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Principles of Financial Engineering
PRINCIPLES OF
ENGINEERING
Second Edition
Salih N. Neftci
Global Finance Program
New School for Social Research
New York, New York
Department of Finance
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
ICMA Centre
University of Reading
Reading, UK AMSTERDAM ? BOSTON ? HEIDELBERG ? LONDON NEW YORK ? OXFORD ? PARIS ? SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO ? SINGAPORE ? SYDNEY ? TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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ISBN: 978-0-12- For information on all Academic Press publications, visit our Web site at: http://www.
Printed in Canada
Dedicated to the following ?nance professionals of the future:
Emre Neftci,
Merve Neftci,
Kaya Neftci, and
Kaan Neftci.
And, of course, to the wonderful me
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31Analysis and Visualization of Large Networks using Program Pajek-2
Figure4:FirstprizeonGrap；5Examples；InFigure2partoftheTheore；LeftsideofFigure3represe；3.Brazil,Argentina,Portu；4.Ireland,EastGermany,Hu；5.Cuba,Ghana,Nigeria,Ken；6.Mexico,Colombia,Ve
Figure4:FirstprizeonGraphDrawingCompetition1996.5ExamplesInFigure2partoftheTheoreticalComputerScienceGenealogy(studentsandtheirPh.D.thesisadvisors)ispresented[34].Theattachednumbertellsforsomestudentstheyearwhenthey?nishedtheirPh.D.LeftsideofFigure3representsamatrixofSnyderandKick’sworldtraderelations[16]among118countries.Countrieswerepartitionedto10clustersusingblockmodeling[3,31]:1.USA,UK,Netherlands,Belgium,Luxembourg,France,WestGermany,Italy,Japan.2.Canada,Switzerland,Spain,Sweden,Norway,Denmark.3.Brazil,Argentina,Portugal,Poland,Austria,Czechoslovakia,Yugoslavia,Finland,India,Pakistan,Australia.4.Ireland,EastGermany,Hungary,Greece,Bulgaria,Rumania,USSR,Iran,Iraq,Egypt,China.5.Cuba,Ghana,Nigeria,Kenya,Morocco,Algeria,Tunisia,Sudan,Turkey,Syria,Lebanon,Israel,Kuwait,Ceylon.6.Mexico,Colombia,Venezuela,Peru,Chile,Uruguay,SouthAfrica.7.SaudiArabia,Burma,Thailand,Malaysia,Philippines,Indonesia.8.Taiwan,Korea-S,Vietnam-S.9.Haiti,DominicanRep.,Jamaica,Trinidad-Tobago,Guatemala,Honduras,ElSalvador,Nicaragua,CostaRica,Panama,Ecuador,Cyprus,Iceland,Senegal,IvoryCoast,Guinea,Liberia,Zaire,Uganda,Ethiopia,Libya,NewZealand.10.Bolivia,Paraguay,Malta,Albania,Mali,Dahomey,Mauritania,Niger,UpperVolta,SierraLeone,Togo,Cameroun,Gabon,Centr.Afr.Rep.,Chad,Congo,Burundi,Rwanda,Somalia,Malagasy,Jordan,Yemen,Afghanistan,Mongolia,Korea-N,Nepal,Cambodia,Laos,Vietnam-N.Figure5:Snapshotof3Dgraph.Theamountoftradeamongcountriesinblocksisdisplayedusingshadowing.OntherightsideofFigure3theadjacencymatrix,reorderedaccordingtothispartition,ispresented.Since1995wearesuccessfullyparticipatingtoGraphDrawingCompetitions[24]thatareheldeachyearduringtheGraphDrawingConference.Theawardedgraphfromthe1996(Berkeley)GraphDrawingCompetitionispresentedonFigure4.Figure5showsselectedviewof3Dlayoutofagraph.ThelayoutwasobtainedusingeigenvectorsandexportedtoMageviewer[30].6FutureplansPajekisinaconstantdevelopment.Thelatestversionisavailablefromitshomepage.Inthenearfutureweareplanningtoimplementthefollowingadditionaloptions:differentclusteringanddecompositionprocedures,somestatistics,animationandpresentationofthesequenceofnetworks,outputformatting,controlstructuresinmacros,planaritytestingandlayout...References[1]AHO,A.V.,HOPCROFT,J.E.,ULLMAN,J.D.(1976):TheDesignandAnalysisofComputerAlgorithms.Addison-Wesley,Reading,MA.[2]BATAGELJ,V.(1994):AnEf?cientAlgorithmforCitationNetworksAnalysis.PresentedatEASST’94,Budapest,Hungary,August28-31,1994.[3]BATAGELJ,V.(1997):NotesonBlockmodeling.SocialNetworks,19,143-155.[4]BATAGELJ,V.,MRVAR,A.(1998):PajekCAProgramforLargeNetworkAnalysis.Connections21(2),47-57.[5]DATTA,B.N.(1995):NumericalLinearAlgebraandApplications.Brooks&ColePublishingCompany,Paci?cGrove.[6]DOREIAN,P.,BATAGELJ,V.,FERLIGOJ,A.(1994):PartitioningNetworksBasedonGeneral-izedConceptsofEquivalence.JournalofMathematicalSociology,19,1,1-27.[7]GOLUB,G.H.,vanLOAN,C.F.(1996):MatrixComputations.TheJohnHopkinsUniversityPress,Baltimore.[8]FRUCHTERMAN,T.M.J.,REINGOLD,E.M.(1991):GraphDrawingbyForce-DirectedPlace-ment.Software,PracticeandExperience,21,.[9]HUMMON,N.P.,DOREIAN,P.(1989):ConnectivityinaCitationNetwork:TheDevelopmentofDNATheory.SocialNetworks,11,39-63.[10]HUMMON,N.P.,DOREIAN,P.(1990):ComputationalMethodsforSocialNetworkAnalysis.SocialNetworks,12,273-288.[11]HUMMON,N.P.,DOREIAN,P.,FREEMAN,L.C.(1990):AnalyzingtheStructureoftheCentrality-ProductivityLiteratureCreatedBetween1948and1979.Knowledge:Creation,Dif-fusion,Utilization,Vol.11,June,No.4,459-480.[12]KAMADA,T.,KAWAI,S.(1989):r-mationProcessingLetters,31,7-15.[13]KNUTH,D.E.(1993):TheStanfordGraphBase.StanfordUniversity,ACMPress,NewYork.[14]PETERSON,J.L.,(1981):PetriNetTheoryandModelingofSystems.Prentice-Hall,Inc.,Engle-woodCliffs,N.J.[15]ROGERS,E.M.,KINCAID,D.L.(1981):CommunicationNetworks,TowardaNewParadigmforResearch.TheFreePress,NewYork.[16]SNYDER,D.,KICK,E.(1979):Structuralpositionintheworldsystemandeconomicgrwth1955-70:Amultiplenetworkanalysisoftransnationalinteractions.AmericanJournalofSociology84,.[17]TARJAN,R.E.(1983):DataStructuresandNetworkAlgorithms.SocietyforIndustrialandAp-pliedMathematicsPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.[18]WATSON,A.H.,MCCABE,T.J.(1996):StructuredTesting:ATestingMethodologyUsingthe<puterSystemsLaboratory,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologySpecialPublication500-235,Gaithersburg,MD.[19]WHITE,D.R.,JORION,P.(1992):RepresentingandAnalyzingKinship:ANewApproach.CurrentAthropology33,454-462.[20]WHITE,D.R.,JORION,P.(1996):KinshipNetworksandDiscreteStructureTheory:Applica-tionsandImplications.SocialNetworks18,267-314.[21]WHITE,D.R.,BATAGELJ,V.,MRVAR,A.(1999):AnalyzingLargeKinshipandMarriageNet-workswithPgraphandPajek.SocialScienceComputerReviewCSSCORE,17(3),245-274.[22]Erd?osNumberProject:http://www.oakland.edu/?grossman/erdoshp.html[23]GEDCOMStandard:/gedcom55/55gcint.htm[24]GraphDrawingCompetitions:http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/vlado/projects/gd95.htm[25]p-graphs:http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/?drwhite/pgraph/p-graphs.html[26]Plug-inChime:/download/chimedown.html[27]Plug-inCosmoPlayer:/[28]KNUTH,D.E.:Dictionary.StanfordUniversity,ComputerScienceDepartment:ftp://labrea.stanford.edu/pub/dict/[29]ProgramGSView:ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/ghost/rjl/[30]ProgramMage:http://www.prosci.org/Kinemage/MageSoftware.html[31]ProgramMODEL2:http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/stran/default.htm[32]ProgramRasMol(RASterMOLecules):http://klaatu.oit.umass.edu/microbio/rasmol/getras.htm[33]SMITH,M.A.(1996):NetScan,DepartmentofSociology,UCLA:http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/csoc/netscan/netscan.htm[34]TheoreticalComputerScienceGenealogy:http://sigact.acm.org/genealogy/[35]CAIDACCooperativeAssociationforInternetDataAnalysis:http://www.caida.org/[36]TransportationNetworks,NationalTransportationAtlasDatabase,BureauofTransportationStatis-tics:http://www.bts.gov/gis/ntatlas/networks.html[37]AmericanPresidentsGEDCOM?le:ftp://www.dcs.hull.ac.uk/public/genealogy/包含各类专业文献、外语学习资料、中学教育、高等教育、生活休闲娱乐、专业论文、31Analysis and Visualization of Large Networks using Program Pajek等内容。　
　Complex Networks Databases and Software: 、 Graphviz - Graph Visualization ...Pajek - Program for Large Network Analysis UCINET - Software for Social ...Financial implications of nonoperative fracture care at an academic trauma center.
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):617-9. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e.Financial implications of nonoperative fracture care at an academic trauma center.1, , .1Department of Orthopaedics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. pappleto@bidmc.harvard.eduAbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine if nonoperative fracture Current Procedural Technology codes generate a significant portion of annual revenues in an academic practice.DESIGN: Retrospective review of an orthopaedic trauma practice billings during fiscal year 2008.SETTING: An urban level-1 trauma center.PATIENTS: Outpatient clinic, and all consults, to the orthopaedic trauma service in the emergency room and hospital wards staffed by an attending traumatologist.MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: An analysis was made of relative value units (RVUs) generated by operative and nonoperative care, separating the later into clinic, consults, and closed (nonoperative) fracture treatment.RESULTS: A total of 19,815 RVUs were generated by the trauma service during the 2008 fiscal year. Emergency department and ward consults generated 2176 (11%) of RVUs, whereas outpatient clinic generated an additional 1313 (7%) of RVUs. Nonoperative (closed) fracture care generated 2725 (14%) RVUs, whereas surgical procedures were responsible for the remaining 13,490 (68%) of RVUs. In terms of overall financial reimbursement, nonoperative management, consults, and office visits generated 31% of income for the trauma service.CONCLUSIONS: Although the largest financial contribution to a busy surgical practice is operative procedures, 1 must not overlook the important impact of nonoperative fracture care and consults. In our academic center, nearly one-third of all income was generated from nonsurgical procedures. In the current medical/financial climate, 1 must be diligent in optimizing the finances of trauma care to sustain an economically viable practice.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Economic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.PMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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