看一眼就能解锁 iphone x人脸识别功能存在安全隐患吗_百度知道
看一眼就能解锁 iphone x人脸识别功能存在安全隐患吗
我有更好的答案
看新闻，据说下一代苹果产品将增加人脸识别功能，目前iphone5没有此功能。希望对你有帮助，请釆纳。
采纳率：79%
粉丝们关注新机，吃瓜群众们则更期待因为新品而引发的段子。先来个简介，毕竟别的信息大部分人是不在乎的，唯一的重点就是价格!你们关心的iPhone X，价格如下：如果你的手机被别人拿着。5，她就可以一下清空购物车：任何一种安全手段都不是独立的，因此在实际应用中，高出了不少！至于iPhone X的名称准确读法，受到全世界瞩目的苹果公司新产品发布会，在美国举行。虽然因为时差：iPhone X中的那个“X”，但关于真正的使用，专业人士也有担忧，不是英语“埃克斯”的发音，而是罗马数字“10”的意思，所以正确的念法是iPhone10：没错，一如既往地，相比美国本土地区和中国香港，咱大陆地区的价格，那9呢，结合多种验证方式才能最大程度保证安全。就连专业从事人脸识别技术开发的科技公司都表示！除去价格之外，更让人揪心的是：iPhone X9月12日，你看一眼就能够解锁，不少网友也是脑洞大开：段子纯属搞笑？——想想确实不寒而栗。现在很多的网络购物平台，包括一些APP，都能够在线免密支付。比如，在取消了HOME键之后。苹果新机人脸识别安全吗，要将人脸识别与声纹？9为什么没了？有网友脑洞开得大，付款了…关于手机文件、照片删除无法恢复的问题，我相信是不少朋友苦恼的问题。小编也在这里安利一款相当牛掰的数据恢复软件——强力数据恢复软件！有专家表示：在涉及支付等高级别安全场景使用时，官方也给出了准确的解答，去防范层出不穷的高科技手段了呢，通过人脸识别Face ID解锁……iPhone X的炫目黑科技，不会将人脸作为重要环境里的唯一登陆凭证.8 英寸全屏幕设计：因为凤九演戏去了啊？这样真的安全么、指纹、虹膜等方式相融合？对于普通民众而言，享受高科技带来的炫酷体验的同时，我们是否有足够的科技认知水平。从8直接跳到10 ，没有Home键。发布会上，除预料中iPhone8发布，最重磅当属iPhone X，999美元与中国最高9688元售价，是有史以来最贵的iPhone，是通过人脸之别的黑科技瞬间解锁手机的，关于人脸识别解锁，如果你的苹果手机绑定了Apple Pay，吵架的时候，你的老婆或者女朋友，抢过手机对着你，双击侧键，中国粉丝们需要熬夜才能在第一时间看到最新iPhone 8和iPhone X手机的真实模样，仍有不少人熬夜追完了这部年度大片，收割了无数粉丝的心
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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。关于iphone X运用的人脸识别技术你还应该知道这些6 months ago1收藏分享举报文章被以下专栏收录微信公号：英语日食记{&debug&:false,&apiRoot&:&&,&paySDK&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpay.zhihu.com\u002Fapi\u002Fjs&,&wechatConfigAPI&:&\u002Fapi\u002Fwechat\u002Fjssdkconfig&,&name&:&production&,&instance&:&column&,&tokens&:{&X-XSRF-TOKEN&:null,&X-UDID&:null,&Authorization&:&oauth c3cef7c66aa9e6a1e3160e20&}}{&database&:{&Post&:{&&:{&isPending&:false,&contributes&:[{&sourceColumn&:{&lastUpdated&:,&description&:&和我一起，吃出更好的自己&,&permission&:&COLUMN_PUBLIC&,&memberId&:,&contributePermission&:&COLUMN_PUBLIC&,&translatedCommentPermission&:&all&,&canManage&:true,&intro&:&微信公号：英语日食记&,&urlToken&:&c_&,&id&:38947,&imagePath&:&v2-c9c3f79df539225bde44.png&,&slug&:&c_&,&applyReason&:&0&,&name&:&英语日食记&,&title&:&英语日食记&,&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fzhuanlan.zhihu.com\u002Fc_&,&commentPermission&:&COLUMN_ALL_CAN_COMMENT&,&canPost&:true,&created&:,&state&:&COLUMN_NORMAL&,&followers&:10,&avatar&:{&id&:&v2-c9c3f79df539225bde44&,&template&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic1.zhimg.com\u002F{id}_{size}.jpg&},&activateAuthorRequested&:false,&following&:false,&imageUrl&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic1.zhimg.com\u002Fv2-c9c3f79df539225bde44_l.jpg&,&articlesCount&:11},&state&:&accepted&,&targetPost&:{&titleImage&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic3.zhimg.com\u002Fv2-7e19d14f3b1f4d6b04fd70_r.jpg&,&lastUpdated&:,&imagePath&:&v2-7e19d14f3b1f4d6b04fd70.png&,&permission&:&ARTICLE_PUBLIC&,&topics&:[1,2830],&summary&:&【按】本文为9月9日《经济学人》封面文章，讨论的是“人脸识别”技术。读完本文你将了解：人脸识别技术目前已经有哪些应用？（手机解锁、安保、购物、广告投放以及识别同性恋……）人脸识别技术带来哪些好处，同时又存在哪些风险？最新一期《经济学人》各种…&,&copyPermission&:&ARTICLE_COPYABLE&,&translatedCommentPermission&:&censor&,&likes&:0,&origAuthorId&:0,&publishedTime&:&T22:40:13+08:00&,&sourceUrl&:&&,&urlToken&:,&id&:3914950,&withContent&:false,&slug&:,&bigTitleImage&:false,&title&:&关于iphone X运用的人脸识别技术你还应该知道这些&,&url&:&\u002Fp\u002F&,&commentPermission&:&ARTICLE_NEED_REVIEW_COMMENT&,&snapshotUrl&:&&,&created&:,&comments&:0,&columnId&:38947,&content&:&&,&parentId&:0,&state&:&ARTICLE_PUBLISHED&,&imageUrl&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic3.zhimg.com\u002Fv2-7e19d14f3b1f4d6b04fd70_r.jpg&,&author&:{&bio&:&微信公号：英语日食记&,&isFollowing&:false,&hash&:&406b60b536ceeba2efa9b&,&uid&:165800,&isOrg&:false,&slug&:&englishous&,&isFollowed&:false,&description&:&微信公号：英语日食记\n个人微信：wd&,&name&:&七呵夫&,&profileUrl&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Fpeople\u002Fenglishous&,&avatar&:{&id&:&v2-bfa994a4b08f460e7eef&,&template&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic3.zhimg.com\u002F{id}_{size}.jpg&},&isOrgWhiteList&:false,&isBanned&:false},&memberId&:,&excerptTitle&:&&,&voteType&:&ARTICLE_VOTE_CLEAR&},&id&:816841}],&title&:&关于iphone X运用的人脸识别技术你还应该知道这些&,&author&:&englishous&,&content&:&\u003Cp\u003E【按】本文为9月9日《经济学人》封面文章，讨论的是“人脸识别”技术。读完本文你将了解：\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003E人脸识别技术目前已经有哪些应用？（手机解锁、安保、购物、广告投放以及识别同性恋……）\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E人脸识别技术带来哪些好处，同时又存在哪些风险？\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Fol\u003E\u003Cp\u003E最新一期《经济学人》各种版本（PDF, Mobi, Epub）及音频可关注公号“英语日食记”，后台回复“0909”即可获取下载地址\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEnjoy eating and growing~\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003ENowhere to hide\u003C\u002Fb\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EWhat machines can tell from your face\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ci\u003ELife in the age of facial recognition\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003ESep 9th C\u002Fb\u003E1) THE human face is a remarkable piece of work. The astonishing variety of facial features helps people recognise each other and is crucial to the formation of complex societies. So is the face’s ability to send emotional signals, whether through an \u003Cb\u003Einvoluntary\u003C\u002Fb\u003E blush or the \u003Cb\u003Eartifice\u003C\u002Fb\u003E of a false smile. People spend much of their waking lives, in the office and the courtroom as well as the bar and the bedroom, reading faces, for signs of attraction, hostility, trust and deceit. They also spend plenty of time trying to \u003Cb\u003Edissimulate\u003C\u002Fb\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Edissimulate\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: When people dissimulate, they hide their true feelings, intentions, or nature.\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E1) 人脸是一件了不起的作品。面部特征的惊人多样性有助于人们认识彼此, 并且对复杂社会的形成至关重要。脸部传递情感信号的能力, 不管是\u003Cb\u003E不由自主\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的脸红, 还是假笑的诡计, 同样有这些作用。人们花费大量他们清醒时的时间（在办公室、法庭以及酒吧和卧室）阅读面孔, 寻找吸引人、敌意、信任和欺骗的迹象。他们还花大量的时间试图掩饰\u003Cb\u003E感情\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E2) Technology is rapidly \u003Cb\u003Ecatching up with\u003C\u002Fb\u003E the human ability to read faces. In America facial recognition is used by churches to track worshippers’ in Britain, by retailers to spot past \u003Cb\u003Eshoplifters\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. This year Welsh police used it to arrest a suspect outside a football game. In China it verifies the identities of \u003Cb\u003Eride-hailing\u003C\u002Fb\u003E drivers, permits tourists to enter attractions and lets people pay for things with a smile. Apple’s new iPhone is expected to use it to unlock the homescreen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003ERide-hailing\u003C\u002Fb\u003E encompasses a range of companies and services, including traditional taxis and car services. The overarching idea of ride-hailing is that a customer hires a driver to take them exactly where they need to go, something accomplished by hailing a taxi from the street, calling up a car service on the phone, or virtually hailing a car and driver from an app.\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E2) 技术正迅速\u003Cb\u003E赶上\u003C\u002Fb\u003E人类阅读面孔的能力。在美国, 教堂用面部识别来追踪信徒的出勤情况；在英国, 零售商用此来发现曾经的 \u003Cb\u003E扒手\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。今年威尔士警察用它在足球比赛外逮捕了一名嫌疑犯。在中国, 它（被用来）验证\u003Cb\u003E出租车\u003C\u002Fb\u003E司机的身份, 允许游客进入景点, 让人们用微笑购物。苹果的新 iPhone 有望用它来解锁主屏。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E3) \u003Cb\u003ESet against\u003C\u002Fb\u003E human skills, such applications might seem\u003Cb\u003Eincremental\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Some breakthroughs, such as flight or the internet, obviously trans facial recognition seems merely to encode them. Although faces are peculiar to individuals, they are also public, so technology does not, at first sight, intrude on something that is private. And yet the ability to record, store and analyse images of faces cheaply, quickly and on a vast scale \u003Cb\u003Epromises\u003C\u002Fb\u003E one day to bring about fundamental changes to notions of privacy, fairness and trust.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003ESet against\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If one argument or fact is set against another, it is considered in relation to it. 把…和…作比较;把…对照…来看\u003Cb\u003Eincremental\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Incremental is used to describe something that increases in value or worth, often by a regular amount.\u003Cb\u003Epromise\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If a situation or event promises to have a particular quality or to be a particular thing, it shows signs that it will have that quality or be that thing.\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. While it will be fun, the seminar also promises to be most instructive.这次的研讨会不仅会有趣，而且有可能会颇具启发意义。\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E3) \u003Cb\u003E对比\u003C\u002Fb\u003E人的技能, 这些应用可能看起来是\u003Cb\u003E递增的\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。一些突破, 如飞行或互联网, 显然改变了人类的能力；面部识别似乎只是对它们进行编码。虽然面孔对个体是独特的, 它们也是公开的, 因此乍一看, 技术并没有侵犯隐私。然而, 低价、快速、大规模地记录、储存和分析面部图像的能力\u003Cb\u003E有可能\u003C\u002Fb\u003E有朝一日对隐私、公平和信任等概念带来根本性的改变。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003EThe final frontier最后的前沿\u003C\u002Fb\u003E4) Start with privacy. One big difference between faces and other biometric data, such as fingerprints, is that they work at a distance. Anyone with a phone can take a picture for facial-recognition programs to use. FindFace, an app in Russia, compares snaps of strangers with pictures on VKontakte, a social network, and can identify people with a 70% accuracy rate. Facebook’s bank of facial images cannot be \u003Cb\u003Escraped\u003C\u002Fb\u003Eby others, but the Silicon Valley giant could obtain pictures of visitors to a car showroom, say, and later use facial recognition to serve them ads for cars. Even if private firms are unable to \u003Cb\u003Ejoin the dots\u003C\u002Fb\u003E between images and identity, the state often can. China’s government keeps a record of its citizens’ photographs of half of America’s adult population are stored in databases that can be used by the FBI. Law-enforcement agencies now have a powerful weapon in their ability to track criminals, but \u003Cb\u003Eat enormous potential cost\u003C\u002Fb\u003E to citizens’ privacy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E4) 从隐私开始。面孔和其他生物特征数据 (如指纹) 之间的一个很大的区别是它们远距离起作用。任何有电话的人都可以拍一张为脸部识别程序所用的照片。FindFace, 俄罗斯的一个应用程序, 比较陌生人的照片与 VKontakte（一个社会网络）上的照片，并且识别人的准确率达到70% 。Facebook 的面部图像库不能被其他人\u003Cb\u003E所获取\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, 但是，这家硅谷巨头可以，比如说,获取汽车展厅访客的照片, 之后用面部识别来提供汽车广告给他们。即使私人公司无法把图像和身份\u003Cb\u003E联系起来\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, 国家也会经常这样做。中国政府保存其公民面孔的记录；美国半数成年人口的照片存储在 FBI 可以使用的数据库中。执法机构现在在跟踪罪犯的能力方面有一个强大的武器, 但对公民的隐私\u003Cb\u003E有巨大的潜在风险\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E5) The face is not just a name-tag. It displays a lot of other information—and machines can read that, too. Again, that promises benefits. Some firms are analysing faces to provide automated diagnoses of rare genetic\u003Cb\u003Econditions\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, such as Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, far earlier than would otherwise be possible. Systems that measure emotion may give \u003Cb\u003Eautistic\u003C\u002Fb\u003Epeople \u003Cb\u003Ea grasp of\u003C\u002Fb\u003E social signals they find \u003Cb\u003Eelusive\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. But the technology also threatens. Researchers at Stanford University have demonstrated that, when shown pictures of one gay man, and one straight man, the\u003Cb\u003Ealgorithm\u003C\u002Fb\u003E could attribute their sexuality correctly 81% of the time. Humans managed only 61%. In countries where homosexuality is a crime, software which promises to infer sexuality from a face is an alarming prospect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Econdition\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If someone has a particular condition, they have an illness or other medical problem.\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. Doctors suspect he may have a heart condition.医生怀疑他可能有心脏病\u003C\u002Fi\u003E。\u003Cb\u003Ea grasp of\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: A grasp of something is an understanding of it.\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. They have a good grasp of foreign languages.他们外语掌握得很好。\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eelusive\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: an elusive idea or quality is difficult to describe or understand\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. For me, the poem has an elusive quality.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E5) 脸不只是一个名字标签。它还显示了许多其他信息, 而且机器也可以读取它。这再次有可能带来好处。一些公司正在通过分析面部来为罕见的遗传\u003Cb\u003E疾病\u003C\u002Fb\u003E提供自动诊断, 如豪-谢综合征（一种罕见的代谢性骨病——译注）, 远远早于不用这种方法诊断。测量情绪的系统可能会让\u003Cb\u003E自闭症\u003C\u002Fb\u003E患者\u003Cb\u003E理解\u003C\u002Fb\u003E他们\u003Cb\u003E难以描述\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的社交信号。但这项技术也有威胁。斯坦福大学的研究人员已经证明, 当分析一个男同性恋者和一个异性恋者的照片时, \u003Cb\u003E算法\u003C\u002Fb\u003E准确判断他们的性取向的可能性有81%。而人判断正确的概率只有61%。在同性恋还是一种罪行的国家, 那些可能从面部推断性取向的软件意味着一个令人担忧的前景。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003EKeys, wallet, balaclava钥匙，钱包，帽兜\u003C\u002Fb\u003E6) Less violent forms of discrimination could also become common. Employers can already act on their prejudices to deny people a job. But facial recognition could \u003Cb\u003Emake such bias routine\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, enabling firms to\u003Cb\u003Efilter\u003C\u002Fb\u003E all job applications for ethnicity and signs of intelligence and sexuality. Nightclubs and sports grounds may face pressure to protect people by scanning entrants’ faces for the threat of violence—even though, owing to the nature of machine-learning, all facial-recognition systems inevitably \u003Cb\u003Edeal in probabilities\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Moreover, such systems may be biased against those who do not have white skin, since algorithms trained on data sets of mostly white faces do not work well with different ethnicities. Such biases have \u003Cb\u003Ecropped up\u003C\u002Fb\u003E in automated assessments used to \u003Cb\u003Einform\u003C\u002Fb\u003Ecourts’ decisions about \u003Cb\u003Ebail\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and sentencing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Edeal in\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to be interested or involved in something\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. As a scientist, I do not deal in speculation.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ecrop up\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: if a problem crops up, it happens or appears suddenly and in an unexpected way = arise\u003Cb\u003Einform\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: \u003Ci\u003Eformal\u003C\u002Fi\u003E to have an influence on sth\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. Religion informs every aspect of their lives.e.g. These guidelines will be used to inform any future decisions.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E6) 不那么粗暴的歧视也会变得普遍。雇主们已经可以根据自己的偏见来拒绝给予别人工作。但是, 面部识别可以\u003Cb\u003E使这种偏见更常规\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, 使企业能够\u003Cb\u003E过滤\u003C\u002Fb\u003E所有的工作申请来查看种族、智力征象和性取向。夜总会和运动场可能面临这样的压力：通过扫描进入者的脸来判断其暴力威胁来保护人们——尽管, 由于机器学习的特性, 所有的面部识别系统不可避免地\u003Cb\u003E涉及到概率\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。此外, 这种系统可能对那些没有白皮肤的人有偏见, 因为基于大多数白人面孔的数据组而被训练出来的算法对不同族裔就运行得不好。这种偏见在被用来\u003Cb\u003E影响\u003C\u002Fb\u003E法院关于 \u003Cb\u003E保释\u003C\u002Fb\u003E和判刑决定的自动化评估中已经\u003Cb\u003E出现\u003C\u002Fb\u003E 。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E7) Eventually, continuous facial recording and gadgets that paint computerised data onto the real world might change the \u003Cb\u003Etexture\u003C\u002Fb\u003E of social interactions. Dissembling helps \u003Cb\u003Egrease the wheels\u003C\u002Fb\u003E of daily life. If your partner can spot every suppressed yawn, and your boss every \u003Cb\u003Egrimace\u003C\u002Fb\u003E of irritation, marriages and working relationships will be more truthful, but less harmonious. The basis of social interactions might change, too, from a set of commitments founded on trust to calculations of risk and reward derived from the information a computer attaches to someone’s face. Relationships might become more rational, but also more \u003Cb\u003Etransactional\u003C\u002Fb\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Etexture\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: the essential quality of something\u003Cb\u003Egrease the wheels\u003C\u002Fb\u003E OR \u003Cb\u003Eoil the wheels\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: help something to work more smoothly and easily\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E7) 最终, 持续的面部记录和将计算机化数据绘制到现实世界的工具可能会改变社交互动的\u003Cb\u003E基本特性\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。掩饰有助于\u003Cb\u003E让\u003C\u002Fb\u003E日常生活\u003Cb\u003E更容易\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。如果你的伴侣可以发现每一个压抑的哈欠, 你的老板能发现每一个恼怒的\u003Cb\u003E面部扭曲\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, 婚姻和工作关系将更加真实, 但更不和谐。社交互动的基础也可能发生变化, 从一组建立在信任上的承诺, 变为源于计算机加于某人面部信息的风险和回报的算计。人际关系可能会变得更加理性, 但也会更加\u003Cb\u003E具有交易性\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E8) In democracies, at least, legislation can help alter the balance of good and bad outcomes. European regulators have \u003Cb\u003Eembedded\u003C\u002Fb\u003E a set of principles in forthcoming data-protection regulation, \u003Cb\u003Edecreeing\u003C\u002Fb\u003E that\u003Cb\u003Ebiometric\u003C\u002Fb\u003E information, which would include “faceprints”, belongs to its owner and that its use requires consent—so that, in Europe, unlike America, Facebook could not just sell ads to those car-showroom visitors. Laws against discrimination can be applied to an employer screening candidates’ images. Suppliers of commercial face-recognition systems might \u003Cb\u003Esubmit to audits\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, to demonstrate that their systems are not propagating bias unintentionally. Firms that use such technologies should be held accountable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Edecree\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If someone in authority decrees that something must happen, they decide or state this officially.\u003Cb\u003Esubmit to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: To submit to something means to undergo or accept it. You must submit to a search if the police have a warrant.\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E8) 在民主政体中, 至少立法有助于平衡好的和坏的结果。欧洲监管机构在即将出台的数据保护条例中\u003Cb\u003E嵌入\u003C\u002Fb\u003E了一套原则, \u003Cb\u003E规定\u003C\u002Fb\u003E包括“脸纹”在内的\u003Cb\u003E生物特征\u003C\u002Fb\u003E 信息属于其所有者, 其使用需要征得同意——因此, 在欧洲，不像在美国，Facebook不能随便向那些汽车展厅的访客展示广告。禁止歧视的法律可适用于雇主筛选候选人的形象。商业面孔识别系统的供应商可能\u003Cb\u003E接受审计\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, 以证明他们的系统没有不经意地传播偏见。使用此类技术的公司应承担责任。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E9) Such rules cannot alter the direction of travel, however. Cameras will only become more common with the spread of wearable devices. Efforts to\u003Cb\u003Ebamboozle\u003C\u002Fb\u003E facial-recognition systems, from sunglasses to make-up, are alr research from the University of Cambridge shows that artificial intelligence can reconstruct the facial structures of people in disguise. Google has explicitly \u003Cb\u003Eturned its back on\u003C\u002Fb\u003E matching faces to identities, for fear of its misuse by \u003Cb\u003Eundemocratic\u003C\u002Fb\u003E regimes. Other tech firms seem less \u003Cb\u003Epicky\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Amazon and Microsoft are both using their cloud services to of it is central to Facebook’s plans. Governments will not want to \u003Cb\u003Eforgo\u003C\u002Fb\u003E its benefits. Change is coming. \u003Cb\u003EFace up to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ebamboozle\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: To bamboozle someone means to confuse them greatly and often trick them.\u003Cb\u003Eturned its back on\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to reject sb\u002Fsth that you have previously been connected with\u003Cb\u003EFace up to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to confront or deal directly with someone or something previously avoided\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. faced up to my fears\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E9) 然而, 这种规则不能改变前行的方向。随着穿戴式设备的普及, 摄像头的使用将变得越来越普遍。欺骗面部识别系统的努力, 从太阳镜到化妆, 已经无效；剑桥大学的研究表明, 人工智能可以重建伪装者的面部结构。谷歌已经明确地\u003Cb\u003E拒绝了\u003C\u002Fb\u003E将面孔与身份相匹配, 因为担心它会被\u003Cb\u003E独裁的\u003C\u002Fb\u003E政权滥用。其他科技公司似乎不那么\u003Cb\u003E挑剔\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。亚马逊和微软都在使用他们的云服务来提供人脸识别；而这是 Facebook 计划的核心。政府不会愿意放弃自己的利益。变革即将来临。\u003Cb\u003E抬起脸面对\u003C\u002Fb\u003E它。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E原文出处：经济学人\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E翻译：七呵夫\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E本译文仅供个人研习、欣赏语言之用，谢绝任何转载及用于任何商业用途。本译文不代表本人立场。本人同意简书平台在接获有关著作权人的通知后，删除文章。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E&,&updated&:new Date(&T14:40:13.000Z&),&canComment&:false,&commentPermission&:&review&,&commentCount&:0,&collapsedCount&:0,&likeCount&:1,&state&:&published&,&isLiked&:false,&slug&:&&,&isTitleImageFullScreen&:false,&rating&:&none&,&titleImage&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic3.zhimg.com\u002Fv2-7e19d14f3b1f4d6b04fd70_r.jpg&,&links&:{&comments&:&\u002Fapi\u002Fposts\u002F2Fcomments&},&reviewers&:[],&topics&:[{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&iPhone X&},{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&人脸识别&},{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&经济学人（The Economist）&}],&adminClosedComment&:false,&titleImageSize&:{&width&:566,&height&:318},&href&:&\u002Fapi\u002Fposts\u002F&,&excerptTitle&:&&,&column&:{&slug&:&c_&,&name&:&英语日食记&},&tipjarState&:&inactivated&,&annotationAction&:[],&sourceUrl&:&&,&pageCommentsCount&:0,&hasPublishingDraft&:false,&snapshotUrl&:&&,&publishedTime&:&T22:40:13+08:00&,&url&:&\u002Fp\u002F&,&lastestLikers&:[{&bio&:&&,&isFollowing&:false,&hash&:&358ce2cbbcc3a596bb53a3&,&uid&:100100,&isOrg&:false,&slug&:&mu-ran-37-80&,&isFollowed&:false,&description&:&&,&name&:&MRnano&,&profileUrl&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Fpeople\u002Fmu-ran-37-80&,&avatar&:{&id&:&fadbc5ac68a3a107df15f0e&,&template&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic1.zhimg.com\u002F{id}_{size}.jpg&},&isOrgWhiteList&:false,&isBanned&:false}],&summary&:&【按】本文为9月9日《经济学人》封面文章，讨论的是“人脸识别”技术。读完本文你将了解：人脸识别技术目前已经有哪些应用？（手机解锁、安保、购物、广告投放以及识别同性恋……）人脸识别技术带来哪些好处，同时又存在哪些风险？最新一期《经济学人》各种…&,&reviewingCommentsCount&:0,&meta&:{&previous&:{&isTitleImageFullScreen&:false,&rating&:&none&,&titleImage&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic2.zhimg.com\u002F50\u002Fv2-2bc0abeefc004_xl.jpg&,&links&:{&comments&:&\u002Fapi\u002Fposts\u002F2Fcomments&},&topics&:[{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&美国&},{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&白人至上主义&},{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&新纳粹&}],&adminClosedComment&:false,&href&:&\u002Fapi\u002Fposts\u002F&,&excerptTitle&:&&,&author&:{&bio&:&微信公号：英语日食记&,&isFollowing&:false,&hash&:&406b60b536ceeba2efa9b&,&uid&:165800,&isOrg&:false,&slug&:&englishous&,&isFollowed&:false,&description&:&微信公号：英语日食记\n个人微信：wd&,&name&:&七呵夫&,&profileUrl&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Fpeople\u002Fenglishous&,&avatar&:{&id&:&v2-bfa994a4b08f460e7eef&,&template&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic3.zhimg.com\u002F{id}_{size}.jpg&},&isOrgWhiteList&:false,&isBanned&:false},&column&:{&slug&:&c_&,&name&:&英语日食记&},&content&:&\u003Cp\u003E你好，这盘小菜本大厨做得实在很辛苦。不仅因为文章包含很多生词和表达，而且还有很多政治上的概念和术语。所以翻译得不好的地方还请海涵。美国最近白人至上主义者气焰非常嚣张，在夏洛茨维尔市的暴行引发众怒。本文详细介绍了当今德国对待新纳粹的态度和防范极右势力抬头的措施，目的是让其他国家，尤其是美国，好好学习并反思：有些底线是不能没有的。准备好胃口，开动吧~\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003ECharlottesville in context\u003C\u002Fb\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EHow Germany responds to “blood and soil” politics\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ci\u003EWhat zero tolerance of neo-Nazi ideology looks like\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E1) TO VIEW the footage of crowds in Charlottesville yelling Nazi slogans and flying Swastika banners is troubling anywhere. But do so from Berlin is particularly so. America in 2017 is not Germany in 1933. But the chants about “blood and soil”, the flaming torches, the Nazi salutes, the \u003Cb\u003Ethuggery\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and violence turned on objectors—the whole furious display of armed ethno-nationalism—are nonetheless \u003Cb\u003Echillingly evocative\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Similarly so is the \u003Cb\u003Estrenuous ambivalence \u003C\u002Fb\u003Eabout it all from Donald Trump and some of his media cheerleaders. It could hardly contrast more vividly with how things are done here: Germany today is a \u003Cb\u003Ecase study\u003C\u002Fb\u003E in how not to give an inch to the dark politics of “Blut und Boden”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ethuggery\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: violent behaviour in which people fight and attack others\u003Cb\u003Eevocative\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: making people remember something by producing a feeling or memory in them\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E1）观看夏洛茨维尔呐喊纳粹的口号、挥舞的卐字横幅人群的录像在任何地方都是引起麻烦的事。但是在柏林这样做尤其如此。2017年的美国不是1933年的德国。但是反复叫喊着“血与土”、燃烧的火炬、纳粹敬礼，转向反对者的\u003Cb\u003E罪行\u003C\u002Fb\u003E和暴力—— 整个武装的种族国家主义的愤怒展示——\u003Cb\u003E唤起毛骨悚然的回忆\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。相似的，唐纳德·特朗普和他的一些媒体支持者对所有这些\u003Cb\u003E费力的摇摆\u003C\u002Fb\u003E也同样如此。如何处理这类事情，对比再鲜明不过了：关于如何不给“血与土”的黑暗政治做出一丁点让步，今天的德国能作为一个\u003Cb\u003E典型例子\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E2) That begins with the significance placed on remembering where this politics led in the past. Every German school child must visit \u003Cb\u003Ea concentration camp\u003C\u002Fb\u003E; as essential a part of the curriculum as learning to write or count. The country's cities are landscapes of remembrance. Streets and squares are named after resisters. Little brass squares in the pavements (Stolpersteine, or stumbling stones) contain the names and details of \u003Cb\u003EHolocaust\u003C\u002Fb\u003E victims who once lived at those addresses. Memorials \u003Cb\u003Edot\u003C\u002Fb\u003E the streets: \u003Cb\u003Eplaques \u003C\u002Fb\u003Ecommemorating specific persecuted groups, boards listing the names of concentration camps (“places of horror which we must never forget”), a giant field of grey pillars in central Berlin \u003Cb\u003Eattesting to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E the Holocaust (pictured).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003EStolpersteine\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: A stolperstein (German pronunciation:['?t?lp????ta?n] from German, literally \&stumbling stone\&) is a type of monument created by artist Gunter Demnig to commemorate victims of Nazi oppression, including the Holocaust.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003EHolocaust\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: the killing of millions of Jews and other people by the Nazis during the Second World War\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Edot\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: When things dot a place or an area, they are scattered or spread all over it.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eattesting to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to show or prove that something is true\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. Luxurious furnishings attested to the wealth of the owner.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E2）从重视记住过去这种政治将导致什么（灾难）开始。每个德国学龄儿童必须参观\u003Cb\u003E一所集中营\u003C\u002Fb\u003E；作为像写作和算术这种必修课程的一部分。该国的城市是缅怀的风景。街道和广场以抵抗（纳粹）者名字命名。人行道上的小黄铜方块（称为Stolpersteine或绊脚石）包含曾经住在这些地址的大屠杀受难者的名字和细节。纪念物\u003Cb\u003E遍布于\u003C\u002Fb\u003E各个街道：纪念特定受迫害群体的\u003Cb\u003E匾额\u003C\u002Fb\u003E、列出集中营名称的告示板（“我们永远不会忘记的恐怖地方”），柏林市中心一大片灰色柱子区域\u003Cb\u003E证实\u003C\u002Fb\u003E大屠杀（确实发生过）（如图）。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E3) The \u003Cb\u003Emurky\u003C\u002Fb\u003E interstitial terrain–the Trump Zone, you might call it–between the conservative mainstream and categorically far-right movements like PEGIDA, an anti-Islam group, and the extremist NPD party is broadly \u003Cb\u003Eoff-limits\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Relativisation, endorsement by hint or omission, far-right symbols as “irony”, \u003Cb\u003Edog-whistle prevarications\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and creeping extenuation are rarely tolerated. Take the Alternative for Germany [AfD], a Eurosceptic-turned-nationalist party, some of whose more moderate figures would comfortably fit into America's Republican or Britain's Conservative parties but which is now entirely toxic thanks to revisionist figures \u003Cb\u003Eon its right\u003C\u002Fb\u003E like Bj?rn H?cke, its leader in Thuringia who has challenged Germany's remembrance culture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Emurky\u003C\u002Fb\u003E： If you describe something as murky, you mean that the details of it are not clear or that it is difficult to understand.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eoff-limits\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: not allowed to be discussed\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003E狗哨政治（Dog-whistle Politics）\u003C\u002Fb\u003E，也称使用隐语，指一种政治手段或政治演讲，在看似面向普通大众的一般信息中加入针对特殊人群的隐性信息。该词条为贬义，描述故意提供有暗含意图的信息，也可用于描述有争议的双重含义或类似企图。词语源于用来唤狗的高音频哨子，该频率的声音人类无法听到。\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E3）在保守的主流政治和绝对的右派运动（如反伊斯兰教组织PEGIDA和极端主义的NPD派别）之间的这个\u003Cb\u003E模糊的\u003C\u002Fb\u003E间隙地带——你可能称之为特朗普区域——大体上\u003Cb\u003E禁止讨论\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。相对主义、暗示或排除的支持，“反讽的”极右的符号，\u003Cb\u003E狗哨谎言\u003C\u002Fb\u003E和逐步的开脱（因涉及太多政治术语，以上几个短语不保证翻译得正确——译者注）很少被容忍。比如“德国另类选择”（AfD），一个欧洲统一怀疑论转型的民族主义政党，其中一些更温和的人物将很适合加入美国共和党或英国的保守党，但现在因为\u003Cb\u003E有\u003C\u002Fb\u003E像霍克这样的修正主义者而导致其彻底有毒，这位AfD在图林根联邦州的领导人挑战了德国的缅怀文化。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E4) The line between the acceptable and unacceptable, in other words, is \u003Cb\u003Estark\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Angela Merkel has said Germany's very future depends on it continually understanding the Holocaust as “the ultimate betrayal of civilised values”. When Benjamin Netanyahu suggested that the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem had proposed \u003Cb\u003Eexterminating\u003C\u002Fb\u003E the Jewish people to Hitler, she politely but firmly corrected him: “Germany \u003Cb\u003Eabides by its responsibility for\u003C\u002Fb\u003E the Holocaust.” Martin Schulz, her rival in next month’s election, often \u003Cb\u003Ethunders\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: “The AfD is not an ‘alternative for Germany’ but a disgrace for Germany!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Estark\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If two things are in stark contrast to one another, they are very different from each other in a way that is very obvious.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eexterminating\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to kill large numbers of people or animals of a particular type so that they no longer exist\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ethunder\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to shout loudly and angrily\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E4）换句话说，可接受和不可接受之间的界限是鲜明的。安格拉·默克尔表示，德国的未来正取决于它不断将“大屠杀”理解为“文明价值观的根本背叛”。当本杰明·内塔尼亚胡暗示说耶路撒冷的大穆夫提向希特勒建议\u003Cb\u003E灭绝\u003C\u002Fb\u003E犹太人时，她礼貌而坚决地纠正了他：“德国\u003Cb\u003E恪守其对大屠杀的责任\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。”她下个月选举中的对手马丁·舒尔茨经常\u003Cb\u003E怒吼道\u003C\u002Fb\u003E： “AfD不是德国的另一种选择，而是德国的耻辱！”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E5) Commentators and politicians guard this boundary carefully, for example by eschewing the \u003Cb\u003Eregister\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and language of the far right. They tend not to \u003Cb\u003Ebrand\u003C\u002Fb\u003E critics and opponents “traitors”,\u003Cb\u003E“saboteurs”\u003C\u002Fb\u003E or the like. Migrants are rarely denominated in “swarms” or “floods”. The Bild Zeitung, a right-wing \u003Cb\u003Etabloid\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and Germany's most-read newspaper, has criticised elements of the government's handling of the refugee crisis. But it proudly stands up for the principle of welcomin in 2015 its then editor-in-chief even \u003Cb\u003Epointedly\u003C\u002Fb\u003E took in refugees to his home. The result is a decidedly \u003Cb\u003Esober\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and unemotional style of public debate less prone than that of other countries to \u003Cb\u003Egrandstanding\u003C\u002Fb\u003E or furious \u003Cb\u003Einvective\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. The Berlin terrorist attack in December was reported factual \u003Cb\u003Efrothing\u003C\u002Fb\u003E reactions in the Anglo-Saxon press (and on Mr Trump's Twitter feed) contrasting with the \u003Cb\u003Estoical \u003C\u002Fb\u003Emood here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eregister\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: In linguistics, the register of a piece of speech or writing is its level and style of language, which is usually appropriate to the situation or circumstances in which it is used.（语言学中的）语域\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E5）评论员和政客谨慎地恪守这个边界，例如避开极右派的\u003Cb\u003E语域\u003C\u002Fb\u003E和语言。他们往往不会把批评家和反对者\u003Cb\u003E称为\u003C\u002Fb\u003E“叛徒”，“\u003Cb\u003E破坏者\u003C\u002Fb\u003E”等。移民很少被用“窝”或“群”来命名。右翼\u003Cb\u003E小报\u003C\u002Fb\u003E及德国读者最多的报纸“图片报”批评了政府成员对于难民危机的处理。但它自豪地欢迎需要帮助的外国人；在2015年，当时的主编甚至还有针对性地把难民带到了家中。结果是，相比起其他国家的\u003Cb\u003E作秀\u003C\u002Fb\u003E或愤怒的\u003Cb\u003E咒骂\u003C\u002Fb\u003E，（德国人持有）明显的\u003Cb\u003E审慎态度\u003C\u002Fb\u003E和不受情绪影响的公共辩论风格。事实上，十二月份的柏林恐怖袭击事件的报道很客观且不带恐慌情绪；英国新闻界（以及特朗普发的Twitter）\u003Cb\u003E浮夸\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的反应，与这里\u003Cb\u003E坦然\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的情绪形成鲜明对比。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E6) Free speech is \u003Cb\u003Eupheld\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: marches by PEGIDA and sometimes even \u003Cb\u003Eleafleting\u003C\u002Fb\u003E events by nationalist politicians receive police protection. But this right to expression remains firmly distinguished from a right to publicity or acceptance. When Mr H?cke \u003Cb\u003Eunfurled\u003C\u002Fb\u003E a German flag on a talk show to mark “1000 years of Germany” (a phrase with Nazi associations), fellow guests from right and left \u003Cb\u003Ebranded\u003C\u002Fb\u003E him “disgusting”. Far-right movements are treated overwhelmingly as cultural phenomena rather than–as is sometimes the case in France, Britain and America–mere expressions of socio-economic *\u003Cb\u003Edislocation\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Finis Germania, a recently published book claiming that German identity is being \u003Cb\u003Edismantled\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, has been \u003Cb\u003Eexcised\u003C\u002Fb\u003E from some bestseller lists. One can believe that this \u003Cb\u003Ehyper-cautious \u003C\u002Fb\u003Eeditorial style sometimes goes too far, as I do in that case of the bestseller lists, while admiring the underlying determination to allow no \u003Cb\u003Eslippage\u003C\u002Fb\u003E or normalisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Euphold\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it continues to exist\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eunfurl\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: if a flag, sail etc unfurls, or if someone unfurls it, it unrolls and opens\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ebrand\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to describe someone or something as a very bad type of person or thing, often unfairly\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003EDislocation\u003C\u002Fb\u003E is a situation in which something such as a system, process, or way of life is greatly disturbed or prevented from continuing as normal.\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E6）言论自由是受到\u003Cb\u003E拥护\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的：PEGIDA的游行，有时甚至由民族主义政治家进行的\u003Cb\u003E散发传单\u003C\u002Fb\u003E事件也得到了警方的保护。但是，这种表达权仍然与公开宣传或接受的权利有很大的区别。当霍克先生在一个谈话节目上\u003Cb\u003E展示\u003C\u002Fb\u003E德国国旗以标榜“德国的1000年”（纳粹团体的一个习惯用语）时，右派和左派的其他嘉宾\u003Cb\u003E称\u003C\u002Fb\u003E他为“恶心”。极右运动尤其被视为文化现象，而不是像在法国，英国和美国那样，仅仅被视为是社会经济\u003Cb\u003E紊乱\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的表现。 最近出版的一本声称德国身份正在被\u003Cb\u003E破坏\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的书籍Finis Germania已经从一些畅销书列表中删除。人们可以相信，这种过于谨慎的社论风格有时太过了，就像我对畅销书榜这件事的感觉一样，但同时欣赏（德国）不允许\u003Cb\u003E（道德）下降\u003C\u002Fb\u003E或（极右主义）正常化的潜藏的决心。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E7) Germany, of course, carries a unique historical burden. But every country has dark periods in its national past and far-right revisionists in its political present. The Charlottesville protests, marching under \u003Cb\u003EConfederate\u003C\u002Fb\u003E flags against plans to remove Confederate statues, are a distinctively American reminder of that (indeed, the Nazis were inspired by \u003Cb\u003EJim Crow laws\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and studied segregation as a possible model for German society). Countries without Holocausts on their history books can also learn from Germany's grown-up, vigilant and dutiful culture of remembrance. In America that may mean removing Confederate symbol Jim Grey, the mayor of Lexington, has announced plans to accelerate this in his city. It means \u003Cb\u003Eunambiguously\u003C\u002Fb\u003E declaring the Charlottesville protesters \u003Cb\u003Ebeyond the pale\u003C\u002Fb\u003E (while defending their right to protest peacefully). And it means calling out Mr Trump's \u003Cb\u003Eequivocal\u003C\u002Fb\u003E statements for what they are: \u003Cb\u003Ea moral abomination\u003C\u002Fb\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003EConfederate\u003C\u002Fb\u003E refers to the southern United States during the Civil War, which were confederates in their fight to secede from the rest of the country.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003EJim Crow laws\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. （美国）种族隔离法\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eunambiguous\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: that can only be understood in one way\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ebeyond the pale\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: offensive or unacceptable\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eequivocal\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: (of words or statements) not having one clear or definite
able to be understood in more than one way = ambiguous\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eabomination\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: someone or something that is extremely offensive or unacceptable\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E7）德国当然背负着独特的历史负担。但是，每个国家都有其民族历史的黑暗时期和政治现状的极右修正主义者。夏洛茨维尔的抗议活动是在邦联旗下反对移除邦联时期雕像的计划，是关于这点对美国人特有的提醒（确实，纳粹受到“\u003Cb\u003E种族隔离法\u003C\u002Fb\u003E”的启发，并将隔离视为德国社会的一种可能模式）。那些在它们的历史书上没有大屠杀的国家也可以从德国成熟、警惕和富有责任感的缅怀文化中学习。在美国，这可能意味着从公共空间中剔除邦联符号；列克星敦市长吉姆·格雷宣布计划在他的城市加速这一进程。这意味着\u003Cb\u003E明确地\u003C\u002Fb\u003E宣布夏洛茨维尔抗议者\u003Cb\u003E是不可接受的\u003C\u002Fb\u003E（虽然捍卫他们和平抗议的权利）。这意味着大声说出特朗普先生的\u003Cb\u003E模棱两可的\u003C\u002Fb\u003E声明指的是什么：\u003Cb\u003E一件道德上不能容忍的事\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E&,&state&:&published&,&sourceUrl&:&&,&pageCommentsCount&:0,&canComment&:false,&snapshotUrl&:&&,&slug&:,&publishedTime&:&T21:26:39+08:00&,&url&:&\u002Fp\u002F&,&title&:&看看这个国家如何对付新纳粹&,&summary&:&你好，这盘小菜本大厨做得实在很辛苦。不仅因为文章包含很多生词和表达，而且还有很多政治上的概念和术语。所以翻译得不好的地方还请海涵。美国最近白人至上主义者气焰非常嚣张，在夏洛茨维尔市的暴行引发众怒。本文详细介绍了当今德国对待新纳粹的态度和防…&,&reviewingCommentsCount&:0,&meta&:{&previous&:null,&next&:null},&commentPermission&:&review&,&commentsCount&:0,&likesCount&:0},&next&:{&isTitleImageFullScreen&:false,&rating&:&none&,&titleImage&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic3.zhimg.com\u002F50\u002Fv2-1ffd798c7b16701f39deea4_xl.jpg&,&links&:{&comments&:&\u002Fapi\u002Fposts\u002F2Fcomments&},&topics&:[{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&经济学人（The Economist）&},{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&癌症&},{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&英语&},{&url&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Ftopic\u002F&,&id&:&&,&name&:&英语学习&}],&adminClosedComment&:false,&href&:&\u002Fapi\u002Fposts\u002F&,&excerptTitle&:&&,&author&:{&bio&:&微信公号：英语日食记&,&isFollowing&:false,&hash&:&406b60b536ceeba2efa9b&,&uid&:165800,&isOrg&:false,&slug&:&englishous&,&isFollowed&:false,&description&:&微信公号：英语日食记\n个人微信：wd&,&name&:&七呵夫&,&profileUrl&:&https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhihu.com\u002Fpeople\u002Fenglishous&,&avatar&:{&id&:&v2-bfa994a4b08f460e7eef&,&template&:&https:\u002F\u002Fpic3.zhimg.com\u002F{id}_{size}.jpg&},&isOrgWhiteList&:false,&isBanned&:false},&column&:{&slug&:&c_&,&name&:&英语日食记&},&content&:&\u003Cblockquote\u003E欢迎关注我的微信公号：英语日食记。微信搜索：英语日食记，或者扫描文后二维码，后台回复《经济学人》的出版日期，比如“0909”或者“0916”等，即可获得pdf\u002FEpub\u002FMobi格式电子版杂志及音频文件；还有《时代周刊》、《纽约客》等欧美主流杂志，欢迎下载。电子版仅供预览交流学习之用。版权归原作者所有，不得用作任何商业用途，请下载后24小时内自行\u003Ci\u003E删除\u003C\u002Fi\u003E，如果喜欢请购买正版！\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E【按】本文选自9月16日《经济学人》封面文章，分析了今天的人类在治疗癌症方面有哪些优势（科技方面）和劣势（政策、经济等方面）。读完后你将了解：\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E癌症有多普遍以及为什么说近几十年来癌症变得越来越可治愈？\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E目前有哪些科技手段可以诊断早期癌症以及治疗癌症？\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E不同国家、性别、种族和地域的人之间癌症存活率差别有多大？\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E为什么说治疗癌症不仅仅依靠科技进步，还需要好的政策？\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E建议阅读时间15-20分钟。\u003Cbr\u003E本文食用方法——建议阅读三遍：\u003Cbr\u003E第一遍速读，不看注释和翻译，直接阅读原文，遇见生词（大部分已经标粗）猜一下意思或者跳过，不要因为停下了查词而影响了阅读的流畅性。\u003Cbr\u003E第二遍精读，不认识的词看段后注释和解析，建议多看英文释义（这样才能理解得更全面、准确同时能锻炼阅读能力），对照中文翻译看看自己是否有理解错误的地方。\u003Cbr\u003E第三遍通读，整体再回顾一遍，在上下文语境中复习刚刚认识的词汇和表达。\u003Cbr\u003E有问题欢迎留言讨论~\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003EHealth care\u003C\u002Fb\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EClosing in on cancer\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Ch2\u003E围攻癌症\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ci\u003EScience will win the technical battle against cancer. But that is only half the fight\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eclose in on\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If a group of people close in on a person or place, they come nearer and nearer to them and gradually surround them.\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. Hitler himself committed suicide as Soviet forces were closing in on Berlin...当苏联军队逼近柏林的时候，希特勒自杀了。\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E1) THE numbers are \u003Cb\u003Estark\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Cancer \u003Cb\u003Eclaimed the lives\u003C\u002Fb\u003E of 8.8m people in 2015; only heart disease caused more deaths. Around 40% of Americans will be told they have cancer during their lifetimes. It is now a bigger killer of Africans than malaria. But the statistics \u003Cb\u003Edo not begin to capture\u003C\u002Fb\u003E the fear inspired by cancer’s silent and implacable cellular \u003Cb\u003Emutiny\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Only Alzheimer’s \u003Cb\u003Eexerts a\u003C\u002Fb\u003E similar \u003Cb\u003Egrip on\u003C\u002Fb\u003E the imagination.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Estark\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: unpleasantly clear and impossible to avoid = harsh\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eclaim the lives\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: if a war, accident etc claims lives, people die because of it - used especially in news reports\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. The earthquake has so far claimed over 3000 lives.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ecannot begin to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: 根本无法做到\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. Even the official numbers do not begin to capture the severity of the problem. 即使是官方数字也未能显示问题的严重性。\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ecapture\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If something or someone captures a particular quality, feeling, or atmosphere, they represent or express it successfully.代表（特点);表现,体现(感情、气氛\u003Cbr\u003E)\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. Chef Idris Caldora offers an inspired menu that captures the spirit of the Mediterranean...厨师伊德里斯·卡尔多拉开出一份富有地中海特色的菜单，让人眼前一亮。\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Emutiny\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: A mutiny is a rebellion against authority, like when sailors overthrow the captain of a ship or when a class of 8th graders refuses to dissect a frog in biology class.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Egrip\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: Someone's grip on something is the power and control they have over it.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. The president maintains an iron grip on his country...总统牢牢地控制着他的国家。\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E1) 这些数字是\u003Cb\u003E触目惊心的\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。2015年, 癌症\u003Cb\u003E夺走\u003C\u002Fb\u003E880万人的\u003Cb\u003E生命\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。只有心脏病（比癌症）导致更多人死亡。大约40% 的美国人在他们一生中会被告知得了癌症。在非洲它现在是比疟疾更大的杀手。但是, 这些统计数据\u003Cb\u003E根本无法体现\u003C\u002Fb\u003E癌症无声且不妥协的细胞\u003Cb\u003E反叛\u003C\u002Fb\u003E所激起的恐惧。只有阿尔茨海默氏症（老年痴呆症）能对这种想象施加类似的\u003Cb\u003E控制\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E2) Confronted with this sort of enemy, people understandably focus on the potential for scientific breakthroughs that will deliver a cure. Their hope is not misplaced. Cancer has become more and more \u003Cb\u003Esurvivable\u003C\u002Fb\u003E over recent decades owing to a host of advances, from \u003Cb\u003Egenetic sequencing\u003C\u002Fb\u003E to targeted therapies. The five-year survival rate for \u003Cb\u003Eleukemia\u003C\u002Fb\u003E in America has almost doubled, from 34% in the mid-1970s to 63% in 2006-12. America \u003Cb\u003Eis home to \u003C\u002Fb\u003Eabout 15.5m cancer survivors, a number that will grow to 20m in the next ten years. Developing countries have \u003Cb\u003Emade big gains\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, too: in parts of Central and South America, survival rates for \u003Cb\u003Eprostate\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and breast cancer have jumped by as much as a fifth in only a decade.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E2) 面对这类敌人, 人们将重点放在带来治愈方法的科学突破的潜力上，这是可以理解的。他们的希望并无不妥。由于一系列的进展, 从\u003Cb\u003E基因测序\u003C\u002Fb\u003E到针对性疗法, 近几十年来, 癌症已经变得越来越\u003Cb\u003E非致命\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。在美国, \u003Cb\u003E白血病\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的五年存活率几乎翻了一番, 从1970年代中期的34% 到2006-12年的63% 。美国大约有155万癌症幸存者, 这一数字将在未来十年内增长到2千万。发展中国家也取得了很大的成就: 在中美洲和南美的部分地区, \u003Cb\u003E前列腺\u003C\u002Fb\u003E癌和乳腺癌的存活率仅仅在十年内就已经跃升了20%。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E3) From a purely technical perspective, it is reasonable to expect that science will one day turn most cancers into either \u003Cb\u003Echronic diseases\u003C\u002Fb\u003E or \u003Cb\u003Ecurable ones\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. But cancer is not fought only in the lab. It is also fought in doctors’ \u003Cb\u003Esurgeries\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, in schools, in public-health systems and in government departments. The \u003Cb\u003Edispatches\u003C\u002Fb\u003E from these battlefields are much less encouraging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Edispatches\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: a message or report sent quickly from one military officer to another or between government officials\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. The latest dispatch was held up for three hours at the border.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. He was hailed as a hero, mentioned in dispatches and finally given a medal.他被誉为英雄，得到了通报表彰，最后还获得了一枚勋章\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E3) 从纯粹的技术角度来看, 有理由期望科学有朝一日将大多数癌症转变为\u003Cb\u003E慢性病\u003C\u002Fb\u003E或\u003Cb\u003E可治愈的疾病\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。但是和癌症的搏斗并不只在实验室里进行。它还在医生的\u003Cb\u003E诊所\u003C\u002Fb\u003E、学校、公共卫生系统和政府部门进行着。这些战场上的\u003Cb\u003E战报\u003C\u002Fb\u003E则要令人沮丧得多。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003ECell-side research\u003C\u002Fb\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E4) First, the good news. Caught early, many cancers are now highly treatable. Three out of four British men who received a \u003Cb\u003Eprostate-cancer\u003C\u002Fb\u003E diagnosis in the early 1970s did not live f today four out of five do. Other cancers, such as those of the lung, pancreas and brain, are harder to find and treat. But as our Technology Quarterly in this issue shows, progress is being made. Techniques to enable early diagnosis include a device designed to detect
blood tests can track fragments of DNA \u003Cb\u003Eshed \u003C\u002Fb\u003Efrom tumours. \u003Cb\u003EGenome sequencing\u003C\u002Fb\u003E makes it ever easier to identify new drug targets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eshed\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: pour out in drops or small quantities or as if in drops or small quantities\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. Some of the trees were already beginning to shed their leaves.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E4) 首先, 好消息。如果及早发现, 许多癌症现在是很有可能被治愈的。七十年代早期四分之三被诊断出\u003Cb\u003E前列腺癌\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的英国男性活不过十年；今天五分之四可以。其他癌症, 如肺癌、胰腺癌和脑癌, 很难被发现并治疗。但是, 正如本期我们的《科技季刊》所示, （此方面）正在取得进展。能够诊断早期癌症的技术包括用呼吸检测癌症的装置；血液测试可以追踪从肿瘤中\u003Cb\u003E脱出\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的 DNA 碎片。\u003Cb\u003E基因组测序\u003C\u002Fb\u003E能更容易确定新药的目标。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E5) The established \u003Cb\u003Etrio\u003C\u002Fb\u003E of 20th-century cancer treatments—surgery, radiation and chemotherapy—are all still improving. \u003Cb\u003ERadiotherapists\u003C\u002Fb\u003E can create webs of gamma rays, whose intersections deliver \u003Cb\u003Edoses\u003C\u002Fb\u003E high enough to kill tumours but which do less damage to healthy tissue as they enter and leave the body. Some new drugs \u003Cb\u003Ethrottle\u003C\u002Fb\u003E the growth of blood vessels bringing
others attack cancer cells’ own DNA-repair \u003Cb\u003Ekits\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Cancer may be \u003Cb\u003Erelentless\u003C\u002Fb\u003E; so too is science.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Etrio\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: A trio is a group of three people together, especially musicians or singers, or a group of three things that have something in common.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ethrottle\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to make it difficult or impossible for something to succeed\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. policies which are throttling many Asian economies\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ekit\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: A kit is a group of items that are kept together, often in the same container, because they are all used for similar purposes.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Erelentless\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: refusing to give up or be less strict or severe\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E5) 二十个世纪确立的癌症疗法\u003Cb\u003E三件套\u003C\u002Fb\u003E——手术、放疗和化疗——都还在改进中。放射治疗专科医生可以创建伽玛射线网, 其交叉口提供足够高的\u003Cb\u003E剂量\u003C\u002Fb\u003E以杀死肿瘤, 但在进入和离开身体时对健康组织的损害较小。一些新的药物\u003Cb\u003E阻碍\u003C\u002Fb\u003E给肿瘤带来营养的血管生长；其他药攻击癌细胞自身的 DNA 修复\u003Cb\u003E元件\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。癌症可能是\u003Cb\u003E无休无止的\u003C\u002Fb\u003E；科学也是如此。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E6) The greatest excitement is reserved for \u003Cb\u003Eimmunotherapy\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, a new approach that has emerged in the past few years. The human immune system is equipped with a set of brakes that cancer cells
the first immunotherapy treatment in effect disables the brakes, enabling white blood cells to attack the tumours. \u003Cb\u003EIt is early days\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, but in a small subset of patients this mechanism has produced long-term \u003Cb\u003Eremissions\u003C\u002Fb\u003E that are \u003Cb\u003Etantamount to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E cures. \u003Cb\u003EWell\u003C\u002Fb\u003E over 1,000 clinical trials of such treatments are under way, targeting a wide range of different cancers. It is even now possible to reprogram immune cells to fight cancer better by e the first such gene therapy was approved for use in America last month.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003EIt is early days\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: used to emphasize that something has just begun, especially when you do not know how it will develop\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. It's early days yet. I don't want to make any predictions.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E \u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eremissions\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: a period when a serious illness improves for a time\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. The chemotherapy was successful, and she is now in remission.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Etantamount to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: When something is tantamount to another thing it is essentially its equivalent. \u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. For some animal activists, wearing fur is tantamount to murder.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003EWell\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: To a considerable extent or degree 相当地\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. well over the estimate 大大地超过预计\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E6) 最令人兴奋的是\u003Cb\u003E免疫疗法\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, 这是在过去几年中出现的一种新的方法。人体免疫系统配备了一系列的刹车, 癌细胞能够激活它们；第一次免疫治疗事实上使得刹车失灵, 使白细胞能够攻击肿瘤。\u003Cb\u003E一切才刚刚开始\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, 但在一小群病人中, 这种方法已经产生了\u003Cb\u003E等同于\u003C\u002Fb\u003E治愈的长期 \u003Cb\u003E缓解\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。这类治疗的临床试验已经\u003Cb\u003E远远\u003C\u002Fb\u003E超过 1000起, 针对多种不同的癌症。现在甚至可以通过编辑细胞的基因组来重新给免疫细胞编程来更好地抗击癌症。第一个这样的基因治疗上个月在美国被批准使用。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E7) Yet cancer sufferers need not wait for the therapies of tomorrow to have a better chance of survival today. Across rich and poor countries, the survivability of cancer varies enormously. Men die at far higher rates than wom in other countries, at similar levels of development, they do comparably well. The five-year survival rate for a set of three common cancers in America and Canada is above 70%; Germany achieves 64%, whereas Britain \u003Cb\u003Emanages\u003C\u002Fb\u003E a mere 52%. \u003Cb\u003EDisparities\u003C\u002Fb\u003E exist within countries, too. America does well in its treatment of cancer overall, but suffers extraordinary inequalities in outcomes. The death rate of black American men from all cancers is 24% higher than i breast-cancer death rates among blacks are 42% higher than for whites. A diagnosis in rural America is \u003Cb\u003Edeadlier\u003C\u002Fb\u003E than one in its cities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Emanage\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to succeed in doing something difficult, especially after trying very hard\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003EDisparity\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If there is a disparity between two or more things, there is a noticeable difference between them.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Edeadly\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If something is deadly, it is likely or able to cause someone's death, or has already caused someone's death.\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E7) 然而, 癌症患者不必等待明天的治疗方法来获得今天更好的生存机会。在富国和穷国之间, 癌症的存活率天差地别。在某些国家, 男人死亡率远高于妇女；在类似的发展水平的其他国家, 男人则相对较好。美国和加拿大三种常见癌症的五年生存率高于 70%；德国达到 64%, 而英国仅仅能\u003Cb\u003E成功做到\u003C\u002Fb\u003E52%。国家内部也存在着\u003Cb\u003E差异\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。总的来说, 美国在治疗癌症方面做得很好, 但在结果上却是非常不平等的。美国黑人男性的死亡率比白人男性高出 24%；黑人中的乳腺癌死亡率比白人高42%。美国农村地区诊断出癌症比在城市\u003Cb\u003E更致命\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003EPractical as well as pioneering\u003C\u002Fb\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E8) Variations between countries are partly a reflection of health-care spending: more than half of patients requiring radiotherapy \u003Cb\u003Ein low- and middle-income countries\u003C\u002Fb\u003E do not \u003Cb\u003Ehave access to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E treatment. But big budgets do not guarantee good outcomes. Iceland and Portugal do not \u003Cb\u003Eoutspend\u003C\u002Fb\u003E England and Denmark on health care as a proportion of GDP, but past studies show wide variation in survivability in all cancers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Elow- and middle-income countries\u003C\u002Fb\u003E：由短横线（hyphen）连接的合成词并列时可以进行省略\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Ehave access to\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: have the opportunity or right to use sth or to see sb\u002Fsth\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eoutspend\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to spend more money than another person or organization\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E8) 国家间的差异部分地反映了医疗保健支出（的差异）: \u003Cb\u003E在低收入和中等收入国家中\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, 需要放疗的患者中有一半以上不能\u003Cb\u003E有机会获得\u003C\u002Fb\u003E治疗。但是大预算并不能保证好的结果。从占国内生产总值的比例上来看，冰岛和葡萄牙在医疗保健上的花费没有超过英国和丹麦, 但过去的研究显示, （它们）在所有癌症的生存率上有很大的差异。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E9) Instead, the problem is often how money is spent, not how much of it there is. To take one example, a vaccine exists against the human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes cancers of the \u003Cb\u003Ecervix\u003C\u002Fb\u003E in women, as well as cancers of the head and neck. Rwanda started a programme of routine vaccination in 2011, and aims to eradicate cervical cancer by 2020. Other countries are far less systematic. Vaccinations \u003Cb\u003Ecould\u003C\u002Fb\u003E help prevent cervical cancer in 120,000 Indian women each year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EVaccinations \u003Cb\u003Ecould\u003C\u002Fb\u003E help... 这句是虚拟语气，表示“本可能，本能够……”\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E9) 相反, 问题往往在于钱是怎么花的, 而不是它有多少。举一个例子, 一种疫苗存可用于抵抗人类乳头状瘤病毒, 这种病毒会导致女性\u003Cb\u003E子宫颈\u003C\u002Fb\u003E癌, 以及头部和颈部的癌症。卢旺达于2011年开始实施例行疫苗接种方案, 目的是在2020年之前根除子宫颈癌。其他国家则远没有这么系统性。每年有12万印度妇女\u003Cb\u003E本可以\u003C\u002Fb\u003E接种疫苗来预防子宫颈癌。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Chr\u003E\u003Cp\u003E10) Policymakers are not powerless. More can be done to verify which treatments (and combinations \u003Cb\u003Ethereof\u003C\u002Fb\u003E) work best. A ?1.3bn ($2bn) cancer-drug fund in England, which made expensive new medicines easier to obtain, did not assess the \u003Cb\u003Eefficacy\u003C\u002Fb\u003E of the drugs it provided—a huge missed opportunity. Measuring the \u003Cb\u003Eincidence\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and survival of cancer, through cancer \u003Cb\u003Eregistries\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, \u003Cb\u003Espotlights\u003C\u002Fb\u003E where patients are being \u003Cb\u003Efailed\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Access to health care matters, too: the number of Americans whose cancers were diagnosed \u003Cb\u003Eat the earliest possible opportunity\u003C\u002Fb\u003E went up after Obamacare was enacted. And prevention remains the best cure of all. Efforts to \u003Cb\u003Erein in\u003C\u002Fb\u003E tobacco use averted 22m deaths (many of them to cancer) between 2008 and 2014. Yet only a tenth of the world’s population lives in countries where taxes make up at least three-quarters of the price of cigarettes, as recommended by the World Health Organisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cb\u003Espotlight\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: If something spotlights a particular problem or situation, it makes people notice it and think about it.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Efail\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to be unable to help when needed\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. When he lost his job, he felt he had failed his family.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. She tried to be brave, but her courage failed her.e.g. (figurative) Words fail me(= I cannot express how I feel).\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Eat the first\u002Fearliest (possible) opportunity\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: as soon as possible\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cb\u003Erein in\u003C\u002Fb\u003E: to start to control sb\u002Fsth more strictly = \u003Cb\u003Echeck\u003C\u002Fb\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ee.g. She kept her emotions tightly reined in.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cp\u003E10) 政策制定者并非无能为力。（他们）可以采取更多行动来验证哪些治疗 (及\u003Cb\u003E其中\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的组合) 效果最好。在英国，曾有一笔13亿英镑 (20亿美元) 的癌症药物基金使得（人们）更容易获取昂贵的新药，却并没有评估它提供的药物的\u003Cb\u003E功效\u003C\u002Fb\u003E——错失了一个重大的机会。通过癌症\u003Cb\u003E登记处\u003C\u002Fb\u003E来衡量癌症的\u003Cb\u003E发病率\u003C\u002Fb\u003E和生存率\u003Cb\u003E使得\u003C\u002Fb\u003E那些病人\u003Cb\u003E不能获得帮助\u003C\u002Fb\u003E的地方\u003Cb\u003E受到关注\u003C\u002Fb\u003E。获得医疗保健的机会也有影响: 在奥巴马医改法案颁布后, 被\u003Cb\u003E尽可能早\u003C\u002Fb\u003E诊断出癌症的美国人的数量上升了。预防仍然是最好的治疗方法。在2008年和2014年之间\u003Cb\u003E控制\u003C\u002Fb\u003E烟草使用的