GRE写作Argument开头如何写好？6篇官方范文开头写法逐一解读 - 小站GRE
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GRE写作Argument开头如何写好？6篇官方范文开头写法逐一解读
摘要：GRE写作中的ARGUMENT作文开头如何写好是许多同学关注的问题之一。这是因为ARGUMENT作为驳论文需要从头开始就提出鲜明观点，而这对许多习惯了开头绕圈子的考生来说可能并不太习惯。本文将结合6篇官方范文的开头段为大家解读正确写法。
看了这么多官方范文的开头，总结出Argument的开头的写法：
1. 首句开门见山指出文章逻辑错误。
可以先通过一个小小的让步，指出文章的论证有其道理(这里可以高度概括一下文章逻辑论证思路和方法by comparison …
with…)relatively/appear to/seem to/well presented/after all(注意这里不要summery the
argument,要immediately engage the argument!)，然后笔锋一转however/while指出文章逻辑是有问题的。
2. 简单概括文章的逻辑错误，用高度凝练的语言提示下文论证思路。
这里又分为好几种方法：
a. 用first/in addition/also等清晰地列出文章逻辑错误和下文反驳要点。
b. 指出施行题目中建议的后果。
c. 只提示下一段的论证，承接下一段(不推荐)。
d. 用列举他因的方式提示下文论证要点。
以官方范文为例
Argument test 1: Speed Limits in Forestville.
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
“Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for
vehicles traveling on the region's highways by ten miles per hour. Since that
change took effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has
increased by 15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring
Forestville, remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightly
during the same six-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want
to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they
should campaign to reduce Forestville's speed limit to what it was before the
increase.”
Models from Practice Book
The agrument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned. By making a
comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit
and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a
lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing
Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.
这篇开头一开始就直截了当指出这篇argument是not well
reasoned,然后高度概括了题目中的要点和题目的观点，下文反驳的第一段就用however承接，逻辑连贯，是大家比较喜欢的argument开头。
Argument test 2: Scott Woods
The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.
"Five years ago, we residents of Morganton voted to keep the publicly owned
piece of land known as Scott Woods in a natural, undeveloped state. Our thinking
was that, if no shopping centers or houses were built there, Scott Woods would
continue to benefit our community as a natural parkland. But now that our town
planning committee wants to purchase the land and build a school there, we
should reconsider this issue. If the land becomes a school site, no shopping
centers or houses can be built there, and substantial acreage would probably be
devoted to athletic fields. There would be no better use of land in our
community than this, since a large majority of our children participate in
sports, and Scott Woods would continue to benefit our community as natural
parkland."
This letter to the editor begins by stating the reasons the residents of
Morganton voted to keep Scott Woods in an undeveloped state. The letter states
that the entire community could benefit from an undeveloped parkland. The
residents of the town wanted to ensure that no shopping centers or houses would
be built there. This, in turn, would provide everyone in the community with a
valuable resource, a natural park.
The letter then continues by addressing the issue of building a school on the
land. The author reasons that this would also benefit the entire community as a
natural parkland since much of the land would be devoted to athletic fields. The
author of the letter comes to the conclusion that building a school on the land
would be the best thing for everyone in the community.
This letter is a one-sided argument about the best use of the land known as
Scott Woods. The author may be a parent whose child would benefit from a new
school, a teacher who thinks a school would boost the community, or just a
resident of Morganton. Regardless of who the author is, there are many aspects
of this plan that he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore.
这篇文章的开头实在是太长了，个人不建议写这样的开头，前两段全部是对题目的改写，第三段还用了两行去猜这个argument作者的身份，毕竟我们只有30min去写一篇argument,我认为开头还是开门见山，简单明了地表明文章观点比较好，把重点放在后面的论证部分。
我们可以看到commentary对这种开头也并不看好!
COMMENTARY
This outstanding response begins the opening paragraphs
summarize but do not immediately engage the argument.
(注意，这句话的意思是，rater希望看到的是immediately engage the argument的文章，而不是summarize the
argument!)However, the subsequent paragraphs target the central flaws in the
argument and analyze them in almost microscopic detail.
Argument test 3: Smile Bright
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
A recent survey of dental patients showed that people who use Smile-Bright
toothpaste are most likely to have capped teeth -- artificial but
natural-looking protective coverings placed by dentists on individual teeth.
Those people who had begun using Smile-Bright toothpaste early in life were more
likely to have capped teeth than were people who had begun using Smile-Bright
later in life. In addition, those who reported brushing their teeth more than
twice a day with Smile-Bright toothpaste were more likely to have caps on their
teeth than were those who reported brushing with Smile-Bright less frequently.
Therefore, people wishing to avoid having their teeth capped should not use
Smile-Bright toothpaste.
The argument contains several facets that are questionable. First, the
reliability and generalizability of the survey are open to quesiton. In
addition, the argument assumes a correlation amounts to a causal relationship.
The argument also fails to examine alternative explanations. I will discuss each
of these facets in turn.
这篇开头非常清晰地直接指出了文章的三个逻辑错误，既高度概括了题目的逻辑错误点，又提示了下文的逻辑论证顺序和内容，使人一目了然，可以学习这种方式。
Argument test 4: Roller Skating
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
Hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after
rollerskating accidents indicate the need for more protective equipment. Within
this group of people, 75 percent of those who had accidents in streets or
parking lots were not wearing any protective clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.)
or any light-reflecting material (clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads,
etc.). Clearly, these statistics indicate that by investing in high-quality
protective gear and reflective equipment, rollerskaters will atly reduce
their risk of being severely injured in an accident.
Benchmark 6
The notion that protective gear reduces the injuries suffered in accidents
seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, (先来一个小让步)it is the
intent of these products to either prevent accidents from occuring in the first
place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur.
However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly
reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and
potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over
invest financially and psychologically in protective gear. (指出了施行题目中建议的后果)
这篇开头先高度概括题目中的结论，然后以after
all引出一个小让步，再用However指出如果实施这个建议会带来什么后果，高度概括这个conclusion存在的两个问题：忽略他因和人们的错误投资，为下文的论证做铺垫。
Argument test 5: University of Claria
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
The University of Claria is generally considered one of the best universities
in the world because of its instructors' reputation, which is based primarily on
the extensive research and publishing record of certain faculty members. In
addition, several faculty members are internationally renowned as leaders in
their fields. For example, many of the faculty from the English department are
regularly invited to teach at universities in other countries. Furthermore, two
recent graduates of the physics department have gone on to become candidates for
the Nobel Prize in Physics. And 75 percent of the students are able to find
employment after graduating. Therefore, because of the reputation of its
faculty, the University of Claria should be the obvious choice for anyone
seeking a quality education.
SAMPLE-1 (score 6)
While the University of Claria appears to have an excellent reputation based
on the accomplishments and reputations of its faculty, one would also wish to
consider other issues before deciding upon this particular institution for
undergraduate or graduate
training.(开门见山对题目中的建议提出质疑，通过先让步再转折的方法，先高度概括题目大意，再指出自己的观点。)The Physics and
English departments are internationally known, but these are only two of the
areas in which one might study. Other depart is this
because no others are worth mentioning, or because no other departments bothered
to turn in their accomplishments and kudos to the publicity
office?(直接开始引出第一个TS)
这篇开头也是开门见山对题目中的建议进行质疑，并引出第一个反驳的分论点，下文紧接着这一段的末句展开论证，个人比较喜欢第一句，对第二句不是很有爱，最好能提示全文，不要只提示下一段吧。
Argument test 6: Silver Screen Movies
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
The following is taken from a memo from the advertising director of the
Silver Screen Movie Production Company.
"According to a recent report from our marketing department, fewer people
attended movies produced by Silver Screen during the past year than in any other
year. And yet the percentage of generally favorable comments by movie reviewers
about specific Silver Screen movies actually increased during this period.
Clearly, the contents of these reviews are not reaching enough of our
so the problem lies not with the quality of our movies but
with the public's lack of awareness that movies of good quality are available.
Silver Screen should therefore spend more of its budget next year on reaching
the public through advertising and less on producing new movies."
SAMPLE-1 (score 6)
The argument presented above is relatively sound, however, the author fails
to recognize all the elements necessary to evaluate his situation. The idea that
more money be invested in advertising may be a helpful one, but perhaps not
because people are unaware of the current reviews. To clarify, it may be
necessary to advertise more in order to increase sales, however that could be
due to many circumstances such as a decrease in the public's overall attendance,
an increase in the cost of movies, or a lack of trust in the opinions of the
reviewers.
这篇范文感觉跟大部分人写的文章结构很相近，大家朝着这个方向努力可能相对容易些。开头还是先开门见山指出题目是有问题的，然后简单指出题目的问题出在作者忽略了其他可能的原因，然后再用简单的语言分别概括了三个他因。
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本帖最后由 Dr_JohnDoe 于
22:25 编辑
Argument四大类写作要求： evidence/assumption/explanation/question
这四种要求虽有共通之处，但分析时的侧重点还是有所不同，写作时的思路肯定也不完全一样。
那么，自己的文章和写作要求在语言上要呼应到何种程度？比如assumption，是不是通篇的都是assume, assumption？（其实看Mason River那篇范文，感觉上并没有一直死揪着assumption不放）再比如question，是不是攻击时必须以问句形式展开？
有时我觉的用assumption的论调写很顺，但用question就很别扭，处理不好的话问题总是显得很突兀。而且我感觉问题不能是&Is it possible that other reasons may also account for...&这种无的放矢的，而应该是一针见血的。
对于evidence也一样。我觉得不应该是从侧面描述需要的evidence是什么功能，而是摆明evidence的内容。比如不能说&The author should provide evidence indicating that...&，而应该是&The author should specify the number of....&之类的。
最近写Argument，真是感觉自己想的太简单了。这些题和写作要求一搭配，难度其实一点都不低，绝对不是找找逻辑错误那么简单。这些写作要求到底应该怎么应对比较好？
总评分:&声望 + 2&
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既然没人回复，我就发表一下我自己的意见：
许多人说，这四种写作要求其实没多大区别，只要稍微改改就可以，这么想是非常危险的。
举例说，OG里的一篇范文（Dr.Karp/evidence）很好地反映出了遵守写作要求对分数的影响。
从内容上看，这篇作文的3-6分范文全部都指出了主要的逻辑漏洞，但是区别就在于，高分都是非常详细地说出了具体的evidence，而且非常详细地指出了哪些evidence会加强/削弱论断。
从作文结构框架上看，更有范文是直接以evidence作为topic sentence统领全文，可见遵守写作指导有多么重要！
所以，各位写argument的时候，千万不要仅仅指出逻辑错误，然后给点别的解释就完了。不管是assumption，question还是evidence，一定要指出：
（1）一旦假设不成立会如何如何
（2）问题的回答是A将如何如何，回答是B又如何如何
（3）这些证据到底会加强还是削弱论断？具体怎么加强削弱的？
由此可见，argument的篇幅都是从上面这几点来的。光指出逻辑错误，举两个反例，ETS绝对会用superficial形容你。
另外，再提醒大家一点，也就是我之前询问过的：
题库中有9道alternative explanation题（出生顺序、人造黄油、两栖动物减少等等），不要根据逐个逻辑错误分开解释，要给出一个完整的解释，一次性解释所有现象！
不能更认同
能否举个例子，什么叫做“完整的解释”？
总评分:&寄托币 + 20&
声望 + 17&
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赞自问自答
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这种研究的风气要支持...虽然我很想和你argue一下，奈何懒惰的我看了看Issue的instruction之后，argument完全木有瞄过一眼....╮(╯_╰)╭...
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是的，我来米一年半后发现，其实米国人都怕的是argument。。。argument其实比issue还要难写。。。
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嗯我也在准备Argument，跟你的看法一样。我觉得不同的要求下行文侧重点应该是不同的，尤其是对于explanation，指出它的逻辑漏洞再加以论述就有些偏题的感觉。对question也是一样，我觉得question的思路应该是提出一个开放性的问题，由问题的答案再来补充题目的逻辑链。
可是看现在下到的提纲或者模板，对于不同的写作要求，很多看起来并无很大区别。我准备自己根据要求再列一遍提纲。。。
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Dr_JohnDoe 发表于
既然没人回复，我就发表一下我自己的意见：
许多人说，这四种写作要求其实没多大区别，只要稍微改改就可 ...
楼主，如果你还上寄托的话能不能参与我们的讨论：
对这种类型的issue我比较困惑…
迟到的新年快乐
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Dr_JohnDoe 发表于
既然没人回复，我就发表一下我自己的意见：
许多人说，这四种写作要求其实没多大区别，只要稍微改改就可 ...
能否举个例子，什么叫做“完整的解释”？
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深有同感！
The saying GRE changed my life is a bit of an exaggeration, but it's safe to say that it has swayed my course slightly as a postgraduate student.
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刚开始写作看到这个帖实在是及时!
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哎，现在感觉Argument不好写呐
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嗯，重点看来还是要论述，展开，摆事实，讲事实的道理。
模板看来没啥用处。
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我也一直在困惑implication 到底指的是什么， 我觉得是假设的直接推论。。
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楼主的问题很有启发！回去看写作要求……
【美国】美版版主
寄托优秀版主
【版主】寄托优秀版主
【考试】备考先锋
AW小组活动奖
【AW】AW小组活动奖
AW作文修改奖
【AW】AW作文修改奖
【IBT】IBT Zeal
Aries白羊座
Aries白羊座
GRE梦想之帆
【GRE】GRE梦想之帆
GRE斩浪之魂
【GRE】GRE斩浪之魂
GRE守护之星
【GRE】GRE守护之星
US Applicant
【美国】US Applicant
满1年在任版主
【版主】任期满一年的在任版主勋章
寄托兑换店纪念章
【全站】寄托兑换店纪念章
【版主】退休版主
Sagittarius射手座
Sagittarius射手座
【加拿大】申请努力中 精神正茂求RP
【美容】魅丽星
【美容】爱美星
德意志之心
【欧盟】德意志之心
【全站】分享之阳
【经济】Economist
US-applicant
【美国】applicant
EU Advisor
【欧洲】EU Advisor
Aquarius水瓶座
Aquarius水瓶座
美版守护者
【美国】美版守护者
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GTER All Rights ReservedGRE作文常见误区六【argument考点】-智课
作文常见误区六【argument考点】!在GRE作文中argument 到底考的是什么?我们想要有效的备考首先要明白考点，才能进行更加有针对性的学习和提高。下面小编为大家介绍GRE作文常见误区，希望帮助大家正确的进行备考。这个误区就是：argument 到底考的是什么?多少人看到这个，就会毫不犹豫的回答，当然是挑错误了。可是有多少人想过，这个答案是谁告诉你的?这个答案有多少的可信度呢?对于这个问题，还是从 ETS 的说明来看看Readers will consider how effectively you 1.Identify and analyze the key elements of the argument 2.Organize, develop and express your critique3.Support your ideas (with reasons and examples) 4.Control the elements of standard written English第三，第四点和 issue 基本上是一致的，需要支撑你的观点，还有需要标准化的英语。这个也就是整个 AW 的要求。然而仔细的看看这几条要求，你会惊讶的发现，这些要求根本就没有要你去挑错误!在上面这几个要求中，我用红色标出了critique，这个词才是理解整个 argument 的关键所在critique 不是一种完全的批判，而是主要由归纳，评价，和批评组成。虽然 critique 和 criticism 词根一致，但是 critique 如果要强行翻译的话，在&评论&和&批判&之间应该更倾向于&评论&。那么从这里就可以得到写作时候的方向，我们要对这个 argument 的整体进行一个评价，而不是仅仅去挑错误。应该同时也去关注 argument 写的合理的地方。同时，argue 其实是一个中性词，并不是争吵的意思，而是一种describing somebody&s idea。所以引述别人的论点，比如&某某认为&&&某某的观点是&&，不掺入任何作者的感情色彩。
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The Department of Education in the state of Attra recommends that high school students be assigned homework every day. Yet a recent statewide survey of high school math and science teachers calls the usefulness of daily homework into question. In the district of Sanlee, 86 percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week, whereas in the district of Marlee, less than 25 percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week. Yet the students in Marlee earn better grades overall and are less likely to be required to repeat a year of school than are the students in Sanlee. Therefore, all teachers in our high schools should assign homework no more than twice a week, if at all.
Sanlee86%35Marlee25% 3-5MarleeSanlee
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Sanlee Marlee
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper. &Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine.&
Parkvil le9
(s urvey, report, study),
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