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最近查询域名From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) ()
Various electronic components. The ruler at the top is for size comparison.
An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect
or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form and are not to be confused with , which are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components.
Electronic components have two or more electrical
(or ) aside from
which may only have one terminal. These leads connect to create an
with a particular function (for example an , , or ). Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as
devices. The following list of electronic components focuses on the discrete version of these components, treating such packages as components in their own right.
Components can be classified as , or electromechanic. The strict physics definition treats passive components as ones that cannot supply energy themselves, whereas a
would be seen as an active component since it truly acts as a source of energy.
who perform
use a more restrictive definition of . When only concerned with the energy of , it is convenient to ignore the so-called
circuit and pretend that the power supplying components such as
is absent (as if each such component had its own battery built in), though it may in reality be supplied by the DC circuit. Then, the analysis only concerns the AC circuit, an abstraction that ignores DC voltages and currents (and the power associated with them) present in the real-life circuit. This fiction, for instance, lets us view an oscillator as "producing energy" even though in reality the oscillator consumes even more energy from a DC power supply, which we have chosen to ignore. Under that restriction, we define the terms as used in
Active components rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit, which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject power into a circuit, though this is not part of the definition. Active components include amplifying components such as , triode
(valves), and .
Passive components can't introduce net energy into the circuit. They also can't rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit they are connected to. As a consequence they can't amplify (increase the power of a signal), although they may increase a voltage or current (such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit). Passive components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
can carry out electrical operations by using moving parts or by using electrical connections
Most passive components with more than two terminals can be described in terms of
that satisfy the principle of —though there are rare exceptions. In contrast, active components (with more than two terminals) generally lack that property.
The electronic components which are perform on the core electronic function like amplification, electronic switching, electronic controlling and the components acts upon a source of current are active component. .
Various of Light-emitting diode
Conduct electricity easily in one direction, among more specific behaviors.
– super fast diode with lower forward voltage drop
– Passes current in reverse direction to provide a constant voltage reference
(TVS), Unipolar or Bipolar – used to absorb high-voltage spikes
– A diode whose AC capacitance varies according to the DC voltage applied.
(LED) – A diode that emits light
– Passes current in proportion to incident light
Photodiode with internal gain
or panel, produces power from light
(Diode for Alternating Current), Trigger Diode, SIDAC) – Often used to trigger an SCR
– A semiconductor
- very fast diode based on quantum mechanical tunneling
Transistors were considered the invention of the twentieth century that changed electronic circuits forever. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.
(BJT, or simply "transistor") – NPN or PNP
– Amplified photodetector
– NPN or PNP
Photo Darlington – Amplified photodetector
(Compound transistor, complementary Darlington)
(Junction Field-Effect Transistor) – N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
(Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET) – N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
(MEtal Semiconductor FET)
(SCR) – Passes current only after triggered by a sufficient control voltage on its gate
(TRIode for Alternating Current) – Bidirectional SCR
Programmable
Composite transistors
–senses a magnetic field
– Senses a current through it
– Photodiode, BJT, JFET, SCR, TRIAC, Zero-crossing TRIAC, Open collector IC, CMOS IC,
(indicator lamp)
(VFD) (preformed characters, , starburst)
(CRT) ( scan, radial scan (e.g. ), arbitrary scan (e.g. )) ( & )
(preformed characters, dot matrix) (passive, ) (monochrome, colour)
(individual, 7 segment display)
(individual, 7 segment display, , dot matrix)
Flap indicator (numeric, preprinted messages)
(dot matrix)
Filament lamp 7 segment display (aka 'minitron')
(aka glow transfer tube)
(a 2 colour see-through CRT)
A vacuum tube is based on current conduction through a vacuum (see ).
Amplifying tubes
Microwave tubes
or emitters
or Photodiode – tube equivalent of semiconductor
tube – Phototube with internal gain
(VFD) – Modern non-raster sort of small CRT display
– Small CRT display used as a tuning meter (obsolete)
– Produces x-rays
Voltage regulator tube
Sources of electrical power:
– acid- or alkali-based power supply
– an electrochemical generator
– usually a main hook-up
device – generates electricity from light
– generates electricity from temperature gradients
– an electromechanical power source
- creates electricity from mechanical strain
- Van de Graaff generator or essentially creating voltage from friction
Components incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical signal are called passive devices. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, and even diodes are all considered passive devices.
SMD resistors on a backside of a PCB
Pass current in proportion to voltage () and oppose current.
– fixed value
– larger to safely dissipate heat generated
SIP or DIP resistor network – array of resistors in one package
Variable resistor
– two-terminal variable resistor (often for high power)
– three-terminal variable resistor (variable voltage divider)
– Small potentiometer, usually for internal adjustments
– thermally sensitive resistor whose prime function is to exhibit a large, predictable and precise change in electrical resistance when subjected to a corresponding change in body temperature.
– humidity-varied resistor
– Passes current when excessive voltage is present
wire – wire of high-resistance material, often used as a heating element
Some different capacitors for electronic equipment
Capacitors store and release electrical charge. They are used for filtering power supply lines, tuning resonant circuits, and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals, among numerous other uses.
Integrated capacitors
Trench capacitor
Fixed capacitors
(Electric double-layer capacitor)
Mica capacitor
Vacuum capacitor
Variable capacitor – adjustable capacitance
Tuning capacitor – variable capacitor for tuning a radio, oscillator, or tuned circuit
– small variable capacitor is usually for slight internal adjustments made with a small screw driver turned into the right position.
Capacitors for special applications
Power capacitor
Safety capacitor
Capacitor network (array)
diode – AC capacitance varies according to the DC voltage applied
Electrical components that use magnetism in the storage and release of electrical charge through current:
, coil, choke
Variable inductor
Electrical components that pass charge in proportion to magnetism or magnetic flux, and have the ability to retain a previous resistive state, hence the name of Memory plus Resistor.
Components that use more than one type of passive component:
RC network – forms an , used in
LC Network – forms an , used in tunable transformers and RFI filters.
generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice versa.
(detectors) are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal.
The transducers listed here are single electronic components (as opposed to complete assemblies), and are
(see Semiconductors and Tubes for
ones). Only the most common ones are listed here.
– Electromagnetic or
device to generate full audio
– Electromagnetic or piezoelectric sounder to generate tones
Position, motion
(LVDT) – Magnetic – detects linear position
, Shaft Encoder – Optical, magnetic, resistive or switches – detects absolute or relative angle or rotational speed
– Capacitive – detects angle with respect to gravity
, Vibration sensor
– detects flow in liquid or gas
Force, torque
– Piezoelectric or resistive – detects squeezing, stretching, twisting
– Piezoelectric – detects acceleration, gravity
– Wires that generate a voltage proportional to delta temperature
– Resistor whose resistance changes with temperature, up
(RTD) – Wire whose resistance changes with temperature
– Device for measuring the power of incident
– Switch that is opened or closed when a set temperature is exceeded
Magnetic field (see also Hall Effect in semiconductors)
, Gauss meter
Electromagnetic, light
– Light dependent resistor (LDR)
transmit or receive radio waves
Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component
Display devices
2 crystalline type oscillators
Components that use the effect to generate or filter high frequencies
– a ceramic crystal used to generate precise frequencies (See the Modules class below for complete oscillators)
– Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi-precise frequencies
Ceramic filter – Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in
(SAW) filters
Components that use the effect as mechanical .
– Electric motor that uses the
For piezo buzzers and microphones, see the Transducer class below
Devices to make electrical connection
with connectors or terminals at their ends
2 different tactile switches
Components that can pass current ("closed") or break the flow of current ("open"):
– Manually operated switch.
Electrical description: SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT, NPNT (general)
Technology: slide switches, toggle switches, rocker switches, rotary switches, pushbutton switches
– Array of pushbutton switches
– Small array of switches for internal configuration settings
– Foot-operated switch
– Switch with unenclosed conductors
– Mechanically activated switch with snap action
– Mechanically activated switch to sense limit of motion
– Switch sensing tilt
– Switch sensing centrifugal force due to rate of rotation
– Electrically operated switch (mechanical, also see
– Magnetically activated switch
– Thermally activated switch
– Humidity activated switch
– Switch opened in response to excessive current: a resettable fuse
that protect circuits from excessive currents or voltages:
– over-current protection, one time use
Circuit breaker – resettable fuse in the form of a mechanical switch
or PolySwitch – circuit breaker action using solid state device
– circuit breaker sensitive to mains currents passing to ground
– Over-voltage protection.
– protection against initial
Gas discharge tube – protection against high voltage surges
– electrodes with a gap to arc over at a high voltage
– spark gap used to protect against lightning strikes
Carbon amplifier (see )
Carbon arc (negative resistance device)
Dynamo (historic rf generator)
Main article:
On a , electronic devices are represented by conventional symbols. Reference designators are applied to the symbols to identify the component.
Electronic components'
For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as a resistance does. Nevertheless, it's an active component, since it relies on a power source to operate.
Nonreciprocal passive devices include the
(though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the , which is used at microwave and optical frequencies
. U.S. Sensor Corp.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
Electronic components
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