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【求职】牡丹医学英语自由译员求翻译摘要病历（附翻译笔记，不定时更新）
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沈牡丹，2005年毕业于海南医学院临床医学本科，10年内翻译医学药学类资料320万余字，包括国家标准、新药注册资料、病历、药品说明书、药品不良反应报告、论文摘要等，涉及药理学、内科学、妇产科学、儿科学等专业，优势领域为内科学病历、论文摘要与药品不良反应报告。
参与完成的较大的项目有《国家非处方药专论》（ISBN9）《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》（ISBN8)《国家食品卫生标准》《新药注册资料》《病历》《药品说明书》《药品不良反应报告》《论文摘要》 熟读《医学英语写作与翻译》《美国药典》《内科临床病例分析——双语学习》《医学影像学诊断图谱和报告》现为自由译员，居湖北省咸宁市。
翻译blog：（从2006年开始记起）
速度：中文字/天，报价按专业程度来定。
配备个人电脑，宽带，新编全医药学大词典，灵格斯词霸（含近70套专业词典），熟练使用SDL2014。
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QQ：Tel：E-mail： 翻译样本：大手术后出现的低蛋白血症严重影响病人的预后，低蛋白血症的程度与病人的并发症和死亡率成正相关[4]。对于术后早期血浆白蛋白降低的原因很难用单纯蛋白分解、合成障碍来解释，近年来通过关于脓毒症和失血性休克等动物模型研究[7，8]和我们的临床研究[1－3]发现微血管白蛋白渗漏可能是导致这一现象的主要原因。微血管白蛋白渗漏是由于大手术创伤、严重感染及烧伤等重度应激导致机体出现炎症介质上升，微循环功能障碍，微血管内皮细胞损伤和坏死，血管通透性增加，大量血浆蛋白渗透到组织间隙，引起低蛋白血症、组织水肿及重要器官缺血的病理过程。The hypoproteinemia that occurs after amajor operation gravely affects the patients’ prognosis, and the degree of thehypoproteinemia is positively correlative with the patients’ complications anddeath rate [4]. It is very difficult to explain albumin decrease inearly post-operation simply by albuminolysis and dyssynthesis, while albuminleakage from capillary vessels may be the main reason for the phenomenon, asrevealed by our clinical study [1-3] anda series ofmodel studies in animals with sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, and so on [7，8].Albumin leakage is a pathological process that is caused by severe stressessuch as major operation trauma, severe infection, burn,
and so on, and ismanifested by increased inflammatory media, microcirculatory dysfunction,capillary endothelial cellular damage and necrosis, increased vascularpermeability, a large amount of plasma albumin permeating to the tissue spacesand hypoproteinemia, tissue edema and ischemia in important organs.彭红军报道[1]，患女，35岁，因患肺囊肿并怀疑肺结核绐予氧氟沙星400mg静滴，bid。首次用药时，患者感头晕，周身不适，继而大叫、吵闹，输液结束后2h烦躁减轻，安静人睡，醒后正常。第二次用药时，患者再次表现烦躁不安，大声喊叫，乱语，以头撞墙，停药后患者渐安静，神智渐清。考虑为氧氟沙星引起，换利福平等治疗，未再诉不适。As reported by Peng Hong-Jun [1],a 35-yr-old female patient was intravenously dripped with ofloxacin, 400 mg,bid, because of lung cyst accompanied by suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Wheninitial use, the patient suffered dizziness and general discomfort, and thenshouted lou in 2h after the infusion was finished, the irritability-restlessnesswas relieved and the patient after she was awake, she wasnormal. At the 2nd time, the patient suffered she shouted loudly, talked nonsense, and bumped against wall with her head, thedrug was stopped and she became quiet and conscious after withdrawal. It isconsidered that it was caused by ofloxacin, and consequently, she was treatedwith rifampicin and others instead, and no discomfort was complained again. 液体受试物一般不需稀释，可直接使用原液。若受试物为固体，应将其研磨成细粉状，并用水或其它无刺激性溶剂充分湿润，以保证受试物与皮肤有良好的接触。使用其它溶剂，应考虑到该溶剂对受试物皮肤刺激性的影响。需稀释后使用的产品，先进行产品原型的皮肤刺激性/腐蚀性试验，如果试验结果显示中度以上刺激性，可按使用浓度为受试物再进行皮肤刺激性/腐蚀性试验。Liquid to-be-tested products need no dilution, and thestock solution can be used directly. When the to-be-tested product is a solid,grind it into fine powder, and moisten adequately with water or othernon-irritative solvent to ensure there is good contact between the test productand the skin. When other solvents are used, take the effects of the solvents onthe to-be-tested product’s irritation into consideration. When it is a productthat should be used after dilution, perform the dermal irritation / corrosiontest of the original product first, and when the test result reveals abovemoderate irritation, perform another dermal irritation / corrosion test of theproduct at the working concentration. 人体直肠末端粘膜下和肛管皮肤下静脉丛发生扩张和屈曲所形成的柔软静脉团，称为痣，痔疮包括内痔、外痔、混合痔，一般多发生于工作久坐、习惯性便秘、喜欢刺激性食物、长期嗜酒的人。The soft venous cushion composed of swollenand crooked submucosal venous plexus at the end of rectum and subcutaneous venousplexus at anal canal is called hemorrhoids, which include internal hemorrhoid,external hemorrhoid and mixed hemorrhoid, and usually occur in people sittingfor a long time, suffering habitual constipation and preferring stimulatoryfoods, and chronic drinkers.
患者于入院前3年出现了腰骶部的酸痛，无明显诱因。疼痛呈广泛性，久行久立久坐则加重，休息稍缓解。患者发病以来食欲正常，神志清晰，精神尚可，两便正常。3 years before the admission, the patientstarted to suffer lumbosacral aching pain, without obvious inducement. The painwas extensive, aggravated after walking, standing or sitting for a long time,and slightly relieved after rest. After the onset, the appetite of the patient wasnormal. The patient was conscious and alert, and the urination and defecation ofthe patient were normal. 双侧乳腺腺体回声欠均匀，结构稍紊乱，未见明显乳腺导管扩张及异常占位，彩超检查血流未见明显异常。双肺纹理增重，两肺门结构正常。颈椎生理曲度变直，椎体顺列整齐，颈3-7椎体缘骨质增生，其椎间隙变窄，前纵、项韧带未见钙化。Theechoes of bilateral mammary glands are heterogeneous, and the structures are alittle disorganized. No obvious ductal ectasia of the mammary glands orabnormal occupied lesion is seen. No obvious abnormality is seen on the CDFIimages. Bilateral lung markings increase and the structures of both lung hilaare normal. The physiological curvature of cervical vertebra is straightened, andthe vertebral bodies are in good order. Hyperostosis is observed in the marginsof cervical vertebra body 3-7, where the intervertebral spaces become narrow. Nocalcification is seen in the anterior longitudinal ligaments or nuchal ligaments.
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tiansdeyanj edited on
in on at 的用法区别 一. in,on在方位名词前的区别 1. in表示A地在B地范围之内。如： Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 2. on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻。如： North Korea is on the east of China. 二. at, in, on在表示时间上的区别 1. at指时间表示： （1）时间的一点、时刻等。如： They came home at sunrise （at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak, at dawn）. （2）较短暂的一段时间。可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。如： He went home at Christmas （at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night）. 2. in指时间表示： （1）在某个较长的时间（如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等）内。如： in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening, etc （2）在一段时间之后。一般情况下，用于将来时，谓语动词为瞬间动词，意为“在……以后”。如： He will arrive in two hours. 谓语动词为延续性动词时，in意为“在……以内”。如： These products will be produced in a month. 注意：after用于将来时间也指一段时间之后，但其后的时间是“一点”，而不是“一段”。如： He will arrive after two o’clock. 3. on指时间表示： （1）具体的时日和一个特定的时间，如某日、某节日、星期几等。如： On Christmas Day（On May 4th）, there will be a celebration. （2）在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如： He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th. （3）准时，按时。如： If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark. 三. at, in和on表示地点时的区别 1. at表示地点： （1）用于指较小的地方。如： I shall wait for you at the station. （2）用于门牌号码前。如： He lives at 115 Zhongshan Road. 2. in表示地点： （1）用于指较大的地方。如： He lives in Shanghai. （2）虽然是很小的地方，如果说话人住在那里，也可用in。商店、学校、机关等，若看作一个地点（point）用at，若看作一个场所（place）用in。如： I met him at the post-office. I’m now working in the post-office. 3. on表示地点，一般指与面或线接触，意为“在……上；在……旁”。如： The picture was hanging on the wall. New York is on the Hudson River.
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at the end of, by the end of, and in the end
at the end of，by the end of　　这一对短语的意思都是“在…的末了”、“在…的一端”，意义上相似，但使用场合有所不同。　　一般说来，at the end of用于表示具体事物或场所的场合，它也可以用来表示比喻意。例：　　The school is situated at the end of the street．　　该校位于这条街的尽头。　　We'll have an exam in English at the end of January．　　一月底我们要参加英语考试。　　They were at the end of their patience．　　他们忍无可忍。　　He is at the end of his wits．　　他智穷才尽，束手无策。　　By the end of用于表示时间的场合，往往含有“不迟于”的意味。值得注意的是，at the end of亦可用于表示时间的场合（见上面第二个例句），但其义和by the end of有所不同。试对比下面两例：　　at the end of January　　一月底（指一月份的最后一天）　　by the end of January　　一月底之前（指一月份结束前的几天）　　We are to complete the task by the end of the year．　　年底之前我们必须完成此项任务。　　Their communication is at an end．　　他们的交往到此为止。　　短语 in the end的涵义是“终于”、“最后”，其义相当于 at last.例：　　I'm sure everything will turn out satisfactory in the end．　　我确信，最后一切都会令人满意的。　　In the end things will mend．　　船到桥头自会直。
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简化舒适状况量表（GCQ）围手术期观察组患者简化舒适状况量表（GCQ）的生理、心理精神、社会文化及环境各单项评分均高于对照组患者，差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。In peroperative period, the patients of the observation group had higher scores of physical, psycho-spiritual, social, and environmental dimensions of brief general comfortquestionnaire (GCQ), and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).
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Quality of Life Questionnaire of Stomach (OLQ-STO22) ItemThe total scoreDysphagiaHiccupPainRestricted dietPhysical appearanceHair lossTasteDry mouthAnxietyBody mass index (%)Abdominal distension (%)Reflux (%)Dumping Syndrome(%)观察组患者出院时OLQ-STO22中吞咽困难、胃部疼痛、呃逆、饮食受限、焦虑及口干分量表评分均低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05），味觉、身体外观及掉头发评分两组相似，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。On discharge, the patients ofthe observation group had lower dysphagia, pain, hiccup, restricted diet, anxiety,and dry mouth scores in Quality of Life Questionnaire of Stomach (OLQ-STO22) than the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05), and similar taste, physical appearance, and hair loss scores in the questionnaire to the control group, and the differences were statistically insignificant (P＞0.05).
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论文英语表达小贴士 tip1利用google获得最准确的英文表达，以下述例子说明&经右胸小切口&如何表达？在google搜索框中输入“经右胸小切口”和 right， 得到through right minithoracotomy incision 这一说法，貌似正确。继续验证，在google学术的搜索框中输入&through right minithoracotomy incision&，返回6个结果，根据作者的姓名判断，全部来自于中国人，于是考虑这一说法可能不地道。接下，在纯英文环境下进行验证。把这几个词拆开来搜。在google学术的搜索框中输入“right” 和“minithoracotomy” 发现有很多含有 through right minithoracotomy 或 through a right minithoracotomy的结果。于是分别搜 “through right minithoracotomy ” 和“through a right minithoracotomy ”，返回的结果数分别是96和296，且后者的结果中根据作者姓名判断，应该不乏英语母语人士。所以“through a right minithoracotomy ”应该是比较正确的说法。最后可能还会有一个困惑，即minithoracotomy怎么能和“胸小切口”对应？可在google中直接搜索该词，迅速得到相关解释：A minithoracotomy is an approximately 2-inch incision made between the ribs, eliminating the need for bones to heal postoperatively. 来源：columbiasurgery.org. 所以，“经右胸小切口”的比较地道的对应英文表达应该是 “through a right minithoracotomy”。可见google在翻译过程中为寻找到地道的表达起着举足轻重的作用！
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tiansdeyanj edited on
论文英语表达小贴士 tip2在有括号的情况下，首字母大小写的问题？句号的位置？以下都为正确用法：1）Click on “Submission System” to register (the username and password are used in the inquiry of manuscript processing, so please remember them).2）Click on “Submission System” to register. (The username and password are used in the inquiry of manuscript processing, so please remember them.)此外，放弃括号，而用破折号或分号也是可取的。
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tiansdeyanj edited on
论文英语表达小贴士 tip3是somebody has improvements in symptoms，而不是a therapy has improvements in symptoms 曾在柳叶刀上见到这么一句话，In this treatment-refractory population, tofacitinib with
methotrexate had rapid and clinically meaningful improvements in signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and physical function over 6 months with manageable safety. 刚看到这句话时，觉得还是有点问题的，因为一般我们说somebody has improvements in symptoms，而不说a therapy has improvements in symptoms，因为是“人”的症状改善了，而不是“治疗”的症状改善了；“治疗”只能使人的症状得到改善，但因为是在柳叶刀上所见，所以心想也许没那么严格吧。后来一同事再次提出这一问题，觉得这句话还是有点问题，所以专门请教了几位母语编辑，得到的一致答复是：不能这样用，建议使用以下说法：a therapy produces/leads to/provides improvements in symptoms。也有更为苛刻的编辑甚至说不能用improve，因为symptoms are bad things, 只能是symptoms are alleviated。这一说法也有道理，不过因为很多人都用improve了，包括知名的医学期刊、网站上，这一用法屡见不鲜，所以也算是一个被认可的用法了吧。看来柳叶刀上的英文表达也不能奉为金科玉律。
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tiansdeyanj edited on
论文英语表达小贴士 tip4数值比较的几种说法1) Serum xxx level was significantly higher in group A than in group B.2) The serum xxx level in group A was significantly higher than that in group B.3) The serum xxx level in group A increased significantly compared with that in group B.4) Group A had a significantly higher serum xxx level than group B.5) Compared with group B, group A had a significantly higher serum xxx level.6) Group A had a significantly higher/increased serum xxx level compared with group B.7) Serum xxx level varied significantly at different time points.8) Serum xxx level differed significantly across groups. 9) The 2-year relapse-free survival rate, distant metastasis-free survival rate, progression-free survival rate, and disease-specific death rate for (of也可以) group A were 95%, 82%, 81%, and 13%, respectively, versus 97%, 83%, 79%, and 12% for (of也可以) group B.10) There was a significant difference in xxx between groups A and B.11) The liver V30Gy and V20Gy were 30% and 40%, respectively, for 3DCRT, versus 20% and 30% for IMRT.12) Clinical outcome is better with drug A than with drug B during the first year of liver transplantation.
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tiansdeyanj edited on
论文英语表达小贴士 tip5注意介词的选择使用正确的介词在论文中是非常重要的，如下是常用的搭配：A study of … An analysis of … An investigation of ...In patients with …Cases of heart failure Reasons for diagnosis of …Shows promise for …Infection of somebody Infection with pathogen Exposure to …Risk factors for …Analysis was performed on patients …Correlated with …Related to …Associated with …Admitted to hospital …Difference in … between group A and group BDifference between group A and group B with respect to/in terms of …At three days after operation …On day 3 of treatment …On the 3rd day of treatment …Across all index ages …Across treatment groups …Aged under three years …Under three years of age …Aged above three years …Above three years of age …Over the 24-month period …A significantly higher rate of 12.5% versus 4.8% for … and 6.4% for …
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tiansdeyanj edited on
论文英语表达小贴士 tip6含量content是不可数名词，不用加s，而contents是内容或内容物的意思。是“measure the content of polysaccharide and pachymic acid”？还是“measure the contents of polysaccharide and pachymic acid”？答案是前者。因为content做含量讲时是不可数名词，而contents一般表示内容或内容物。类似的表达还有：measure the expression of A and B …，或者写成：measure the expression levels of A and B …当然，这句话也可以表示成：measure polysaccharide content and pachymic acid content …，这样意思也许更加清楚。不过amount是可数名词哦，可以表示成amounts of A and B …
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论文英语表达小贴士 tip7英文中常用总分结构 在英文中句群常呈总分结构，如下例：A 31 year old woman with no medical history of note presented with bilateral lower leg pain on running. The pain was absent when gradually built after the first kilometer, then resolved shortly after stopping. 来源：BMJWe did a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the efficacy of steroids for the prevention of mortality in all forms of tuberculosis, and to quantify heterogeneity in this outcome between affected organ systems. We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group trials register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, and Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) for studies published up to Sept 6, 2012, and checked reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews. We included all trials in people with tuberculosis in any organ system, with tuberculosis defined clinically or microbiologically. There were no restrictions by age, comorbidity, publication language, or type, dose, or duration of steroid treatment. We used the Mantel-Haenszel method to summarise mortality across trials. 来源：Lancet 论文中一段就阐述一个主题，一段话最理想的情况是3-4句话，最好不要超过5句话，段首是lead sentence，其余是subsequent sentences，针对lead sentences进行详细说明、举例子、补充说明，等等。在写英文论文时注意这一特点，写出的文章逻辑才会更加清晰，读起来更加舒服一些。
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tiansdeyanj edited on
真牛，帮顶！
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论文英语表达小贴士 tip8英语医学论文中的冠词使用在英文科技论文中，冠词的使用特别讲究，我们必须根据英语的习惯加上必要的冠词，例如： 新术式对防止术后腰痛有积极的作用（The new surgical procedure plays a positive role in the prevention of postoperative back pain）。本文例举英语医学论文中冠词的一些习惯用法，供医学论文译作者参考。 1　器官、组织和解剖部位名称 　　器官、组织和解剖部位名称的单数形式前一般要用定冠词： the mall intestine（小肠），the adrenal gland（肾上腺），the internal thoracic artery（胸廓动脉），the dentate line（齿状线），the diaphragmatic surface of the liver（肝膈面），the urinary system（泌尿系统）。这类名称并列出现时，可以只保留第一个而省略其他的定冠词： the heart, (the) lung and (the) kidney。 2　疾病名称 　　疾病名称前一般不用冠词： biliary fistula（胆瘘），adenoma（腺瘤），groin hernia（腹股沟疝），intestinal obstruction（肠梗阻）。Syndrome一词与专有名词合用时不用冠词： Cushing's syndrome（柯兴氏综合征），与非专有名词合用时习惯上要用定冠词： the adrenal cortical syndrome（肾上腺皮质综合征）。 3　手术名称 　　手术名称前一般不用冠词： hysterectomy（子宫切除术），laparoscopy（腹腔镜术），liver transplant（肝脏移植），urinary diversion（尿路分流术）。含有approach、technique、method等表示技术方法的单词的词组前习惯上要用冠词the或a/an： （1） the transsphenoidal approach（经蝶手术径路），the immunohistochemical technique（免疫组化技术），the sequence-based-typing method（直接测序法）； （2） a modified approach（一种改良径路），a new technique（一种新技术），a relatively simple and convenient method（一种相对简便的方法）。 4　药物名称 　　药物名称前不用冠词： gentamicin（庆大霉素），dicynone（止血敏），cephalosporin（先锋霉素），cyclosporin A （环孢素A）。 5　缩略词 　　缩略词前一般不用冠词： GERD（gastroesophageal reflux disease胃食管返流病），LapUS（laparoscopic ultrosonograph腹腔镜超声技术），CHPS（congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄），FNAB（fine needle aspiration biopsy细针抽吸活检）。 6　序数词和基数词 　　含序数词的词组前要用定冠词，而名词加基数词的词组前则不用任何冠词：（1）the first group，the first stage，the first step, the first 2 weeks，the first costae；（2） Group 1，Stage 1，Step 1, Table 1，Figure 1。 7　重复出现的名词 　　研究对象或方法第一次出现在摘要或论文中时，视其单复数形式或是否可数名词等情况采用不定冠词或不用任何冠词，再次或重复出现时要用定冠词修饰： (1) A patient with olfactory groove meningioma received microsurgical treatment. … Follow-up studies showed that the patient recovered well. (2) Nineteen patients underwent modified Madigan prostatectomy. … Of the 19 cases, 17 showed no complications. （3） Microsurgery was performed on 12 patients. … After the operation, improvement was observed in 10. 8　标题中的研究对象 　　英文中可数名词泛指一般事物有三种方法： 加定冠词the，加不定冠词a/an或使用复数。以下论文标题中rat既无冠词又无复数s的用法是错误的： Effect of somatostatin on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rat（生长抑素对大鼠部分肝切除后肝再生的影响）。研究对象出现在标题中时，为了达到简洁的目的，最好采用不加冠词的名词复数形式： for cancer patients，in rabbits。 9　论文作者单位 　　论文作者的单位（科室、院系、附属医院、大专院校、研究机构等）名称前的定冠词可以省略，以求简洁，并且同一期刊应采用统一的用法： (the) Department of General Surgery, (the) Fourth Military Medical University, (the) Institute of Cancer Research。 　　以专有名词命名的单位名称前不用冠词： Sun Yet-sen University of Medical Sciences，Bethune International Peace Hospital，Hunan Children's Hospital。 10　其他 　　以下是英语摘要和论文中经常使用的一些词组的正误用法对照。 series of studies（误） a series of studies（正） all time（误） all the time（正） most common disease（误） the/a most common disease（正） better way（误） a better way（正） result(s) of experiment（误） the result(s) of the experiment（正） increase in（误） an/the increase in（正） (an) one-year old boy（误） a/the one-year old boy（正） both mother and baby（误） both the mother and the baby（正） follow-up of 6 months（误） a/the follow-up of 6 months（正） average length of hospitalization（误） the average length of hospitalization（正） treatment of（误） the treatment of （正） close relationship between（误） a/the close relationship between（正） family history of（误） a/the family history of（正） retrospective study of（误） a retrospective study of（正） control group（误） the control group（正） the another procedure（误） the other procedure or another procedure （正） only choice（误） the only choice（正） on biological basis (误) on a/the biological basis (正) lack of (误) a/the lack of (正) (the) similar test (误) a similar test (正) in the size/height/weight (误) in size/height/weight (正) pay a great attention to (误) pay great attention to (正) 40 years of the age (误) 40 years of age (正) over past decade (误) over the past decade (正) 5-year survival rate (误) a/the 5-year survival rate (正) of a prime importance (误) of prime importance (正) due to (the) unknown cause (误) due to an unknown cause (正) key to success (误) the/a key to success (正) important factor (误) an/the important factor (正) diameter of (误) the diameter of (正) side/long-term effect (误) a/the side/long-term effect (正) total number of (误) a/the total number of (正) 　　对于医学论文的译作者来说，要掌握好英语冠词的用法，比较可行的办法是在了解英语冠词基本用法的基础上，多阅读英语医学文献。如果实在拿不准，可以将各种情况加引号在google学术中搜索，看哪种情况返回的结果多，在搜索时可以指定特别的期刊，如Nature、BMJ、Lancet等，这样结果更加准确。　　
根据孙晓玲、周静论文稍作改动
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tiansdeyanj edited on
论文英语表达小贴士 tip9英文论文中尽量用简单的词语或短语一般情况优选后者，当然也不是绝对的啦，依具体情况而定administer = give adopt, employ = use a considerable amount of = many, muchabsolutely essential = essentialwhether or not = whether considered as = considereddecline = decreasedifferent than = different fromdue to the fact that = becauseexactly the same = identicalfirstly, first of all = firstincluding but not limited to = includingmethodology = methodreferred to as = calledseeing that = becauseup in the air = undecidedapproximately = about construct = made, design following = after location = site represents = is serves = is on a daily basis = daily on a regular basis = regularly
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tiansdeyanj edited on
论文英语表达小贴士 tip10英文中常爱用 “a” ，其常常并非表达“一个”的意思，而是出于一种语言习惯have a pain in your head have a cough have a coldhave a blood testhave an operation have a local recurrencehave a family history ofshow a close relationship show a good correlation have a significantly higher serum bilirubin level than patients with a confirmed diagnosis of have a good outcome achieve a complete remissiona retrospective analysis is performed a questionnaire survey is conducted associated with a poor prognosis
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tiansdeyanj edited on
你可以给SCl公司做翻译润色
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chl_830830 你可以给SCl公司做翻译润色 谢谢！
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论文英语表达小贴士 tip11arteriosclerosis和atherosclerosis不是一回事！arteriosclerosis和atherosclerosis长得很像，而且在普通的词典中查询arteriosclerosis也会得到“动脉粥样硬化”的释义，而查询atherosclerosis也会得到“动脉硬化”的释义，这让人误以为它俩是一回事，且看：Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries. It should not be confused with &atherosclerosis&, which is a specific form of arteriosclerosis caused by the build up of fatty plaques in the artery. 来源：Wikipedia 所以，arteriosclerosis泛指“动脉硬化”，而atherosclerosis特指动脉硬化中最常见的一种类型—“动脉粥样硬化”。
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tiansdeyanj edited on
论文英语表达小贴士 tip12变换词语形式可以使文章不那么单一虽然前后一致非常重要，但那是针对关键性术语而言，对于其他的词语，变换不同的表达方式可以使文章显得不那么单调。以下是意思相似形式不同的词语或短语：the number of years；the sum of yearsill health；poor healthearly death；premature death；premature mortalitycumulative number；total numberpeople；individuals；persons；subjectspatient；casedeath；mortalityenroll；recruitdecrease；cut；reducestudy；investigate；analyzeperform；conduct；carry outcontinue into；carry over intoso that；in order thatin order to；so as toshow；reveal；demonstrate；suggestlessened；resolved；settledadminister；giveadopt；use；applyaggravate；exacerbate；worsensimilar；comparablerepresents；isresults；findingsserve；isresult in；lead to
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tiansdeyanj edited on
《论文英语表达小贴士》已移至，此处不再更新。
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A：我只记得介词in表示将来
为什么你们用的是at 3 days afterB：这是一个习惯，指治疗后的第3天 in 3 days 有时指三日内A：哦
我就明白了
at 3 days after 还是 at d3 after 呢B：at 3 days after / on day 3 of treatment A：谢谢！
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拜耳PSUR缩略表ADR
药物不良反应AE
不良事件BHC
拜耳医药保健有限公司CCDS
公司核心数据表CCSI
公司核心安全性信息CIOMS
国际医学科学组织委员会（WHO）CT
临床试验DHCP
“尊敬的医疗保健专业人员”EMEA
欧洲药品局FDA
食品和药品管理局（U.S.）GPV
全球药物警戒部门HA
药品监管部门HCP
医疗保健专业人员ICH
人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会IMPACT
拜耳临床试验数据库ISS
研究者申办的研究LODE
缺少药效MAH
上市许可持有者MC
经医学证实的MedDRA
未经医学证实的PSUR
定期安全性更新报告PTC
产品技术投诉RMP
风险管理计划RSI
安全性参考信息SOC
系统器官分类（MedDRA）SOP
标准操作规程SPC
产品特性总结sRMP
安全性风险管理计划USR
紧急安全性限制
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实验动物生物学等级分类包括四个级别A、普通级动物（CV）（conventional animal）不携带所规定的人兽共患病病原和动物烈性传染病的病原。B、清洁级动物（CL）（clean animal）除普通动物应排除的病原外，不携带对动物危害大和对科学研究干扰大的病原。C、无特定病原体动物（SPF）（specific pathogen free animal）除清洁级动物应排除的病原外，不携带主要潜在感染或条件致病和对科学实验干扰大的病原。D、无菌动物（GF）（germ free animal）无可检出的一切生命体。实验动物寄生虫学等级划分分为四类A、普通级动物（CV）（conventional animal）不携带所规定的人兽共患寄生虫。B、清洁级动物（CL）（clean animal）除普通动物应排除的寄生虫外，不携带对动物危害大和对科学研究干扰大的寄生虫。C、无特定病原体动物（SPF）（specific pathogen free animal）除普通动物、清洁级动物应排除的寄生虫外，不携带主要潜在感染或条件致病和对科学实验干扰大的寄生虫。D、无菌动物（GF）（germ free animal）无可检出的一切生命体。
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pollution和contamination的区别The difference is best known if you use a good English
only dictionary.Two good ones are:pollute verb [T]to make an area or substance, usually air, water or earth, dirty or harmful to people, animals and plants, especially by adding harmful chemicals:The fertilizers and pesticides used on many farms are polluting the water supply.We won't invest in any company that pollutes the environment.FIGURATIVE Many Americans complain that broadcasters pollute the airwaves with violence, sensationalism and sleaze.pollutant noun [C]a substance that pollutes:Sulphur dioxide is one of several pollutants that are released into the atmosphere by coal-fired power stations.polluter noun [C]a person or organization that pollutespollution noun damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste:air/water pollutionThe manifesto includes tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental pollution.contaminate verb [T]to spoil the purity of something or make it poisonous:Much of the coast has been contaminated by nuclear waste.The food which had been contaminated was destroyed.contaminant noun [C] SPECIALIZEDa substance that spoils the purity of something or makes it poisonous:Make sure that all equipment is clean and free of contaminants.contaminated adjectiveThe infection was probably caused by swimming in contaminated water/water contaminated with sewage.contamination noun The water supply is being tested for contamination (= the presence of unwanted or dangerous substances).
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好牛啊，学习一下子
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