& JAVA性能优化 – IBM JDK JVM参数设置
JAVA性能优化 – IBM JDK JVM参数设置
本文将描述IBM JDK下常用参数的设置。
-Xms：最小堆大小
-Xmx：最大堆大小
-Xminf and -Xmaxf：GC（垃圾回收）之后可用空间的最小值最大值
-Xmine and -Xmaxe：堆增长的最小最大值
-Xmint and -Xmaxt：垃圾回收占时间整个运行时间的比例，默认是5%。如果回收时间小于5%，那么它就缩减堆，反之增大。
一般来说只要对Xms和Xmx设置合理，后面的三对不用特别设置。可以看看上heap expasion和heap shrinkage两章的说明，除非有下文的情况：
如果使用大小可变的堆（比如，-Xms 和 -Xmx 不同），应用程序可能遇到这样的情况，不断出现分配失败而堆没有扩展。这就是堆失效，是由于堆的大小刚刚能够避免扩展但又不足以解决以后的分配失败而造成的。通常，垃圾收集周期释放的空间不仅可以满足当前的分配失败，而且还有很多可供以后的分配请求使用的空间。但是，如果堆处于失效状态，那么每个垃圾收集周期释放的空间刚刚能够满足当前的分配失败。结果，下一次分配请求时，又会进入垃圾收集周期，依此类推。大量生存时间很短的对象也可能造成这种现象。避免这种循环的一种办法是增加 -Xminf 和 -Xmaxf 的值。比方说，如果使用 -Xminf.5，堆将增长到至少有 50% 的自由空间。同样，增加 -Xmaxf 也是很合理。如果 -Xminf等于0.5，-Xmaxf 为默认值 0.6，因为 JVM 要把自由空间比例保持在 50% 和 60% 之间，所以就会出现太多的扩展和收缩。两者相差 0.3 是一个不错的选择，这样 -Xmaxf.8 可以很好地匹配 -Xminf.5。如果记录表明，需要多次扩展才能达到稳定的堆大小，但可以更改 -Xmine，根据应用程序的行为来设置扩展大小的最小值。目标是获得足够的可用空间，不仅能满足当前的请求，而且能满足以后的很多请求，从而避免过多的垃圾收集周期。-Xmine、-Xmaxf 和 -Xminf 为控制应用程序的内存使用特性提供了很大的灵活性。
以下摘自Java性能优化的策略和常见方法
所以在应用正式上线的头一段时间，最好把GC日志打开，观察一下堆（heap）的增长（expasion）和收缩（shrinkage）。最佳的情况就是，每次回收后可用的堆大小占整个堆的50%左右。如果回收后才腾出30%不到的可用空间，那就该再调整一下上述的参数了。下图看起来直观一点，使用-verbose:size参数可以查看当前的默认值。
那为何不把Xms和Xmx设置成一样大，就像SUN的JDK所推荐的那样？
Using the same values is not usually a good idea, because it delays the start of garbage collection until the heap is full. The first time that the Garbage Collector runs, therefore, becomes a very expensive operation. Also, the heap is more likely to be fragmented and require a heap compaction. Again this is a very expensive operation.……
If the Garbage Collector cannot find enough garbage, it runs compaction. If the Garbage Collector finds enough garbage, or any of the other conditions for heap expansion are met , the Garbage Collector expands the heap.
因为IBM JDK采用的是标记（mark）-扫描（sweep）-标记-……-扫描-紧凑排列（compact），如果还不能提供足够的空间，扩展堆（expasion）。依次循环，直到达到最大堆大小。每次扩展前，那些长存的对象就被调整到堆的底部，每次扩展后需要再动的量就很少。所以如果把Xms设置成和Xmx一样，那么扫描和紧凑排列这么一个充满内存碎片的大堆的开销将大大高于从小扩展堆的开销。
The overheads of expanding the heap are almost trivial compared to the cost of collecting and compacting a very large fragmented heap.
这是由于IBM的GC特点造成的，而SUN的JDK采用的是分代回收的策略，所以就没有这种情况，反而会受益于堆大小一致。不过这么说起来，用了-Xgcpolicy:gencon，就应该把最小堆最大堆设置成一样咯。
在Gencon回收策略下，可以通过-Xmn来设置婴儿区域（Nursery或者叫young）的大小，通过-Xmo来设置长存区（tenured或者old）的大小。注意-Xmn不能和-Xmns/-Xmnx参数一起使用，-Xmo不能和-Xmos/-Xmox一起使用，否则会报错。前者就是把年轻代和长存代的大小固定了，而后两者就是设定两个部分最大最小的范围，默认情况下：
-Xmns是-Xms的25%或者64M（在JDK 5.0中默认是25%）
-Xmnx是-Xmx的25%或者64M（同上）
-Xmos是-Xmx减去-Xmns的大小
-Xmox是和-Xmx一样大
可见默认的年轻代太小了，生产环境中有必要改大一点。因为年轻代使用的是复制策略，所以回收速度相当快（minor gc），而长存代使用的是和optavgpause 策略相似的方式进行并发标志、扫描策略，回收速度比较慢（major gc）。理想情况是minor gc和major gc的比值在1：1010：1左右。（可以通过GC日志查看回收的区域）
gencon中年老期限（Tenure age）和倾斜比率（Tilt ratio）这两个参数是JVM自己动态调整的。
针对固定对象问题（Pinned Objects），使用-Xk -Xp参数设定kCluster和pCluster，Avoiding Java heap fragmentation with Java SDK V1.4.2. 或者我这篇IBM JDK的Java堆空间的碎片问题。
一些不常用的参数：
-Xloainitial -Xloamaximum ：调整大对象区域（Large Object Area）的大小。分配总是先在SOA（Small Object Area）中分配，如果没有空间并且需要分配的大小大于64K，那么分配到LOA。默认情况下为-Xloainitial0.05 (5%)，-Xloamaximum0.5 (50%)，如果你的程序确实需要分配许多大对象的话（大于64K），那么可以调整LOA的初始百分比。
以上两点可以参考我这篇IBM JDK的Java堆空间的碎片问题，获得更详细的解释。
总结一下来说，对于optthruput和optavgpause，设置恰当的最大堆和最小堆，设置-Xk和-Xp避免碎片问题，如果程序需要分配大对象较多，那么调整一下LOA的大小；对于gencon，可以调大最小堆和最大堆接近，调整young区域的大小，LOA也可以视情况调整。subpool一般用不到，就不去研究了。
一些另外的信息
Default settings for the JVM
JVM environment settings
默认的Heapdumps是关闭的，调试的时候记得打开；默认的Javadumps on out of memory和Heapdumps on out of memory都是开启的，但是默认的dump位置是profile的所在目录，最好在管理控制台java进程中把IBM_HEAPDUMPDIR和IBM_JAVACOREDIR设置到别的目录，防止dump内容把WAS的文件系统撑爆，影响正常业务使用。
在Windows机器上，如果内存大于4G，记得开启/3GB参数，这样可以使JVM Heap可以设置的更大一些，接近2G-1，（其它的三部分可以扩展到另外的1G上去），但一般最大不超过1.7G。
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Index to The Asiaweek Financial 500
Name, Rank and IDD Number
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, after the list of corporations.
ABN AMRO Bank
rank in the Asiaweek Financial 500 #447
60-3-241-6800
Adelaide Bank
Advance Bank Australia
61-2-236-1000
Agrani Bank
880-2-956-6153
Agricultural Bank of China
Aichi Bank
81-52-251-3211
Akita Bank
81-188-63-1212
Allahabad Bank
91-33-20-9258
Allied Bank of Pakistan
92-21-511-030
Allied Banking Corp.
63-2-816-3311
Andhra Bank
91-40-401-41
ANZ Banking Group (N.Z.)
64-4-496-7000
Aomori Bank
81-177-77-1111
Arab-Malaysian Bank
60-3-202-3120
Asahi Bank
64-9-377-8930
Ashikaga Bank
81-28-622-0111
Asia Commercial Bank
Asia Pacific Bank
886-4-227-1799
AsianBank Corporation
63-2-819-0611
Askari Commercial Bank
92-51-518-117
Australia & N.Z. Banking Group
81-886-23-3131
Ban Hin Lee Bank
60-4-227-7882
Banco Coml. de Macau (Asia)
853-569-622
Banco de Oro Universal Bank
63-2-636-6060
Banco Luso Internacional
853-378-977
Banco Seng Heng
853-555-222
Banco Tai Fung
853-322-323
Banco Weng Hang
853-335-678
Bangkok Bank
66-2-231-4333
Bangkok Bank of Commerce
66-2-267-1900
Bangkok Metropolitan Bank
66-2-223-0561
Bank Andromeda
62-21-251-0152
Bank Artha Graha
62-21-515-2168
Bank Arya Panduarta
62-21-421-6480
Bank Asia Pacific
62-21-252-0225
62-21-523-7899
62-21-251-2211
Bank Buana Indonesia
62-21-692-2901
Bank Bukopin
62-21-798-8266
Bank Bumi Daya
62-21-230-0300
Bank Bumiputra Malaysia
60-3-298-1011
Bank Central Asia
62-21-520-8650
Bank Dagang Nasional Indon.
62-21-231-1221
Bank Dagang Negara
62-21-230-1107
Bank Danamon Indonesia
62-21-231-0901
Bank Dharmala
62-21-521-2211
62-21-380-0900
Bank Ekspor Impor Indon.
62-21-526-5045
Bank Harapan Santosa
62-21-260-0717
Bank Internasional Indonesia
62-21-230-0888
Bank Islam Malaysia
60-3-293-5566
Bank Lippo
62-21-546-0555
Bank LTCB Central Asia
62-21-571-2562
Bank Mashill Utama
62-21-522-1995
Bank Nasional
62-21-522-1533
Bank Negara Indonesia
62-21-251-1946
Bank Niaga
62-21-250-5151
62-22-420-1403
Bank Nusa Internasional
62-21-252-5109
Bank of America (Asia)
Bank of America Malaysia
60-3-202-1133
Bank of Asia
66-2-287-2211
Bank of Ayudhya
66-2-296-2000
Bank of Baroda
91-22-261-0341
Bank of Ceylon
94-1-446-790
Bank of Cheju
82-64-20-0200
Bank of China
Bank of Commerce
63-2-817-4906
Bank of Commerce (M)
60-3-293-1722
Bank of Communications
Bank of East Asia
Bank of Fukuoka
81-92-723-2131
Bank of Ikeda
81-727-51-3521
Bank of India
91-22-202-3020
Bank of Iwate
81-19-623-1111
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81-6-213-0213
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886-7-348-0535
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81-6-945-2121
Bank of Kochi
81-888-76-2310
Bank of Kyoto
81-75-361-2211
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91-44-863-416
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91-212-322-731
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Bank of Nagasaki
81-95-825-4151
Bank of Nagoya
81-52-962-7996
Bank of Naniwa
81-6-441-0728
Bank of New Zealand
64-4-474-6999
Bank of Nova Scotia
60-3-241-0766
Bank of Okinawa
81-98-867-2141
Bank of Osaka
81-6-538-1021
Bank of Overseas Chinese
886-2-371-5181
Bank of Punjab
92-42-636-5069
Bank of Queensland
Bank of Rajasthan
91-741-380-222
Bank of Saga
81-952-24-5111
Bank of Singapore
65-223-9266
Bank of Taiwan
886-2-349-3456
Bank of The Phil. Islands
63-2-818-5541
Bank of The Ryukyus
81-98-866-4566
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi (Aust.)
Bank of Western Australia
Bank of Yokohama
81-45-225-1111
Bank Papan Sejahtera
62-21-252-2919
Bank PDFCI
62-21-345-6608
Bank Putera Surya Perkasa
62-21-252-0880
Bank Rakyat Indonesia
62-21-251-0244
62-21-231-3665
Bank Sakura Swadharma
62-21-571-1401
Bank SinoPac
886-2-508-2288
Bank Sumitomo Niaga
62-21-522-7011
Bank Surya
62-21-390-2550
Bank Tabungan Negara
62-21-633-6789
Bank Tabungan Pensiunan Nasl.
62-22-502-822
Bank Tiara Asia
62-21-831-0210
Bank Umum Nasional
62-21-231-2828
Bank Umum Servitia
62-21-690-1919
Bank Universal
62-21-521-0550
Bank Utama
62-21-345-8103
Bank Utama (Malaysia)
60-82-419-294
Bankers Trust Australia
Bankers Trust N.Z.
64-9-351-1000
Baodao Commercial Bank
886-2-388-9888
Bendigo Bank
61-3-54-339-339
Biwako Bank
81-775-24-9311
Boram Bank
82-2-771-5300
BPD Dki Jakarta
62-21-231-2623
BPD Jawa Barat
62-22-436-553
BPD Jawa Tengah
62-24-554-025
BPD Jawa Timur
62-31-531-0090
BSN Commercial Bank (M)
60-3-443-6466
Canara Bank
91-80-222-1581
Catholic Syrian Bank
91-487-333-020
Central Bank of India
91-22-202-6428
Central Trust of China
886-2-311-1511
Challenge Bank
Chang Hwa Commercial Bank
886-2-536-2951
Chekiang First Bank
Chiba Bank
81-43-245-1111
Chiba Kogyo Bank
81-43-243-2111
Chikuho Bank
81-942-32-5331
China & South Sea Bank
China Banking Corporation
63-2-816-4179
China Construction Bank
China Investment Bank
China Merchants Bank
China Minsheng Banking
China State Bank
Chinatrust Commercial Bank
886-2-722-2002
Chinese Bank
886-2-516-8686
Chiyu Banking Corp.
Cho Hung Bank
82-2-733-2000
Chubu Bank
81-54-221-5130
Chugoku Bank
81-86-223-3111
Chukyo Bank
81-52-262-6111
Chung Khiaw Bank
65-222-8622
Chung Khiaw Bank (Malaysia)
60-3-292-4511
Chung Shing Bank
886-7-338-6082
Chungbuk Bank
82-431-220-7114
Chungchong Bank
82-2-265-3181
Chuo Trust & Banking
Citibank Australia
Citibank Malaysia
60-3-232-8585
CITIC Industrial Bank
Commercial Bank of Ceylon
94-1-445-010
Commercial Bank of Korea
82-2-754-3920
Commonwealth Bank of Aust.
Corporation Bank
91-824-26-416
Cosmos Bank
886-2-701-1777
Countrywide Banking Corp.
64-9-309-8900
Dae Dong Bank
82-53-760-6000
Daegu Bank
82-53-756-2001
Dah An Coml. Bank
886-2-712-6666
Dah Sing Bank
Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank
Daisan Bank
81-598-23-1111
Daishi Bank
81-25-222-4111
Daito Bank
81-249-25-1111
Daiwa Bank
81-6-271-1221
Daiwa Perdania Bank
62-21-570-1958
Dao Heng Bank
65-220-1111
60-3-987-8888
91-22-218-1612
Deutsche Bank (Malaysia)
60-3-202-1163
Donghwa Bank
82-2-733-7171
Dongnam Bank
82-51-647-8000
E. Sun Coml. Bank
886-2-389-1313
Ehime Bank
81-89-933-1111
Eighteenth Bank
81-95-824-1818
En Tie Commercial Bank
886-2-718-9999
60-3-294-1188
Equitable Banking Corp.
63-2-242-7101
Everbright Bank of China
Far East Bank & Trust
63-2-845-9888
Far Eastern Intl. Bank
886-2-378-6868
Farmers Bank of China
886-2-551-7141
Federal Bank
Ficorinvest Bank
62-21-829-8966
First Bangkok City Bank
66-2-223-0501
First Bank of Toyama
81-764-24-1211
First Commercial Bank
886-2-311-1111
First Pacific Bank
Four Seas Bank
65-224-9898
Fubon Commercial Bank
886-2-771-6699
Fuji Bank Internasional
62-21-720-4477
Fujian Industrial Bank
86-591-784-2407
Fukuho Bank
81-776-21-2500
Fukui Bank
81-776-24-2030
Fukuoka Chuo Bank
81-92-751-4431
Fukuoka City Bank
81-92-441-2222
Fukushima Bank
81-245-25-2525
Fukutoku Bank
81-6-252-1101
81-58-275-1111
Global Trust Bank
91-22-262-1221
Grand Coml.l Bank
886-2-556-2088
Guangdong Devt. Bank
Gunma Bank
81-272-52-1111
Habib Bank
92-21-241-8000
Hachijuni Bank
81-26-227-1182
Haifa Bank of China
86-898-623-9063
82-2-754-2121
Hang Seng Bank
Hanil Bank
82-2-259-6114
Hanshin Bank
81-78-331-8141
Hanwa Bank
81-734-23-8181
Hatton National Bank
94-1-421-885
Higashi-Nippon Bank
81-96-325-2111
Hiroshima Bank
81-82-247-5151
Hiroshima-Sogo Bank
81-82-241-3131
Hock Hua Bank
60-84-333-888
Hokkaido Bank
81-11-261-7111
Hokkaido Takushoku Bank
81-11-271-2111
Hokkoku Bank
81-76-263-1111
Hokuetsu Bank
81-258-35-3111
Hokuriku Bank
81-764-23-7111
Hokuto Bank
81-188-33-4211
Hong Leong Bank
60-3-264-2828
Hongkong & Shanghai Banking
Hongkong Bank Malaysia
60-3-230-0744
Hongkong Chinese Bank
HongkongBank of Australia
Housing & Coml. Bank
82-2-769-7114
81-975-34-2611
Hsin Chu Bank
886-35-245-131
Hua Chiao Coml. Bank
Hua Nan Coml. Bank
886-2-371-3111
Hua Xia Bank
Hyakugo Bank
81-592-27-2151
Hyakujushi Bank
81-878-31-0114
Ibaraki Bank
81-29-231-3171
IBJ Australia Bank
IBJ Indonesia Bank
62-21-570-1010
Indian Bank
91-44-514-151
Indian Overseas Bank
91-44-852-0246
Indl. & Coml. Bank of
Indusind Bank
91-22-385-9901
Industrial & Coml. Bank
65-221-1711
Industrial Bank of Japan
Industrial Bank of Korea
82-2-729-7023
ING Mercantile Mutual Bank
Inter-Pacific Bank
62-21-571-1095
International Bank of Asia
Intl. Bank of Singapore
65-223-4488
Intl. Coml. Bank of China
886-2-563-3156
Intl. Fin. Invt. & Comm. Bank
880-2-956-3020
Ishikawa Bank
81-76-262-4181
Islami Bank Bangladesh
880-2-956-3046
81-89-941-1141
Jammu & Kashmir Bank
91-194-30040
Janata Bank
880-2-956-0027
Jardine Fleming Bank
Jayabank International
62-21-230-0088
Jeonbuk Bank
82-652-250-7114
81-29-231-2151
Juroku Bank
81-58-265-2111
Ka Wah Bank
Kagawa Bank
81-878-61-3121
Kagoshima Bank
81-99-225-3111
Kanagawa Bank
81-45-261-2641
Kangwon Bank
82-361-54-4351
Kanto Bank
81-298-21-8111
Kaohsiung Business Bank
886-7-261-3030
Karnataka Bank
91-824-440-751
Karur Vysya Bank
91-44-825-9668
Keiyo Bank
81-43-222-2121
Keppel Bank of Singapore
65-222-8222
Kincheng Banking Corp.
Kita-Nippon Bank
81-19-653-1111
81-734-23-9111
Kofuku Bank
81-6-444-1551
Kokumin Bank
Kookmin Bank
82-2-317-2460
Koram Bank
82-2-731-8114
Korea Exchange Bank
82-2-729-8000
Korea First Bank
82-2-733-0070
Korea Long-Term Credit Bank
82-2-782-0111
Krung Thai Bank
66-2-255-2222
Kumamoto Family Bank
81-96-385-1111
Kwangju Bank
82-62-220-2114
Kwangtung Provincial Bank
Kwong On Bank
Kwong Yik Bank
60-3-987-8888
Kyongnam Bank
82-551-90-8000
Kyoto Kyoei Bank
81-75-211-7181
Kyungki Bank
82-32-420-5000
Kyushu Bank
81-956-24-7111
Laem Thong Bank
66-2-260-0090
Land Bank of Taiwan
886-2-361-3020
Land Bank of The Phil.
63-2-818-9411
Liu Chong Hing Bank
Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan
Macquarie Bank
Malayan Banking
60-3-230-8833
Metropolitan Bank & Trust
63-2-810-3311
Metway Bank
Michinoku Bank
81-177-74-1111
Midori Bank
81-78-231-6150
81-593-53-3111
Minami-Nippon Bank
81-992-26-1111
Mitsubishi Trust & Banking
Mitsui Trust & Banking
Miyazaki Bank
81-985-27-3131
Miyazaki Taiyo Bank
81-985-24-2111
Modern Bank
62-21-230-0788
Multi-Purpose Bank
60-3-294-8800
Musashino Bank
81-48-641-6111
Muslim Commercial Bank
92-21-241-4091
Nagano Bank
81-263-27-3311
Nakornthon Bank
66-2-233-2111
Nanto Bank
81-742-27-1560
Nanyang Commercial Bank
81-742-26-3800
National Australia Bank
National Bank
880-2-956-3081
National Bank of N.Z.
64-4-494-4000
National Bank of Pakistan
92-21-241-6612
Niigata Chuo Bank
81-25-229-1111
Nippon Credit Bank
Nippon Trust Bank
Nishi-Nippon Bank
81-92-476-2481
North Pacific Bank
81-11-261-1311
OCBC Bank (Malaysia)
60-3-292-0344
Ogaki Kyoritsu Bank
81-584-74-2111
81-975-34-1111
Okazaki Shinkin Bank
81-564-21-6111
Okinawa Kaiho Bank
81-98-869-9532
Oriental Bank
60-3-202-4600
Oriental Bank of Commerce
91-11-332-112
Oversea-Chinese Banking Corp.
65-535-7222
Overseas Trust Bank
Overseas Union Bank
65-533-8686
Overseas Union Bank (Mal.)
60-3-230-5005
P.N.G. Banking Corp.
675-321-1999
Pacific Bank
60-3-261-4822
Pan Asia Bank
886-4-206-1111
Pan Indonesia Bank
62-21-270-0545
Peace Bank of
82-2-222-2001
People's Bank
94-1-324-188
Perwira Affin Bank
60-3-241-0000
Phil. Bank of Communications
63-2-242-8701
Phil. Coml. Intl. Bank
63-2-817-1021
Phil. Trust Bank
63-2-524-9061
PhileoAllied Bank (Malaysia)
60-3-202-3322
Philippine Banking Corp.
63-2-817-0901
Philippine National Bank
63-2-891-6040
Pilipinas Bank
63-2-816-1483
Po Sang Bank
Primary Industry Bank of Aust.
Prudential Bank
63-2-817-8981
Pubali Bank
880-2-955-1614
Public Bank
60-3-263-8888
Punjab & Sind Bank
91-11-572-0849
Punjab National Bank
91-11-602-303
Pusan Bank
82-51-642-3300
Rizal Coml. Banking Corp.
63-2-891-0900
Rupali Bank
880-2-955-2481
Sabah Bank
60-88-218-911
Saga Kyoei Bank
81-952-26-2161
Saikyo Bank
81-834-31-1211
Sakura Bank
San-In Godo Bank
81-852-32-7022
Sanwa Bank
81-6-206-8111
Sanwa Indonesia Bank
62-21-250-0401
Sapporo Bank
81-11-251-2111
Security Bank Corp.
63-2-818-7677
Sejahtera Bank Umum
62-21-390-3666
Sendai Bank
81-22-225-8241
Senshu Bank
81-724-23-2131
Setouchi Bank
81-823-22-2222
Seylan Bank
94-1-437-901
Shanghai Coml. & Savings
886-2-581-7111
Shanghai Coml. Bank
Shanghai Pudong Devt. Bank
Shenzhen Devt. Bank
86-755-556-2135
Shiga Bank
81-775-21-2360
Shikoku Bank
81-888-23-2111
Shimane Bank
81-852-24-1234
Shimizu Bank
81-543-53-5151
Shinhan Bank
82-2-756-0505
Shinwa Bank
81-956-23-3717
Shizuoka Bank
81-54-254-3111
Shizuoka Chuo Bank
81-559-62-2600
Shokusan Bank
81-236-23-8111
Shonai Bank
81-235-22-5211
Siam City Bank
66-2-208-5000
Siam Commercial Bank
66-2-544-1111
60-3-230-5833
Sin Hua Bank
Solidbank Corp.
63-2-894-8888
Sonali Bank
880-2-955-0426
South Indian Bank
91-487-20020
Southern Bank
60-3-263-7000
St. George Bank
Standard Chartered Bank Aust.
Standard Chartered Bank Mal.
60-3-232-6555
State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur
91-11-520-420
State Bank of Hyderabad
91-40-201-585
State Bank of India
91-22-202-2426
State Bank of Indore
91-731-23211
State Bank of Mysore
91-80-226-9901
State Bank of New South Wales
State Bank of Patiala
91-175-78145
State Bank of Saurashtra
91-278-436-444
State Bank of Travancore
91-471-341-244
Subentra Bank
62-21-522-0230
Sumitomo Bank
81-6-227-2111
Sumitomo Trust & Banking
81-6-220-2121
Suruga Bank
81-559-62-0080
Syndicate Bank
Ta Chong Bank
886-7-224-2220
Taichung Business Bank
886-4-223-6021
Taiko Bank
81-258-36-4111
Tainan Business Bank
886-6-226-9171
Taipei Business Bank
886-2-506-3333
Taipeibank
886-2-542-5656
Taishin International Bank
886-2-568-3988
Taisho Bank
81-6-443-5462
Taiwan Business Bank
886-2-371-7171
Taiwan Cooperative Bank
886-2-311-8811
Tajima Bank
81-796-24-2111
Tamara Bank
62-21-252-5888
Tamilnad Mercantile Bank
91-461-20360
Tat Lee Bank
65-533-9292
Thai Danu Bank
66-2-230-5000
Thai Farmers Bank
66-2-470-1122
Thai Military Bank
66-2-299-1111
Tochigi Bank
81-28-633-1241
81-245-23-3131
Tohoku Bank
81-19-651-5151
Tokai Bank
81-52-211-1111
Tokushima Bank
81-886-23-3111
Tokuyo City Bank
81-22-227-6249
Tokyo Sowa Bank
Tokyo Tomin Bank
Tomato Bank
81-86-221-1010
Tottori Bank
81-857-22-8181
81-27-234-1111
Toyama Bank
81-766-21-3535
Toyo Trust & Banking
Traders Royal Bank
63-2-831-2821
Trust Bank
64-6-757-9159
Tsukuba Bank
81-296-43-1111
91-33-304-120
62-21-573-5750
Union Bank of Bangkok
66-2-253-0488
Union Bank of Hong Kong
Union Bank of India
91-22-202-4647
Union Bank of Taiwan
886-2-718-0001
Unionbank of The Philippines
63-2-892-0011
United Bank
92-21-241-7021
United Bank of India
91-33-248-7471
United Coconut Planters Bank
63-2-811-9000
United Overseas Bank
65-533-9898
United Overseas Bank (Mal.)
60-3-292-7722
United Western Bank
Untd. World Chinese Coml. Bank
886-2-312-5555
Vijaya Bank
91-80-558-4066
Vysya Bank
91-80-227-2021
Wakashio Bank
Wakayama Bank
81-734-31-2171
Westmont Bank
63-2-243-0951
Westpac Banking Corp.
Wing Hang Bank
Wing Lung Bank
Xiamen Intl. Bank
86-592-202-1780
Yachiyo Bank
Yamagata Bank
81-236-23-1221
Yamagata Shiawase
81-236-23-3132
Yamaguchi Bank
81-832-23-3411
Yamanashi Chuo Bank
81-552-24-1164
Yasuda Trust & Banking
Yien Yieh Commercial Bank
LIFE INSURERS
AFLAC Japan
ALICO Japan
American Intl. Assurance
Amer. Intl. Assurance (Bermuda)
AMP Society
AMP Society N.Z.
64-4-498-8000
ANZ Life Assurance
Asahi Mutual Life
82-62-230-3000
Asuransi J. B. Bumiputera 1912
62-21-251-2152
Asuransi Jiwasraya
62-21-384-5031
Bankers Trust Life
Cathay Life
886-2-755-1399
China Life
886-2-719-6678
China Pacific Insurance
Chiyoda Mutual Life
Chungang Life
82-42-530-2114
Citicorp Life
Commonwealth Life
Coryo CM Life
82-2-773-7733
Daeil Life
82-551-52-3100
Dai-Ichi Mutual Life
Daido Life
81-6-447-6111
Daihyaku Mutual Life
81-424-85-8111
Daishin Life
82-2-560-7000
Dongah Life
82-2-317-5000
Dongbu Axa Life
82-2-729-5555
First Life
82-2-568-0101
Fukoku Mutual Life
GIO Personal Investment Services
Great Eastern Life Assurance
65-532-4331
Handuk Life
82-51-247-3211
Hanil Life
82-2-508-6000
Hankuk Life
82-2-311-3355
Hanshin Life
82-2-508-0567
Hansung Life
82-51-461-7770
Heiwa Life
Hungkuk Life
82-2-772-7000
INA Himawari Life
Insurance Corp. of Singapore
65-221-8686
Josun Life
82-53-743-3600
Kolon Met Life
82-2-501-8888
Kookmin Life
82-2-732-8080
Korea Life
82-2-789-5114
Kukje Life
82-32-884-9331
Kuo Hua Life
886-2-562-1101
Kyobo Life
82-2-721-2391
Kyoei Life
Legal & General Life of Aust.
Life Insurance Dept. of C.T.C.
886-2-784-9151
Lippo Life
62-21-252-6123
Macquarie Life
61-2-237-3654
Meiji Life
Mercantile Mutual Life
Mercuries Life
886-2-345-5511
Mitsui Mutual Life
Nan Shan Life
886-2-501-3333
National Australia Finl. Mgt.
National Mutual Asia
National Mutual Life
National Mutual N.Z.
64-4-474-4500
Nicos Life
Nippon Dantai Life
Nippon Life
81-6-209-4500
Norwich Union Life Australia
NTUC Income Insurance Co-Op.
65-336-3322
Orico Life
Overseas Assurance Corp.
65-225-1122
Pacific Life
82-2-561-0303
People's Insurance Co. of China
Philippine American Life
63-2-521-6300
Pingan Insurance Co.
86-755-226-2888
Prudential Assurance Co. Sing.
65-535-8988
Prudential Corp. Australia
Prudential Life
Saison Life
Samshin Allstate Life
82-2-745-8888
Samsung Life
82-2-259-7700
Shin Kong Life
886-2-389-5858
Shinhan Life
82-2-775-4000
Sumitomo Life
81-6-231-8401
Taeyang Life
82-431-51-5114
Taisho Life
Taiwan Life
886-2-311-6411
Taiyo Mutual Life
Toho Mutual Life
Tokyo Mutual Life
Tongyang Benefit Life
82-2-775-8844
Tower Corp.
64-4-472-6059
Tower Life Australia
Westpac Life
Yamato Mutual Life
Yasuda Mutual Life
Zurich Aust. Life
General Notes: Values less than $50,000 appear as $0.0, and those less than 0.05% as 0.0%.
Notes on individual banks: a China Construction Bank was formerly the People's Construction Bank of China. b Westpac Banking Corp. acquired Challenge Bank and Trust Bank New Zealand in 96, and Bank of Melbourne in July 97. c Midori Bank (est. Oct. 95) took over defunct Hyogo Bank's business in Jan. 96. Massive write-offs of non-performing loans depleted Midori's equity, but a $900-million subordinated loan from the Bank of Japan boosted its working capital. d Advance Bank Australia completed its acquisition of Bank of South Australia on Aug. 1, 95. e St. George Bank bought 100% of Advance Bank in Jan. 97. They will keep their existing names until January next year. f DCB Bank merged with Kwong Yik Bank to form RHB Bank on July 1, 97. g Listed in Feb. 96, Bank of Western Australia moved the end of its fiscal year to February from September. It is changing its name to BankWest Australia. h China Investment Bank reported pre-tax profit. i Sime Bank is the new name of United Malayan Banking Corporation as of Oct. 96.
j The merger of Bank of the Philippine Islands and CityTrust Banking Corporation took effect on Oct. 4, 96. BPI is the surviving entity. k The Ministry of Finance took over debt-ridden Bangkok Bank of Commerce in May 96. l Metway Bank is now known as Suncorp-Metway Ltd. m Owned 75% by Sakura Bank, Wakashio Bank started operations on Sept. 17, 96. It took over the deposits and healthy loans of Taiheiyo Bank, which was declared insolvent last year. n As announced at a stockholders' meeting in June 97, insolvent Hanwa Bank will fold on or before March l998. o PhileoAllied Bank (Malaysia) was formerly known as AlliedBank (Malaysia). p Chung Khiaw Bank (Malaysia) merged with United Overseas Bank (Malaysia) this year. q The fiscal 1995 results of Primary Industry Bank are for 15 months. r The fiscal year 1995 results of BSN Commercial Bank (M) are for the 18 months to Dec. 31, 95. s Banco de Oro Universal Bank commenced operating as an expanded commercial bank on Sept. 2, 96. t Hatton National Bank took over the business of the Colombo branch of Banque Indosuez on Dec. 30, 96.
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