[A]1.A. B. C. D. E.2.,A. B. C.D. E.3.A. B. C.D. E.4.A. B. C.Le Fort ID., E.Le Fort III5.A. B. C.Le Fort ID. E.Le Fort IILe Fort III .6.A., B.,C. D. E.7,A. B. C.,D.,,E.,8,,,A. B. CD. E9,A.6 B.12 C.24 D.48E.,72,,10.(),A.4-6 B.6-12 C.12-24 D.24-48 E.48-7211,A.B. C. D.E.12,A. B. C.,,D., E.13,A. B. C.D.
E.14. ,A.1 B.4 C.7 D.0 E.OOO151A B. C.D. E.16.,,A, B. C.D. E.17.,A. B. C. D. E.18,,,,,., A. B. C.D. E.19.,,A. B. C. D. E.20,,A.,B.C.,D.E21.,,, A. B. C. D. E.22. ,A. B. C.D. E.23.A B.C. D.E.,24. A. B. C. D. E.25.A. B. C. D. E.26.A.1-2 B.2-3 C.3--4D.4-5 E.5-627.A. B. C.D. E.28.A. B. C.D.
E.29.A. B. C.D. E.30.,,A. B. C.D. E.31.,A. B.C. D.E.32.A. B.C. D.E.33.A. B. C. D. E.34. ,,,,,,A. B. C.D. E.35. ,,,,A. B. C.D. E.36.,A. B. C.D., E.37.A.,, B.,,C.,, D.,,E.,,38.A B.C. D.,E.39.,A. B. C.D. E.40 ,A. B. C.D.,E.,,41. A. B. C.,D. E.42 A B. CD. E.43.,A.,B.,C.,,D.,,,E.,44. A.,,B.,C.,D.,,6,E.,6,,,45. A. B. C. D. E.46. A.
B. C.D. E .47.,,A.,B.C.,D.,E.,,,48 ,A.B.C.,D.,E.,,49. A.B.C.D.E.50. ,A. B. C.D. E.51. ,, A. B. C. D. E.52. ,A.,;B.,;C.,;D.,E.,53.,A.B.,,C.,D.,E.54.,,A.6 B.8 C.12 D.24 E.4855. A. B. C. D. E.56.A. B. C. D.E.57.,A. B. C.D. E.,58.A. B. C. D. E.59.A. B. c. D. E.60.,A B. C.D. E.61.A. B. C.D., E.62.,A. B. c. D. E.63.A. B. C.D. E.64.,A.B.C.D.,, E.65.,A. B. c.D. E.66.A. B. C. D. E.67.A. B. C. D. E.68,,A. B.C. D.E.69.A.B.C.,D.E.70.A. B.C. D.E.71.XA() B.() c.()D.65. E.72. ,A. B.C. D.E.73. A. B. C. D. E.74. A. B. C.D. E.75.A.Le Fort I B.Le Fort IIC.Le FortIII D.E.76.,A. B. C. D. E.77.A. B. C.D. E78.A. B. C.D. E.79.A. B. C.D. E.80.A. B. C.D. E.81.A. B. C. D. E.82.A. B.C.塑胶外固定法 D.E.83.A. B. C.D. E.84.A.,B.,C.D.,E.,85.,A.,B.,C.,D.,,E.86.Champy,A. B. C.D. E.87.Champy,A. B. C.D. E.88. ,, ,A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4 E.5 89.,A.B.2-3 mm,c.D.3-4E. ,90.,A.,B.,,C.,,,D.,,E.,91.,,:A.B.,,C.,D.,E.,92.,,,:; 5,;;;2,.,x,.A.B.,,,c.,4D.4,E.,3-593. ,A.,B.,c.,D.,,E.,94. ,A.B.,C.D.E.95.A. B. c. D. E.96.,A. B. C. D. E.97.A. B. c. D. E.98.A. B. C. D.E.,99.,A. B. C. D. E.100.A. B. C. D. E.101.,A. B.C. D.E.102.,A.,B.C.,D.,E.,103.,A.,B.,C.,D.,E.104.KnightNorth,A. I B. IIC. III D. ⅣVE. VI1O5.,,A. B. C. D. E.106.,,A. B. c.D. E.107.A. 24-48 B.48-72 C. 3-5 D.5-7 E.7-l4 .108.,18,6,,,, ,1,,A. B.c. D.E.,109.22,,,,,,,,A. B. c.D. E.110.A. B. C.D. E.111.A. B. C.D. E.112.A., B.c. D.E.,113.A. B.C. D.E.114.A. B.X c.D. CT E.CT115.,A. B.C. D.E116.,,,,,,10,A.,B.,C.,,D.,,E.,117.,,,A.,,B.,C.,,D.,,E.,,118.,,A.1-2 B.3-4 C.5-6 D. 7-8 E. 2119,,A. B. C D. E.120.A. B. c.D. E.121.,1,,,,,,XCl,,,A.,B.,lC.,2D.,,E.,2,122.A. B. C.D. E.123.,,A. B. C.D. E.124.,A. B. C.D. E.125.A., B., C.D. E.,126.,2cm, ,.A.1 B.2 C.1D.3 E.6127.,,,1,,,.2X,A.,,B.,,C.,D.,10E.,6128.A.5 B.7 C.10D.2 E.1129.,A.5%B.0.1%C.15%D.18%E.15%130-132,,35,1,,.:, ,,,22,,,.130.A.B. C. D. E.131.A. B.C. D.E.132.A. B. C. Le Fort IIID. E133-135,,8,:,, ,,;,1,.133.X,A.B. C. D. E.134.A. B. C.D. E.135.,A. B. C.D. E.136-1392,.:,, ,22,,,1/3,,.136.A. B. C.D. E.TAT137.A. B. C.D. E.138.A B. C. D E.139-142,.139.A. B. C.D. E.140.,A. B. C.D. E.141.,A. B. C.D. E.142.A. B. c.D. E.[B}143-145A.4 B. 8 C.3 D.lO E. 2-3143.,144.,145.,146-148A. B. C.D. E.146.,147.148.149-151A. B. C. D. E.149.150.,151.152-155A. B. C.D. E.,152.153.154.155.156-159A. B. C.D. E.156.157.158.,159.160-169A. 1. B. 2 C.3 D.4 E. 5,6160.(Abbreviated Injury Scale, AIS),161.AIS,Le Fort Ⅰ162.AIS, Le Fort II163.AIS, Le Fort Ⅲ164.AIS,165.AIS,166.AlS,167.AIS,168.AIS,169.AIS,,5cm[x]170.,,,A. B. C.D. E.17l.A. B. C.D. E.172A. B. C.D. E. .173A. B.C. D.E.174.A. B. C.D. E.175.,A., B. C.D. E.176.A. B. C.D. E.177.A. B. C.D. E.178.,A. B. 6- C.D. E.179.A. B. C.D. E.180.,A. B. C. D. E.181.,,A., B.,C., D.E.182.A B.,,C. D.,E.183.A.B.,,c.,D.,E.184.,,A., B. c.D. E., .185.A.,,B.,,c.,,,D.,,E.,,,186.,A. B. c. D. E.187.,A.B.,,CD.E.188.,A:B.,C.,2-3D.,E.,189.,A.B.c.D.E.,190.,A. B. c.D.,, E.191.A. B. C.D. E.192A. B C.D. E.193.A.,,B.,,,C.,D.,E.194.,A.,B.,C.,D.,,,,E.,,195.,A. B. C.D. E.196.A., B.C. D.E.197.,A. B. c.D. E.198.,A. B. C.D. E.199.,A.,B.,,, C.,,D.,,4,3E.,200.,A. B. C.D. E.,201.A. B. C.D. E.202.,A.B.C.D.,E.203.A. B..C. D.E.204.A. B.C. D.E.205. ]A.,B.,C.D.E.206.,A. B.C.1-2,, D.E.,207.,A.B.,C.D.E.,208.A. B.C. D.E.,4209.,A. B.,C. D.E.210.A.B.,c.D.E.,211.,A. B. c. D. E212.X,A. B. c.D. E.213.A.,,.Bc.,,D.E214.XA. B. C.D. E.215.A.B.C.,D.,E.,216.A. B. C.D. E.217.,,,,,A. B c. D. E.218.,A. B. c.D. E.219.A.,B.,C.D.,, E.,220.,A.,B.,,C.,,,,D.,,,,E.,1500 U221.A.B.,C.,D.,,,E.222.,A.,,B.C.D.,,E.,,,223.,A.,B.,,,c.D.,E.224.,A.,B.,C.,,,,D.,,E.,225.,A.3% B. 5% C.0.1%D.18% E. 15%{226,___________,.227,,,______; ,_______;,__________228._____________.229.__________,,,,.230.___________231_________________________,_____.,_____,______.232_____,___________.233.,____________,_______________,______234____________,,,.235._________.236.________,________________237.________,________________.238.,________,____239.,________________,______240.____,___________, ________,________241.,__________242.-________,__________ __________ _________,_________243.,______ _______ _______,.244.245.________,_________,_____246.,________,____________________247.________,.248.,________249.________________,_________.250.________,_______________251.________ ___________ ____________;________.252.________________253.____________,.254.,-______________________.255.,_____________256._______ __________ _________________,_______ _________ _________.257.________,________,_______________258.,_______ _________ _________ _______________259.________________260.________.________________ .261.________,________;________,________.262.___________.263.,________,________; ________,________264.LE Fort I________;LE Fort II________LE FortⅢ________265.________,________.266.,________267.,,______ ,;________,.268.__________269.________,________________270.________________271.,, ________;,________; ________272.______________273.________.274._______________.275.________,_________.________, ________276._______,________, ________,________2J7.________________278.________,,________ .279.________________280.__________.281.________________.282.________,________________.283.-____,________________;________ ________________284.,,________ ______________285.,-________ ___________,________286.________,__________________287.,_________288.:________,__________ -_________ __________289.,_______, ,,.290.________291.'________292.,,,,________.293._________________.________ ________.294.,, ________,________295.________________.296., ________,________,________________297.________298.,_______,_________,________________299.,________300.:________________301.________{302.303..304..305..306..307..308.,,309..310..311..312.,313..314..315..316.317..318.,.319..320..321..322..323..324..325..326.Ⅱ,,.327,,1,, 0.3 Cm,,;1.5Cm,,,,;,3 Cm,..328..329..330..331..332..333.,334.,335.,336.,337.LE Fort.338..339..340,.341..342.,1.:,,,,,.,,,,,.343.,,,x, ,344.LE Fort I.345.LE FortⅡ.346.LE FortⅢ.347..348..349..350.351.E352. 353..354..355..356..357..358..359..360.,.361..362..363..364.,1,.365.,.366.,.367.KnightNorth.368. --22,,1. 5 Cm,lCm. ,,,369..370..371..372.(AIC).373..374..375..376..377.,,378.379. X 380.381. 382..383..384.,.385..386.,,.387..388.,389.,.390..391..392..393..394..395..396..397. {}1. D. 2.A 3.B 4.E 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.E 10.D l1.A 12. C 13.C14.C 15.A 16.E 17.D 18.D 19.E 20..c 21.C 22.C 23.E 24.A 25.E26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.B 31.B 32.A 33.E 34.D 35.B 36.E 37.A38:A 39.A 40.C 41.E 42.D 43.D 44.D 45.A 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.B50.C 51.C 52.D 53.D 54.A 55.A 56. A 57. E 58 . A 59 . D 60. B 61. 0 62. D 63. D 64. D 65 . A 66. C 67. D 68. A 69. E 70.D 71.B 72.A 73.E 74.A 75.C 76.E 77.D 78.C 79.D 80.C 81.B 82.A 83.A 84.C 85.C 86.E 87.C 88.B 89.B 90.C 91.C 92.B 93.A 94.D 95.D 96.C 97.B 98.D 99.D 100.B 101.B 102.B 103.C 104.B 105.B 106.C 107.E108.D 109.C 110.D l11.D 112.A 113.C 114.E 115.A 116.E 117.D 118.C 119.A 120.B 121.B 122.C 123.B 124.A 125.B 126.B 127.D 128.C 129.B 130.B 131.C 132.D 133.C 134.C 135.E 136.C 137.D 138.C 139.C 140.B 141.E 142.E 143.A 144.E 145.C 146.C 147.B 148.0 149.A 150.C 151.B 152.D 153.A 154.C? 155.B 156.B 157.C 158.D 159.A 160.A 161.E 162.C 163.D 164.A 165.B 166.B 167.C 168.A 169.B 170.BCD 171.ABCD 172.ABCDE 173.ACE 174.BCDE 175.ABCE 176.ABO 177.ACD 178. ABCOE 179. CD 180. ABCOE 181. CDE 182. ABC 183. BCDE 184. CDE 185. ABDE186.DE 187.ABD 188.D 189.ABCDE 190.AB 191.E 192.A 193.ABCE 194.E195.BE I96.ACDE 197.ABCDE 198.BCDE 199.BCD 200.ACD 201.ABCDE 202.BCE 203. AB 204. AD 205. ABC 206. DE 207. DE 208.ABCD 209. ABCDE 210. CDE 211.ABCD 212.BE 213.ABCD 214.DE 215.BE 216.ABCDE 217.ACE218. BCD 219. ABCE 220. A 221. ABCD 222. ABCDE 223. BCDE 224. ADE 225. BE226.
228. 229.230.231.
234. 235.2-3236.
247.248.249.
251., , , ,,, 252. 253.254.
259. 260. ,261.
264., , ,,, ,,265.,266.267. 268.269.
272. 273.274. 275.
塑胶夹板固定
279. 280.281. 282.
289.290. 6-8291. 5-6292.293.(,,,,) (,,)
294. 295.296.
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拳击运动的创伤与处理方法
来源：互联网
作者：格斗网
&&&&&& 头部创伤是最严重的创伤，正确的救护和治疗有重大意义。
&&&&&& 在比赛中，当运动员被击打到鼻梁、太阳穴或击昏后摔倒而头部撞击地面时，由于大脑神经细胞和神经纤维受到强烈的外力震荡进而引起的意识和机能暂时障碍，会立即发生了意识丧失(昏迷)所引起的脑损伤(脑震荡、脑挫伤)。
&&&&&& 脑震荡的典型症状是突然神志晕迷，皮肤苍白，脉搏细弱，呼吸缓慢、浅表，肌肉松弛，瞳孔放大对称，可能有呕吐。清醒后，伤员有逆行性健忘症，即忘记与外伤有 关的事情，并有不同程度的头昏、头痛、恶心等。此时应使伤员平卧位，安静，头部冷敷，身体保暖。还应注意观察伤员的表情，对神志不清者可刺激人中，百会等 穴使其复苏，对呼吸发生障碍的伤员，可行人工呼吸。对重伤员应迅速送医院处理，要绝对保持安静，对无严重征象，短时间内意识恢复的轻伤员，也要尽可能使其 仰卧送回房间内休息。一般应卧床休息至症状(头痛、头晕等)完全消除，但不宜过早参加拳击训练或比赛，否则会留头痛后遗症。
&&&&&& 轻型和中型脑震荡，脑组织无明显的病理解剖变化，昏迷时间不超过半小时，清醒后可有头痛、头昏、耳鸣等自觉症状，昏迷的时间越长，伤情越重。
&&&&&& 重型脑震荡时心脏及呼吸活动渐渐衰竭，出现尿便失禁，也可能死亡。急救办法：必须将伤员置于担架上运至医院，伤员取仰卧位，头部两侧用衣物垫起固定，搬运时应避免颠簸震动。
&&&&&& 由于脑震荡可与颅内血肿或挫伤等并存，脑挫伤时除有上述脑震荡所特有的症状以外，还有症灶症状：在创伤的对侧出现肌肉痉挛、麻痹和各种感觉障碍。这时主要采用保守疗法，至少需要20日左右的卧床休息。因此，教练员在运动员参加拳击比赛时，应掌握每个运动员的身体状态，凡有任何头部创伤，只要伴有意识丧失，即使很短暂也必须住院治疗，痊愈后，可用&闭目举臂单腿站立平衡试验&来决定是否可以进行训练，能保持平衡后，才能参加拳击训练。
&&&&&& 击昏现象(即休克现象)
&&&&&& 在拳击比赛中，往往会出现运动员被击昏而摔倒导致失败的场面，这是运动员受了最后一次打击以后，在10秒钟或更多的时间内不能起立重新比赛时，就称为&被击昏&，即休克现象。休克时，整个有机体受到严重的障碍，血压降低，脉弱而急，呼吸浅，其特点是定向力丧失，面色苍白，神志完全或部分丧失。
&&&&&& 当 运动员倒地时，不可去拉或立即叫醒他，应叫他安静地仰躺着，观察一、二分钟，如自己不能恢复神志，必须在防震保暖的情况下速送医院急诊。但大多数被击昏的 运动员，不需要特殊处理即可恢复。当然，击昏本身不仅仅是身体上的创伤，而且也是精神创伤，因此非常需要安静和医生、教练员及队友们的言语和安慰。
&&&&&& 拳击运动员颞部受击出现的击昏，是大脑受了机械刺激的结果。
&&&&&& 下颌部受击而发生的击昏，很少由于脑震荡所引起。这是由于分布在内耳的大感受器受到强烈刺激的结果，是小脑及脑干(红核)的反射现象。由于机能的破坏，拳击运动员失去定向力，摔倒并失去知觉。
&&&&&& 颈部两侧受击而发生的击昏，很明显是由于颈动脉窦受击，反射性地引起了脑血液循环的一时性障碍所致，可引起脑血管供血不足，产生昏迷休克。运动员被拳击多是没有保持基本姿势，下颌过高，两拳过低的情况下发生的。尤其是新运动员颈肌明显无力(尤其是胸锁乳突肌)，防守姿势和动作有明显错误发生率较高。
&&&&&& 左右肋部受击时也可能出现击昏，这是由于相当于该部的内脏器官(肝脾)的内感觉器受累，引起明显的一时性血液动力过程破坏的缘故。左右肋部受击倒地多为上勾拳或直拳击打助部所致。
&&&&&& 躯干受击中尤以腹部太阳神经丛部受击时，更容易发生击昏。上腹部受击倒地或被击昏多为平勾拳击打所致。主要原因是由于刺激传到迷走神经中枢，可使心脏活动大为减慢，甚至停止心跳，呼吸也明显变慢。有时刺激颈交感神经，可引起呼吸加快、加深。
&&&&&& 面部擦伤
&&&&&& 面部擦伤的处理办法是：用30％双氧水将擦伤部位脏东西擦洗掉，或用生理盐水或冷开水将探伤部位的脏东西洗掉、拭干，然后搽上红药水或紫药水。
&&&&&& 耳廓挫伤
&&&&&& 耳廓挫伤是被对方的摆拳和平勾拳直接击中耳廓引起的局部血肿。
&&&&&& 耳廓的皮下组织少，血管表浅， 在受击打时，极易发生血肿。同时由于耳廓的大部分支架是耳廓软骨组成，耳部的皮肤都紧贴在软骨膜上血肿不及时治疗，会造成耳廓软骨炎，严重者可导致耳廓畸形。
&&&&&& 处理办法：用冷敷或用绷带加压包扎，制止皮下继续出血淤肿。3至5天后进行热敷或理疗一周，即可痊愈。
&&&&&& 鼻出血
&&&&&& 鼻出血是拳击中最常见的一种小创伤。鼻部被击打后可发生鼻粘膜微血管破坏而引起的鼻出血，也可引起鼻变形。
&&&&&& 鼻出血时把头后仰，用拇食指在鼻翼外面相对压迫(伤者用口呼吸)数分钟，一般可止血。有条件时，可用浸过肾上腺素或麻黄素的消毒脱脂棉卷成小卷轻轻塞人流血鼻孔内，再在鼻翼外稍加压迫，则止血更佳。额部用冷毛巾或冰袋冷敷，亦可止血。
&&&&眉弓部的裂伤和鼻骨骨折
&&&&受钝物打击引起的皮肤和皮下组织撕裂，伤口边缘不整齐，称为裂伤。 造成损伤的主要原因是由于运动员违反规则的抡打，使前臂直接击中对方鼻骨或鼻骨撞到对手的前臂尺侧或鹰嘴所造成，也有的是双方运动员的头部互相撞击造成的。
&&&&为避免头部受伤可戴保护帽，主要保护前额及耳部。伤后要进行复位治疗并及时止血，两个月内不能进行比赛或实战练习。
&&&&指腕关节的挫伤和掌骨的骨折
&&&&人体某部位遭受钝性暴力作用而引起该处及深层组织的闭合性损伤，称为挫伤。其主要表现为：轻者局部仅有疼痛、压痛、肿胀、功能障碍；重者，可因皮下出血形成血肿或淤积，疼痛和功能障碍都较明显。
&&&&拳击运动员常在与&对手&击打时或在打沙袋练习时，最容易发生第一指骨、腕骨和掌指关节的挫伤和掌骨的骨折，其原因往往是手指包缠绷带的方法和拳击技术不正 确。并且，几乎都是因为运动员出摆拳击打时，没有用拳峰击打对手，而是把姆指掌关节当作击打对手的着力点，故造成第一掌骨骨折。
&&&&为此，教练员必须仔细地注意运动员是否正确地用绷带缠手，其目的在于保护手，使撞力集中，提高击打效果和安全性。
&&&&缠手时应注意，不要缠得过紧，要使手指有适当的活动余地，缠得过紧反倒容易受伤。但手腕部分可缠得紧些，这有利于用力和防止受伤。对于骨折应立即进行复位并 用夹板固定，三周后进行按摩治疗，三个月后开始恢复性训练。另外，要加强对技术的纠正，不断提高技术的规范化和熟练程度。
格斗最新赛事
日期：02-04
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