctesh \textctj \textctn \textctt \textcttctclig \textctyogh \textctz \textdctzlig \textdoublebaresh \textdoublebarpipe \textdoublebarslash \textdoublepipe \textdoublevertline \textdownstep \textdyoghlig \textdzlig \textepsilon \textesh \textfishhookr \textg \textgamma \textglobfallP ; ? # á ê ? ? ? H ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? K ? ? : ? ? ? ? ? M ? ? ? ? ? ° _ O % F | & ? § 7 \ 9 3 Q ? ? ? ~ ? ?\textglotstop \texthalflength \texthardsign \texthooktop \texthtb \texthtbardotlessj \texthtc \texthtd \texthtg \texthth \texththeng \texthtk \texthtp \texthtq \texthtrtaild \texthtscg \texthtt \texthvlig \textinvglotstop \textinvscr \textiota \textlambda \textlengthmark \textlhookt \textlhtlongi \textlhtlongy \textlonglegr \textlptr \textltailm \textltailn \textltilde \textlyoghlig \textObardotlessj \textOlyoghlig \textomega \textopencorner \textopeno \textpalhook \textphi \textpipe \textprimstress \textraiseglotstop \textraisevibyi \textramshorns \textrevapostrophe \textreve \textrevepsilon \textrevglotstop \textrevyogh \textrhookrevepsilon \textrhookschwa \textrhoticity \textrptr \textrtaild? ó ù ú ü $ ? à ¤ ? ? @ I ¨ ? ? × ± ? A g V ? Y  ? ? tC ? T ? ? ? 5 ? 4 ? ? W ? ? ? 6 ? 2 ? L U ? ? § ? ? Z\textrtailn \textrtailr \textrtails \textrtailt \textrtailz \textrthook \textsca \textscb \textsce \textscg \textsch \textschwa \textsci \textscj \textscl \textscn \textscoelig \textscomega \textscr \textscripta \textscriptg \textscriptv \textscu \textscy \textsecstress \textsoftsign \textstretchc \texttctclig \textteshlig \texttheta \textthorn \texttoneletterstem \texttslig \textturna \textturncelig \textturnh \textturnk \textturnlonglegr \textturnm \textturnmrleg \textturnr \textturnrrtail \textturnscripta \textturnt \textturnv \textturnw \textturny \textupsilon \textupstep \textvertline \textvibyi \textvibyy \textwynn \textyogh(continued on next page)9(continued from previous page)?\textglobriseí\textrtailltipa de?nes shortcut characters for many of the above. It also de?nes a command \tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for more information.Table 10: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols3 ?  9 F ` e C ? ? Y  ? c ' ?  5 Q  x ? ? @  e\babygamma \barb \bard \bari \barl \baro \barp \barsci \barscu \baru \clickb \clickc \clickt \closedniomega \closedrevepsilon \crossb \crossd \crossh \crossnilambda \curlyc \curlyesh \curlyyogh \curlyz \dlbari \dz \ejectiveV & w  h ? ¨  ) 6 7 & 4 ? D d 8 s S q u ? ¤ ? ? 2\eng \er \esh \eth \flapr \glotstop \hookb \hookd \hookg \hookh \hookheng \hookrevepsilon \hv \inva \invf \invglotstop \invh \invlegr \invm \invr \invscr \invscripta \invv \invw \invy \ipagammaR G T i I ? ? ? $ 1 A P b g y ? ? U d a # f % ? 0\labdentalnas \latfric \legm \legr \lz \nialpha \nibeta \nichi \niepsilon \nigamma \niiota \nilambda \niomega \niphi \nisigma \nitheta \niupsilon \nj \oo \openo \reve \reveject \revepsilon \revglotstop \scd \scg! B X t ? ( ? ? ? §   ?  r H W p v ? ? ? f E ?\schwa \sci \scn \scr \scripta \scriptg \scriptv \scu \scy \slashb \slashc \slashd \slashu \taild \tailinvr \taill \tailn \tailr \tails \tailt \tailz \tesh \thorn \tildel \yoghTable 11: phonetic Phonetic Symbolsj ? w n x 4 s d p\barj \barlambda \emgma \engma \enya \epsi \esh \eth \fjf c f ? h ? k u h\flap \glottal \hausaB \hausab \hausad \hausaD \hausak \hausaK \hookdi ??? h? ? ? m  r\ibar \openo \planck \pwedge \revD \riota \rotm \rotOmega \rotr 10e w y e puu ? q\rotvara \rotw \roty \schwa \thorn \ubar \udesc \vara \vargi ¨ gv ?h x\vari \varomega \varopeno \vod \voicedh \yogh¨a A¨ ?a A? BB Aa ?a A? ?a A?\&{A}\&{a} \’{A}\’{a} \.{A}\.{a} \={A}\={a} \^{A}\^{a} Aa? ?`a A` Aa ?? Aa ?? Aa .. ?a A?Table 12: Text-mode Accents ?a \‘{A}\‘{a} A? \H{A}\H{a} \b{A}\b{a} ?? \k{A}\k{a}? ?a \r{A}\r{a} \c{A}\c{a} A? \d{A}\d{a} Aa \t{A}\t{a} ?a A? \U{A}\U{a}? \G{A}\G{a}? A a ○○?a A? ˇa Aˇ ?a A?\u{A}\u{a} \v{A}\v{a} \~{A}\~{a}\newtie{A}\newtie{a}?\textcircled{A}\textcircled{a}Requires the textcomp package. Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1. Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package.?Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of “i” and “j” (viz., “?” and “j”). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot. For example, “na\&{\i}ve” produces a correct “na¨ ?ve”, while “na\&{i}ve” would yield the rather odd-looking “na¨ ive”. (“na\&{i}ve” does work in encodings other than OT1, however.)Table 13: tipa Text-mode Accents?? ?a A? ?§ §a A?\textacutemacron{A}\textacutemacron{a} \textacutewedge{A}\textacutewedge{a} \textadvancing{A}\textadvancing{a} \textbottomtiebar{A}\textbottomtiebar{a} \textbrevemacron{A}\textbrevemacron{a} \textcircumacute{A}\textcircumacute{a} \textcircumdot{A}\textcircumdot{a} \textdotacute{A}\textdotacute{a} \textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a} \textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a} \textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a} \textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a} \textgravecircum{A}\textgravecircum{a} \textgravedot{A}\textgravedot{a} \textgravemacron{A}\textgravemacron{a} \textgravemid{A}\textgravemid{a} \textinvsubbridge{A}\textinvsubbridge{a} \textlowering{A}\textlowering{a} \textmidacute{A}\textmidacute{a} \textovercross{A}\textovercross{a}Aa 00 A` `a ¨? ?a A¨ ?a A? ?a  A??a A?  ¨a A¨ ¨a A¨ a A ?a A? ?a A? ?a A? ?? ?a A? ?a A?Aa  Aa )) ?a A? $a A$(continued on next page)11(continued from previous page)&& Aa Aa  Aa (( Aa 11 ?? ?a A? a A\textoverw{A}\textoverw{a} \textpolhook{A}\textpolhook{a} \textraising{A}\textraising{a} \textretracting{A}\textretracting{a} \textringmacron{A}\textringmacron{a} \textroundcap{A}\textroundcap{a} \textseagull{A}\textseagull{a} \textsubacute{A}\textsubacute{a} \textsubarch{A}\textsubarch{a} \textsubbar{A}\textsubbar{a} \textsubbridge{A}\textsubbridge{a} \textsubcircum{A}\textsubcircum{a} \textsubdot{A}\textsubdot{a} \textsubgrave{A}\textsubgrave{a} \textsublhalfring{A}\textsublhalfring{a} \textsubplus{A}\textsubplus{a} \textsubrhalfring{A}\textsubrhalfring{a} \textsubring{A}\textsubring{a} \textsubsquare{A}\textsubsquare{a} \textsubtilde{A}\textsubtilde{a} \textsubumlaut{A}\textsubumlaut{a} \textsubw{A}\textsubw{a} \textsubwedge{A}\textsubwedge{a} \textsuperimposetilde{A}\textsuperimposetilde{a} \textsyllabic{A}\textsyllabic{a} \texttildedot{A}\texttildedot{a} \texttoptiebar{A}\texttoptiebar{a} \textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a}Aa ## Aa  Aa  Aa ?? Aa  Aa ?? Aa  Aa  Aa !! Aa '' Aa Aa ?? Aa  Aa ?? Aa ¤¤ Aa && Aa §§ A8 8a Aa 4 4 ??  Aa bb Aa?a A?tipa de?nes shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentation for more information.Table 14: wsuipa Text-mode Accents Aa gg Aa  \dental{A}\dental{a} \underarch{A}\underarch{a}12Table 15: phonetic Text-mode Accents Aa{ {\hill{A}\hill{a} \od{A}\od{a} \ohill{A}\ohill{a}Aa ?? Aa A.. .. a\rc{A}\rc{a} \syl{A}\syl{a} \td{A}\td{a}Aa ?? { { AaAa ??\ut{A}\ut{a}The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents. \acbar and \acarc compose characters w for example, ? ? \acbar{\’}{a} produces “?” and \acarc{\&}{e} produces “¨”. \labvel joins a e two characters with an arc: \labvel{mn} → “mn”. \upbar is intended to go between characters as in “x\upbar{}y’’ → “x y”. Lastly, \uplett behaves like \textsuperscript but uses a smaller font. Contrast “p\uplett{h}’’ → “ph ” with “p\textsuperscript{h}’’ → “ph ”.Table 16: wsuipa Diacriticss k u m p\ain \corner \downp \downt \halflengthv n q { z\leftp \leftt \length \midtilde \openx ~ w o i\overring \polishhook \rightp \rightt \secstressh j r y |\stress \syllabic \underdots \underring \undertilde} t l\underwedge \upp \uptThe wsuipa package de?nes all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents. However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used to compose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a] produces “x”, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces “r”. See the wsuipa doca a umentation for more information.Table 17: textcomp Diacritics ? ? ? \textacutedbl \textasciiacute \textasciibreve ˇ ¨ ` \textasciicaron \textasciidieresis \textasciigrave ?
? \textasciimacron \textgravedblThe textcomp package de?nes all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.Table 18: textcomp Currency Symbols ? ? ? ? ¤ \textbaht \textcent \textcentoldstyle \textcolonmonetary \textcurrency $ $ ?
? \textdollar \textdollaroldstyle \textdong \texteuro \textflorin ? ? ? \textguarani \textlira \textnaira \textpeso \textsterling ? ? \textwon \textyen13Table 19: marvosym Currency Symbols ? ? \Denarius \Ecommerceed\EUR \EURcrD c\EURdig \EURhve ?\EURtm \EyesDollar? ?\Pfund \ShillingThe di?erent euro signs are meant to be compatible with di?erent fonts―Courier (\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times (\EURtm), and the marvosym digits listed in Table 134 (\EURdig).Table 20: wasysym Currency Symbols ? \cent ¤ \currencyTable 21: eurosym Euro SignsA C\geneuroB C\geneuronarrowC C\geneurowidee\officialeuro\euro is automatically mapped to one of the above―by default, \officialeuro― based on a eurosym package option. See the eurosym documentation for more information. The \geneuro. . . characters are generated from the current body font’s “C” character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.Table 22: textcomp Legal Symbols ? \textcircledP \textcopyleft c ○ r ○ ? ? \textcopyright \textregisteredTM? ?\textservicemark \texttrademarkA Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that L TEX 2ε provides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes available. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solur tions to common problems that occur when using these symbols (e.g., getting a “○” when you expected to get a “?”).Table 23: textcomp Old-style Numerals 0 1 2 3 \textzerooldstyle \textoneoldstyle \texttwooldstyle \textthreeoldstyle 4 5 6 7 \textfouroldstyle \textfiveoldstyle \textsixoldstyle \textsevenoldstyle 8 9 \texteightoldstyle \textnineoldstyleRather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commands shown above, consider using \oldstylenums{. . .} to typeset an old-style number.14Table 24: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols ? ‖ ○ ? ? ? ? ? \textasteriskcentered \textbardbl \textbigcircle \textblank \textbrokenbar \textbullet \textdagger \textdaggerdbl \textdblhyphen \textdblhyphenchar \textdiscount \textestimated \textinterrobang \textinterrobangdown \textmusicalnote \textnumero \textopenbulleta o? ? ? ? ? ‰ ? ' ? ? ※ § ―? ? ? № ?\textordfeminine \textordmasculine \textparagraph \textperiodcentered \textpertenthousand \textperthousand \textpilcrow \textquotesingle \textquotestraightbase \textquotestraightdblbase \textrecipe \textreferencemark \textsection \textthreequartersemdash \texttildelow \texttwelveudashA Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that L TEX 2ε provides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes available.Table 25: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols \permilTable 26: AMS Commands De?ned to Work in Both Math and Text Mode \checkmark \circledR \maltese153Mathematical symbolsMost, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a “Missing $ inserted” error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operators marked as “variable-sized” are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorter still when used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts. Alphanumeric symbols (e.g., “L ” and “ ”) are usually produced using one of the math alphabets in Table 135 rather than with an explicit symbol command. Look there ?rst if you need a symbol for a transform, number set, or some other alphanumeric. Although there have been many requests on comp.text.tex for a contradiction symbol, the ensuing discussion invariably reveals innumerable ways to represent contradiction in a proof, including “?” (\blitza), “??” (\Rightarrow\Leftarrow), “⊥” (\bot), “ ” (\nleftrightarrow), and “※” (\textreferencemark). Because of the lack of notational consensus, it is probably better to spell out “Contradiction!” than to use a symbol for this purpose. Similarly, discussions on comp.text.tex have revealed that there are a variety of ways to indicate the mathematical notion of “is de?ned as”. Common candidates include “ ” (\triangleq), def “≡” (\equiv), “ ” (\coloneqq), and “ =” (\stackrel{\text{\tiny def}}{=}). See also the example of \equalsfill on page 61.Table 27: Binary Operators ? \amalg \ast \bigcirc \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup \bullet \cap \cdot \circ ∪ ? ? ÷ ? \cup \dagger \ddagger \diamond \div \lhd? \mp \odot \ominus
? ± \ \oplus \oslash \otimes \pm \rhd? \setminus \sqcap \sqcup \star × \times \triangleleft \triangleright \unlhd? \unrhd? \uplus \vee \wedge \wr? ∩ ? ??∨ ∧A Not prede?ned in L TEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.Table 28: AMS Binary Operators \barwedge \boxdot \boxminus \boxplus \boxtimes \Cap \centerdot \circledast \circledcirc \circleddash \Cup \curlyvee \curlywedge \divideontimes \dotplus \doublebarwedge \intercal \leftthreetimes \ltimes \rightthreetimes \rtimes \smallsetminus \veebar16Table 29: stmaryrd Binary Operators \baro \bbslash \binampersand \bindnasrepma \boxast \boxbar \boxbox \boxbslash \boxcircle \boxdot \boxempty \boxslash \curlyveedownarrow \curlyveeuparrow \curlywedgedownarrow \curlywedgeuparrow \fatbslash \fatsemi \fatslash \interleave \leftslice \merge \minuso \moo \nplus \obar \oblong \obslash \ogreaterthan \olessthan \ovee \owedge \rightslice \sslash \talloblong \varbigcirc \varcurlyvee \varcurlywedge \varoast \varobar \varobslash \varocircle \varodot \varogreaterthan \varolessthan \varominus \varoplus \varoslash \varotimes \varovee \varowedge \vartimes \Ydown \Yleft \Yright \YupTable 30: wasysym Binary Operators \lhd \LHD \ocircle \rhd \RHD \unlhd \unrhdTable 31: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators \circledbar \circledbslash \circledvee \circledwedge \invamp \medbullet \medcirc \sqcapplus \sqcupplus17Table 32: mathabx Binary Operators? y§ §¨?? ?   ?\ast \Asterisk \barwedge \bigstar \bigvarstar \blackdiamond \cap \circplus \coasterisk \coAsterisk \convolution \cup \curlyvee??  ? ? ? ? ? ?x\curlywedge \divdot \divideontimes \dotdiv \dotplus \dottimes \doublebarwedge \doublecap \doublecup \ltimes \pluscirc \rtimes \sqbullet? ?  ?? ? ?? ?¤?? ?\sqcap \sqcup \sqdoublecap \sqdoublecup \square \squplus \udot \uplus \varstar \vee \veebar \veedoublebar \wedgeMany of the above glyphs go by multiple names. \centerdot is equivalent to \sqbullet, and \ast is equivalent to *. \asterisk produces the same glyph as \ast, but as an ordinary symbol, not a binary operator. Similarly, \bigast produces a large-operator version of the \Asterisk binary operator, and \bigcoast produces a large-operator version of the \coAsterisk binary operator.Table 33: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators¨\odplus? ? ? ? f n k e g ? d h ? ?Table 34: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators \blacktriangledown \blacktriangleleft \blacktriangleright \blacktriangleup \boxasterisk \boxbackslash \boxbot \boxcirc \boxcoasterisk \boxdiv \boxdot \boxleft \boxminus \boxplusf n k e g ? d hi m ? j o l\boxright \boxslash \boxtimes \boxtop \boxtriangleup \boxvoid \oasterisk \obackslash \obot \ocirc \ocoasterisk \odiv \odot \oleft? ? ? ?? ? i m ? j o l\ominus \oplus \oright \oslash \otimes \otop \otriangleup \ovoid \smalltriangledown \smalltriangleleft \smalltriangleright \smalltriangleupT\ S[ JK LMTable 35: Variable-sized Math Operators \bigcap \bigcup \bigodot \bigoplusNO FG U] W_\bigotimes \bigsqcup \biguplus \bigvee 18V^ `a R Z H I\bigwedge \coprod \int \ointQY PX\prod \sumTable 36: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators \idotsint \iiiint \iiint \iintTable 37: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators \bigbox \bigcurlyvee \bigcurlywedge \biginterleave \bignplus \bigparallel \bigsqcap \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleupTable 38: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators \iiint \iint \oiint \varint \varoint?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ×÷ ?ó ?? ?? ?? ?? ?ùTable 39: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators \bigcurlyvee \bigsqcap \bigcurlywedge \bigboxasterisk \bigboxbackslash \bigboxbot \bigboxcirc \bigboxcoasterisk \bigboxdiv \bigboxdot \bigboxleft \bigboxminus \bigboxplus \bigboxright?? ?ò ?ú ?? ?ü ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?è ?á\bigboxslash \bigboxtimes \bigboxtop \bigboxtriangleup \bigboxvoid \bigcomplementop \bigoasterisk \bigobackslash \bigobot \bigocirc \bigocoasterisk \bigodiv \bigoleft \bigominus?é ?í ?ê ?? ?ì ?? ?¨ ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?\bigoright \bigoslash \bigotop \bigotriangleup \bigovoid \bigplus \bigsquplus \bigtimes \iiint \iint \int \oiint \oint19Table 40: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators \bigsqcapplus \bigsqcupplus \fint \idotsint \iiiint \iiint \iint \oiiintclockwise \oiiintctrclockwise \oiiint \oiintclockwise \oiintctrclockwise \oiint \ointclockwise \ointctrclockwise \sqiiint \sqiint \sqint \varoiiintclockwise \varoiiintctrclockwise \varoiintclockwise \varoiintctrclockwise \varointclockwise \varointctrclockwise \varprod? 1 § ? ? 7 5  2 ¨ ? ¤ 8 6 Table 41: esint Variable-sized Math Operators \dotsint \fint \iiiint \iiint \iint \landdownint \landupint \oiint \ointclockwise \ointctrclockwise \sqiint \sqint \varoiint \varointclockwise \varointctrclockwise% #   3 ' )& $   4 ( 020Table 42: Binary Relations ≈ \approx \asymp \bowtie \cong \dashv \doteq ≡ | |= \equiv \frown \Join? \mid \models \parallel ⊥ ? ∝ ? \perp \prec \preceq \propto \sim \simeq \smile \succ \succeq \vdash?A Not prede?ned in L TEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.Table 43: AMS Binary Relations \approxeq \backepsilon \backsim \backsimeq \because \between \Bumpeq \bumpeq \circeq \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \doteqdot \eqcirc \fallingdotseq \multimap \pitchfork \precapprox \preccurlyeq \precsim \risingdotseq \shortmid \shortparallel \smallfrown \smallsmile \succapprox \succcurlyeq \succsim \therefore \thickapprox \thicksim \varpropto \Vdash \vDash \Vvdash∵∴ ≈ ? ∝Table 44: AMS Negated Binary Relations \ncong \nmid \nparallel \nprec \npreceq \nshortmid \nshortparallel \nsim \nsucc \nsucceq \nvDash \nvdash \nVDash \precnapprox \precnsim \succnapprox \succnsim? ?Table 45: stmaryrd Binary Relations \inplus \niplusTable 46: wasysym Binary Relations \invneg \Join \leadsto \logof \wasypropto21Table 47: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations \circledgtr \circledless \colonapprox \Colonapprox \coloneq \Coloneq \Coloneqq \coloneqq \Colonsim \colonsim \Eqcolon \eqcolon \eqqcolon \Eqqcolon \eqsim \lJoin \lrtimes \multimap \multimapboth \multimapbothvert \multimapdot \multimapdotboth \multimapdotbothA \multimapdotbothAvert \multimapdotbothB \multimapdotbothBvert \multimapdotbothvert \multimapdotinv \multimapinv \openJoin \opentimes \Perp \preceqq \precneqq \rJoin \strictfi \strictif \strictiff \succeqq \succneqq \varparallel \varparallelinv \VvDash∥Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations \napproxeq \nasymp \nbacksim \nbacksimeq \nbumpeq \nBumpeq \nequiv \nprecapprox \npreccurlyeq \npreceqq \nprecsim \nsimeq \nsuccapprox \nsucccurlyeq \nsucceqq \nsuccsim \nthickapprox \ntwoheadleftarrow \ntwoheadrightarrow \nvarparallel \nvarparallelinv \nVdashTable 49: mathabx Binary Relations      ? ? ) ) -\between \botdoteq \Bumpedeq \bumpedeq \circeq \coloneq \corresponds \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \DashV \Dashv \dashVv      ? ? ? ¤ ? ?\divides \dotseq \eqbumped \eqcirc \eqcolon \fallingdotseq \ggcurly \llcurly \precapprox \preccurlyeq \precdot \precsim ? ? ? ? 6  ( , ( ,\risingdotseq \succapprox \succcurlyeq \succdot \succsim \therefore \topdoteq \vDash \Vdash \VDash \Vvdash22  ? ? + / ' + /    Table 50: mathabx Negated Binary Relations \napprox \ncong \ncurlyeqprec \ncurlyeqsucc \nDashv \ndashV \ndashv \nDashV \ndashVv \neq \notasymp \notdivides \notequivM ? ? ? ? ?   ? ? § ? ?\notperp \nprec \nprecapprox \npreccurlyeq \npreceq \nprecsim \nsim \nsimeq \nsucc \nsuccapprox \nsucccurlyeq \nsucceq \nsuccsim* * . & . ? ? ? ? ? ?\nvDash \nVDash \nVdash \nvdash \nVvash \precnapprox \precneq \precnsim \succnapprox \succneq \succnsimThe \changenotsign command toggles the behavior of \not to produce either a vertical or a diagonal slash through a binary operator. Thus, “$a \not= b$” can be made to produce either “a = b” or “a = b”.? ?Table 51: trsym Binary Relations \InversTransformHoriz \InversTransformVert \TransformHoriz \TransformVert? ?c c c cTable 52: trfsigns Binary Relations c \dfourier c \fourier c s \laplace c .... s \ztransf.. .. .. ..s s ....\Dfourier \Fourier \Laplace \ZtransfTable 53: Subset and Superset Relations \sqsubset? \sqsubseteq \sqsupset??? ?\sqsupseteq \subset \subseteq? ?\supset \supseteqA Not prede?ned in L TEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.Table 54: AMS Subset and Superset Relations \nsubseteq \nsupseteq \nsupseteqq \sqsubset \sqsupset \Subset \subseteqq \subsetneq \subsetneqq \Supset \supseteqq \supsetneq 23 \supsetneqq \varsubsetneq \varsubsetneqq \varsupsetneq \varsupsetneqqTable 55: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations \subsetplus \subsetpluseq \supsetplus \supsetpluseqTable 56: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations \sqsubset \sqsupsetTable 57: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations \nsqsubset \nsqsubseteq \nsqsupset \nsqsupseteq \nSubset \nsubseteqq \nSupset? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Table 58: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations \nsqsubset \nsqSubset \nsqsubseteq \nsqsubseteqq \nsqsupset \nsqSupset \nsqsupseteq \nsqsupseteqq \nsubset \nSubset \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?\nsupset \nSupset \nsupseteq \nsupseteqq \sqsubset \sqSubset \sqsubseteq \sqsubseteqq \sqsubsetneq \sqsubsetneqq \sqSupset \sqsupset? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?\sqsupseteq \sqsupseteqq \sqsupsetneq \sqsupsetneqq \subset \Subset \subseteq \subseteqq \subsetneq \subsetneqq \supset \Supset? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?\supseteq \supseteqq \supsetneq \supsetneqq \varsqsubsetneq \varsqsubsetneqq \varsqsupsetneq \varsqsupsetneqq \varsubsetneq \varsubsetneqq \varsupsetneq \varsupsetneqqTable 59: Inequalities ≥ \geq \gg ≤ \leq \ll \neqTable 60: AMS Inequalities \eqslantgtr \eqslantless \geqq \geqslant \ggg \gnapprox \gneq \gneqq \gnsim \gtrapprox \gtrdot \gtreqless \gtreqqless ? \gtrless \gtrsim \gvertneqq \leqq \leqslant \lessapprox \lessdot \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \lessgtr \lesssim \lll \lnapprox 24 \lneq \lneqq \lnsim \lvertneqq \ngeq \ngeqq \ngeqslant \ngtr \nleq \nleqq \nleqslant \nless?≯? ?≮Table 61: wasysym Inequalities \apprge \apprleTable 62: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities \ngg \ngtrapprox \ngtrless \ngtrsim \nlessapprox \nlessgtr \nlesssim \nll? ? ? ? & ? ? ? ? ? ? ?\eqslantgtr \eqslantless \geq \geqq \gg \ggg \gnapprox \gneq \gneqq \gnsim \gtrapprox \gtrdot? ? ? ? ? ¤ ? ? ? ? ? ?Table 63: mathabx Inequalities \gtreqless \gtreqqless \gtrless \gtrsim \gvertneqq \leq \leqq \lessapprox \lessdot \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \lessgtr? ! ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? § ±\lesssim \ll \lll \lnapprox \lneq \lneqq \lnsim \lvertneqq \neqslantgtr \neqslantless \ngeq \ngeqq? ? ? ? ° ? ? ? ? ? ? ¨\ngtr \ngtrapprox \ngtrsim \nleq \nleqq \nless \nlessapprox \nlesssim \nvargeq \nvarleq \vargeq \varleqmathabx de?nes \leqslant and \le as synonyms for \leq, \geqslant and \ge as synonyms for \geq, \nleqslant as a synonym for \nleq, and \ngeqslant as a synonym for \ngeq.Table 64: AMS Triangle Relations \blacktriangleleft \blacktriangleright \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \trianglelefteq \triangleq \trianglerighteq \vartriangleleft \vartrianglerightTable 65: stmaryrd Triangle Relations \trianglelefteqslant \ntrianglelefteqslant \trianglerighteqslant \ntrianglerighteqslant? ? ?\ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleright? ? ?Table 66: mathabx Triangle Relations \ntrianglerighteq \triangleleft \trianglelefteq? ? ?\triangleright \trianglerighteq \vartriangleleft?\vartriangleright25Table 67: Arrows ? ↓ ← → ← ? ? ??\Downarrow \downarrow \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \leadsto? \leftarrow \Leftarrow \Leftrightarrow \leftrightarrow←? ?= ←→ ?? ?→ =? ?→ →\longleftarrow \Longleftarrow \longleftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \longmapsto \Longrightarrow \longrightarrow \mapsto \nearrow?? → ↑ ?\nwarrow \Rightarrow \rightarrow \searrow \swarrow \uparrow \Uparrow \updownarrow \UpdownarrowA Not prede?ned in L TEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.?See the note beneath Table 112 for information about how to put a diagonal arrow B ¨0 ??B across a mathematical expression (as in “¨¨ ”) .Table 68: Harpoons \leftharpoondown \leftharpoonup \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup \rightleftharpoonsTable 69: textcomp Text-mode Arrows ↓ ← \textdownarrow \textleftarrow → ↑ \textrightarrow \textuparrowTable 70: AMS Arrows \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright \curvearrowleft \curvearrowright \dashleftarrow \dashrightarrow \downdownarrows \leftarrowtail ? \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftrightsquigarrow \Lleftarrow \looparrowleft \looparrowright \Lsh \rightarrowtail ? \rightleftarrows \rightrightarrows \rightsquigarrow \Rsh \twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow \upuparrowsTable 71: AMS Negated Arrows \nLeftarrow \nleftarrow \nLeftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \nRightarrow \nrightarrowTable 72: AMS Harpoons \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \leftrightharpoons \rightleftharpoons 26 \upharpoonleft \upharpoonrightTable 73: stmaryrd Arrows \leftarrowtriangle \leftrightarroweq \leftrightarrowtriangle \lightning \Longmapsfrom \longmapsfrom \Longmapsto ? ← ? \Mapsfrom \mapsfrom \Mapsto \nnearrow \nnwarrow \rightarrowtriangle \shortdownarrow \shortleftarrow \shortrightarrow \shortuparrow \ssearrow \sswarrow?= ←? =?Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows \boxdotLeft \boxdotleft \boxdotright \boxdotRight \boxLeft \boxleft \boxright \boxRight \circleddotleft \circleddotright \circleleft \circleright \dashleftrightarrow \DiamonddotLeft \Diamonddotleft \Diamonddotright \DiamonddotRight \DiamondLeft \Diamondleft \Diamondright \DiamondRight \leftsquigarrow \Nearrow \Nwarrow \Rrightarrow \Searrow \Swarrow? ÷ ó ? ? ? ò ? ê ? ? × ?Table 75: mathabx Arrows \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright \curvearrowbotleft \curvearrowbotleftright \curvearrowbotright \curvearrowleft \curvearrowleftright \curvearrowright \dlsh \downdownarrows \downtouparrow \downuparrows \drsh? ? ?? ú ? ü ? ? ì í è? ??\leftarrow \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrow \leftrightarrows \leftrightsquigarrow \leftsquigarrow \lefttorightarrow \looparrowdownleft \looparrowdownright \looparrowleft \looparrowright \Lsh \nearrow? ? ?× ?? ? ù ? é? ? ?\nwarrow \restriction \rightarrow \rightleftarrows \rightrightarrows \rightsquigarrow \righttoleftarrow \Rsh \searrow \swarrow \updownarrows \uptodownarrow \upuparrows? ?Table 76: mathabx Negated Arrows \nLeftarrow \nleftarrow \nleftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow? ÷\nrightarrow \nRightarrow27? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Table 77: mathabx Harpoons \barleftharpoon \barrightharpoon \downdownharpoons \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \downupharpoons \leftbarharpoon \leftharpoondownà ? à è ? ? á á\leftharpoonup \leftleftharpoons \leftrightharpoon \leftrightharpoons \rightbarharpoon \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup \rightleftharpooné ? ê ? ? ?\rightleftharpoons \rightrightharpoons \updownharpoons \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \upupharpoonsTable 78: chemarrow Arrows A \chemarrow?\blitzaTable 79: ulsy Contradiction Symbols \blitzb\blitzc\blitzd
\blitzeTable 80: Extension Characters ? \relbar = \RelbarTable 81: stmaryrd Extension Characters \Arrownot \arrownot \Mapsfromchar \mapsfromchar \MapstocharTable 82: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters \Mappedfromchar \mappedfromchar \Mmappedfromchar \mmappedfromchar \Mmapstochar \mmapstocharTable 83: mathabx Extension Characters??\mapsfromchar \Mapsfromcharú?\mapstochar \Mapstochar28Table 84: Log-like Symbols \arccos \arcsin \arctan \arg \cos \cosh \cot \coth \csc \deg \det \dim \exp \gcd \hom \inf \ker \lg \lim \liminf \limsup \ln \log \max \min \Pr \sec \sin \sinh \sup \tan \tanhCalling the above “symbols” may be a bit misleading.1 Each log-like symbol merely produces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spacing. See Section 7.3 for more information about log-like symbols. As \bmod and \pmod are arguably not symbols we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for A L TEX [Dow00] for samples.Table 85: AMS Log-like Symbols inj lim proj lim \injlim \projlim lim ? → lim \varinjlim \varliminf lim lim ← ? \varlimsup \varprojlimLoad the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 7.3 for some additional comments regarding log-like symbols. As \mod and \pod are arguably not symbols A we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for samples.Table 86: Greek Letters α β γ δ ε ζ η Γ ? Θ \alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta \Gamma \Delta \Theta θ ? ι κ λ ? ν ξ Λ Ξ Π \theta \vartheta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \Lambda \Xi \Pi o π ρ σ ? o \pi \varpi \rho \varrho \sigma \varsigma τ υ φ ? χ ψ ω \tau \upsilon \phi \varphi \chi \psi \omegaΣ Υ Φ\Sigma \Upsilon \PhiΨ ?\Psi \OmegaThe remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. The symbol “M”, for instance, is used for both an uppercase “m” and an uppercase “?”. See Section 7.4 for examples of how to produce bold Greek letters.Table 87: AMS Greek Letters \digamma1 Michaelκ\varkappaJ. Downes prefers the more general term, “atomic math objects”.29Table 88: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters α β γ δ ε ζ η \alphaup \betaup \gammaup \deltaup \epsilonup \varepsilonup \zetaup \etaup θ ? ι κ λ ? ν ξ \thetaup \varthetaup \iotaup \kappaup \lambdaup \muup \nuup \xiup π ρ σ ? τ υ \piup \varpiup \rhoup \varrhoup \sigmaup \varsigmaup \tauup \upsilonup φ ? χ ψ ω \phiup \varphiup \chiup \psiup \omegaupTable 89: upgreek Upright Greek Letters α β γ δ ε ε ζ η Γ ? Θ \upalpha \upbeta \upgamma \updelta \upepsilon \upvarepsilon \upzeta \upeta \Upgamma \Updelta \Uptheta θ ? ι κ λ ? ν ξ Λ Ξ Π \uptheta \upvartheta \upiota \upkappa \uplambda \upmu \upnu \upxi \Uplambda \Upxi \Uppi π ? ρ ρ σ σ τ υ Σ Υ Φ \uppi \upvarpi \uprho \upvarrho \upsigma \upvarsigma \uptau \upupsilon \Upsigma \Upupsilon \Upphi φ ? χ ψ ω \upphi \upvarphi \upchi \uppsi \upomegaΨ ?\Uppsi \Upomegaupgreek utilizes upright Greek characters from either the PostScript Symbol font (depicted above) or Euler Roman. As a result, the glyphs may appear slightly di?erent from the above. Contrast, for example, “Γ?Θαβγ” (Symbol) with “Γ?Θαβγ” (Euler).Table 90: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters \varg \varv \varw \varyPass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with , , , and in every mathematical expression in your document.Table 91: AMS Hebrew Letters \beth ??? \gimel \daleth\aleph appears in Table 125 on page 38.Table 92: Letter-like Symbols ⊥ ? \bot \ell \exists ? \forall \hbar \Im ? ∈ j \imath \in \jmath 30 ? \ni \partial \Re ? \top \wpTable 93: AMS Letter-like Symbols k \Bbbk \circledR \circledS \complement \Finv \Game \hbar \hslash \nexistsTable 94: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols ? \mathcent ? \mathsterling \notin \notniTable 95: mathabx Letter-like SymbolsV A D F G\barin \complement \exists \Finv \GameP E M R S\in \nexists \notbot \notin