【出国留学网 - 四六级英语】大学英语四级语法精讲：非谓语动词与独立主格结构
&　 非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子(或者句子，短语)
　　当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。(它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语)。
　　独立主格的结构1：名词(代词)+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]
　　现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为;过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。
作题时要通过判断动作与名词(代词)之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词(代词)发出时使用现在分词，而名词(代词)是受动者时则用过去分词。
　　1. Silver is the best conductor of electricity， copper _B_ it closely.
　　A followed B following C to follow D being followed
　　2. All things _A_， the planned trip will have to be called off.
　　A considered B be considered C considering D having considered
　　call off 取消; cancel vt. 取消; 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。
　　独立主格的结构2：with + 名词(代词)+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]
　　3. After the Arab states won independence， great emphasis was laid on
expanding education， with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.
　　A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged
　　as well as 和(相当于and); be encouraged不会考。
　　动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励;
　　been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对;being encouraged 正在被鼓励
　　短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。
　　非谓语动词的结构：分词(分词短语)
　　句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词;如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。
　　1.No matter how frequently _A_， the works of Beethoven always attract large
audiences.
　　A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
　　perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏;
　　to be performed 将要被演奏; being performed 正在被演奏;
　　一些特殊的动词：
　　第一点：forget 忘记; [反义] remember 记得;
　　这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为;这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。
　　注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。
　　forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事; forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事;
　　remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事; remember doing sth. 记得做过某事;
　　2. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
　　A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him
　　offer vt. 提出，提供; offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
　　him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。原文来源：
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本文为大家介绍英语四级作文备考技巧之独立主格结构，希望对大家复习英语四级作文有所助益。
独立主格结构指带主语的动词分词、介词、或副词词组。它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词的结构。它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体，并具有如下两种功能：(1) 解释原因或情景 (2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。
例 Freud distinguished three kinds of anxiety, each arising from a different
of perceived danger.
&each& 是独立主格结构，&arising from&是动词短语。注意这个独立主格结构是一个&干巴巴&的句子。通过改变动词形式，它的面貌可焕然一新：Each arises from a different
of perceived danger.
再看以下例句
Before: His nose was running and his hands were shaking. He left the theater like that.
Interesting: His nose running and his hands shaking, he left the theater.
Before: He is known for his bad temper, so I fear the encounter.
Interesting: I fear the encounter, his temper being what it is.
Plain: If the weather is favorable tomorrow, we will spend the entire day climbing Huang Shan.
Good: Weather ting, we will spend the entire day tomorrow climbing Huang Shan.
Plain: Let&s pray that the Southeast Asian
will soon return to normal.
Good: The Southeast Asian , God willing, will soon return to normal.
Plain: Early radio reports exaggerated the
of the raid on the Embassy. Some even indicated that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building.
Better: Early radio reports exaggerated the
of the raid on the Embassy, some even indicating that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building.
Plain: Even though the drug controversy was still festering around him, in the end, defending Australian Open champion Petr Korda walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd.
Better: In the end, defending Australian Open champion Petr Korda, the drug controversy around him still festering, walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd.
有些短语在语法上可与它所在句中的其它成分分离。这种结构不修饰句子的任何一个词，而修饰句子的整体意思。分词连同它所修饰的名词或代词可构成独立主格结构。同位语和插入语有时也被认为是独立主格结构。
During the early years of the Cultural Revolution, dried mushrooms on dinner tables were an unheard-of luxury, and pork chops unthinkable.
We see Van Gogh in the role of prophet in &Self Portrait,& his emaciated, luminous head with its burning eyes set off against a whirlpool of darkness.
Professor Wang&s handwriting was precise, fussy, spidery, his notepad pale mauve.
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