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英语翻译the debate over social security reform in japan has focused mainly on two questions.first,to what extent should future benefits be cut,and second,how can the rise in social security benefits associated with population aging be financed?these questions,however,are related,as it is generally agreed that significantly higher payroll taxes(as in the baseline scenario)would have underirable effects on work incentives and labor costs,which indicates the need either to reduce future benefit levels or to examine alternative financing means,including higher indirect taxes.benefit cuts.there have been various suggestions in the literature and in the public arena to cut net benefits,including through cuts in the gross replacement ratio,higher taxation of pension incomes,and an increase in the retirement age.potentially large savings could be achieved by shifting all remaining pension components from wage to price indexation (including national pension benefits and entry levels of earnings-related pensions tom 1997).an increase in the retirement age would also contribute to overall labor supply and output,but this effect is likely to be small as the participation rate of elderly japanese in the labor force is already quite high.higher consumption taxes.raising indirect taxes would avoid some of the disadvantages associated with higher pension contributions(and health insurance premiums)and spread the burden of financing social security benefits over the general population (including pensioners themselves).therefore,there have been suggestions to increase transfers from the general government to the pension system,financed through higher consumption tax revenus.
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提问者对现有答复好像不大满意,特重新答复如下,请审阅.the debate over social security reform in japan has focused mainly on two questions.对日本社会保险改革的辩论一直主要集中于两个问题.first,to what extent should future benefits be cut,and second,how can the rise in social security benefits associated with population aging be financed?一是对未来的福利金应削减到什么程度；二是社会保险福利金随人口老化的提高如何才能获得资金?these questions,however,are related,as it is generally agreed that significantly higher payroll taxes(as in the baseline scenario)would have underirable effects on work incentives and labor costs,which indicates the need either to reduce future benefit levels or to examine alternative financing means,including higher indirect taxes.然而这些问题是有关联的,正如人们一致同意,明显偏高的工薪税（就像在基准情况下）会对工作奖励及劳动力成本产生不希望有的影响一样,这表明需要降低未来的福利金水平,或者研究可供选择的筹资手段,其中包括较高的间接税.benefit cuts.there have been various suggestions in the literature and in the public arena to cut net benefits,including through cuts in the gross replacement ratio,higher taxation of pension incomes,and an increase in the retirement age.削减福利金.在文献中和公共场所对削减净福利金一直有各种建议,其中包括通过削减人口总更替比率,对退休金收入征收较高的税率,以及提高退休年龄等.potentially large savings could be achieved by shifting all remaining pension components from wage to price indexation (including national pension benefits and entry levels of earnings-related pensions tom 1997).可能大的节省可以通过将所有剩余的退休金成分从工资转移到价格指数化（包括国家的退休福利金和自1997年起的与工薪收入相关退休金的进入水平）来达到.an increase in the retirement age would also contribute to overall labor supply and output,but this effect is likely to be small as the participation rate of elderly japanese in the labor force is already quite high.提高退休年龄对总的劳动力的供应和流出也会起作用,但这一影响很可能比较小,因为老年日本人在劳动力中的参与率已经很高.higher consumption taxes.raising indirect taxes would avoid some of the disadvantages associated with higher pension contributions(and health insurance premiums)and spread the burden of financing social security benefits over the general population (including pensioners themselves).调高消费税.提高间接税可避免与较高退休金交款（以及健康保险费）相关联的缺点,并将向社会保险福利金祭供资金的负担分散到总的人口（包括退休金领取人本身）.therefore,there have been suggestions to increase transfers from the general government to the pension system,financed through higher consumption tax revenus.因此,一直有建议认为,应通过更高的消费税收入来增加由政府向退休金系统的拨款.
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扫描下载二维码cut to the bone
英语新词汇与常用词汇的翻译(34)-英语文章阅读-... ... cut through 抄近路走过 cut to the bone 削减 cut to waste 糟蹋 ...
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报检员考试精讲班第21讲讲义-报检员考试-群学网 ... all skin and bone极瘦的，皮包骨的 cut to the bone大力削减 The bus service has been cut to the bone.公共汽车的服务已经削减到不能再少的地步了。 ...
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Can't forget those things you said不能忘记你说的那些事情 Cut to the bone痛入骨髓 Go ahead, 全国人民在偷菜, take your swing继续, 原?我不?
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比喻轻率地把优点
...y the same thing] 比喻两个人抱同样的态度和主张,有贬义 [cut to the bone;reject offhand] 比喻轻率地把优点、成绩等全都否定 [write off at one stroke] 原义是指把帐目上的数字一笔抹去,现在常用来比喻把一切完全取消或者比喻再也不提往事...
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cut to the bone
大大削减(价格、费用等)；彻底取消
把(费用等)减到最低数
以上来源于：《21世纪大英汉词典》
The budget has been cut to the bone to deal with the crisis.
奖预算削减到最低限度来应付危机。
He has to cut, clip, and curtail his monthly spending; he has had his budget cut to the bone.
他必须削减他的每月开支；他把预算已减到最低程度。
The competition between the supermarkets in the high street was such that the prices of many products were cut to the bone leaving practically no profit-margin .
大街上超市之间竞争相当激烈，许多商品的价格已降到最低价，实际上已无利可图了。
The new governors will have to cut to the bone to pay the salaries and pensions of their over-numerous employees.
Last-ditch spending reductions cut to the bone, delaying production and subsequent billings.
The front line staff has been cut to the bone over the last four years and the amount of work has not been reduced.
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翻译make the cut
make the cut
达到标准, 打折扣；不例外，没能幸免Astronomers voted on August24 to create the first scientific definition of the word& planet&, and Pluto obviously didn't make the cut. It turned out to be only a& dwarf planet&. 译：8月24日，经过天王学家们投票决定，“行星”一词第一次有了科学定义，显然冥王星无以幸免。它成为了唯一一颗“矮行星”。
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Turn clockwise to increase both Cut-out and Cut-in preasure.
Turn clockwise to increase Cutout pressure with out affecting Cutin. 跪求
顺时针旋转，同时增加接通压力和关闭压力。顺时针旋转，增加关闭压力但不影响接通压力。（注：接通压力cut-in pressure，一般理解是，当压力降到一定值，气泵会接通，以增大压力；关闭压力cut-out pressure，当压力升高到一定值，气泵会断开，停止加压）
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Turn clockwise to increase both Cut-out and Cut-in preasure.
Turn clockwise to increase Cutout pressure with out affecting Cutin. 顺时针增加裁剪和切压力。顺时针与影响角质增加切口压力。
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