过了P2的帮帮忙.什么是depreciateda historical eventcost

02月12日连续
国际财会学院
ACCA F7考试重点梳理总结/复习策略
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主题帖子高盾
  这篇文章主要分三个内容
  资产减值
  新会计准则扼杀财务舞弊
  F7复习策略
  资产减值到底是怎么回事?
  导读:同样是资产价值的下降,固定资产重估中的向下重估和资产减值有着什么样的本质区别?导致资产减值的原因有哪些?作为F7的重要知识点,面临这些问题我们该如何应对?
  在学习固定资产重估(Revaluation)的时候,已经强调过重估分为向上重估和向下重估两种,会计处理分别为 Dr PPE,Cr OCI 和 Dr Expense,Cr PPE,其中向下重估指的是资产价值的下降。那么,这种下降与资产的减值(Impairment)有什么区别呢?
  向下重估指的是市场价值的起伏导致资产价值的下降,而减值指的是资产价值的永久性下降。那么,哪些原因会导致资产价值发生永久性的下降呢?常见的有:
  被淘汰的资产
  由于技术过时而使资产被淘汰
  自然或人为原因被破坏,从而影响使用的资产
  由于经济下跌,市场需求下降等,使资产不能被充分利用由于竞争对手策略调整,市场状况变化,甚至政府政策的变化,使资产无法被有效利用当以上一种或几种减值迹象(Indicator)出现时,公司就需要对资产进行减值测试(Impairment test),具体做法是将资产的账面价值(Carrying value,以下简称 CV)与可回收金额(Recoverable amount,以下简称 RA)相比较。
  可回收金额 RA 是 IAS 36 中很重要的一个概念,它指的是 Higher of value in use(VIU)and fair value less cost to sell(NRV),其中 VIU 代表如果公司持续使用该资产,未来可以带来多少经济利益的流入,计算方法是未来该资产每年可以带来的现金流逐一折现相加;NRV代表如果公司卖掉该资产,可以换来多少经济收益。理性的选择当然是两者取其高,作为该资产的可回收金额。
  当CV 大于RA的时候,需要将资产减值到RA,中间的损失(Impairment loss)进入利润表。
  特别注意
  该资产在减值之前有没有做过向上的重估,如果有,要先把之前向上重估计入其它综合收益OCI的部分reverse回来(即Dr OCI),超出部分再计入利润表。
  减值过的资产减值是否还可以升高呢,答案是肯定的。未来如果CV小于RA,说明该资产可以为公司带来比其账面价值更高的经济收益,是允许 Reverse 的。Reversal 的上限是Depreciated historical cost,这其中的逻辑是,在资产没有做过重估和减值的情况下,其价值最好的计量标准是 Depreciated historical cost,这个知识点在P2的考试中出现过。
  需要强调的是,IAS 36 impairment 不仅仅适用于固定资产 PPE 的减值,还适用于无形资产 Intangible asset,商誉 Goodwill 以及金融工具 Financial instrument 的减值,「学习帮」会在之后的推文详细对这个点进行梳理。
  新会计准则扼杀财务舞弊
  导读:ACCA考试 F7 的一个重点就是财务舞弊,这种现象向来为财务人所深恶痛绝。中国就为了扼杀企业舞弊之风,出台了新《企业会计准则》。咱们来聊聊,新《企业会计准则》对于舞弊行为的预防效应。
  新《企业会计准则》在充分考虑我国经济环境以及财务环境的变化之后,做了若干修改变动,实现了与国际会计准则体系的对接,完成了较大的跨越。
  主要表现
  明确了企业财务目标是为财务报告的使用者提供真实可靠且公允的会计信息以便使用者做出合理判断和决策;搭建了一个比较完整的统一体系,为后续的完善发展提供了框架。
  与旧的会计准则相比,新准则的具体变化主要有:
  存货管理的变化
  新《企业会计准则第1号--存货》规定:「企业应当采用先进先出法,加权平均法或者个别计价法确定发出存货的实际成本」。原准则规定:「企业应当根据各类存货的实际情况,确定发出存货的实际成本,可以采用的方法有个别计价法,先进先出法,加权平均法,移动平均法和后进先出法等」。对比发现,新会计准则删去了后进先出法的应用。有些行业产品价格表现为不断下降的趋势,许多企业为了粉饰业绩采用存货计价的后进先出法,提高当期利润水平,而存货的成本没有被实际计量。因此这一变化有效抑制了企业利用存货记账进行利润控制,提高了会计信息准确性。
  资产减值准备的规定变化
  新《企业会计准则第8号--资产减值》规定:「企业应当在会计期末对各项资产进行核查,判断资产是否有迹象表明可能发生了损失」,“如不存在减值迹象,不应估计资产的可收回金额”,另外规定“计提的资产减值损失一经确认,在以后会计期间不得转回”,并且新准则要求企业在半年报及季报中都需披露资产减值情况,使得资产披露情况更加充分,有利于各方及时掌握公司的资产状况。
  在新准则下,长期股权投资、在建工程、无形资产、固定资产的减值准备计提后不能冲回,因此只能在资产处置完成后进行会计处理。存货、短期投资、坏账准备的减值准备仍然可以冲回,但有一系列的限制条件,因此,利用资产减值损失进行利润调节将变得更困难。
  另外还需注意的是,新准则与国际会计准则在这一点上是有冲突的,国际会计准则是允许有证据表明可以恢复的资产减值可以转回,这也是考虑到我国企业发展的现状而做出的差异化处理。
  对企业合并有关事项规定的变化
  新《企业会计准则第20号--企业合并》明确企业合并分为同一控制下和非同一控制下的合并两类。同时规定,对于第一类企业合并,合并方取得的资产和负债应按账面价值计算而非以前的公允价值计算,避免了公允价值滥用的现象,因为以往存在很多企业利用合并中的公允价值计算进行利润调节等操纵,新准则也是针对这一现象规范企业合并中出现的违规会计行为。
  对企业合并财务报表范围的改变
  新《企业会计准则第33号--合并财务报表》规定,「合并财务报表的合并范围应当以控制为基础予以确认,母公司应当将其全部子公司纳入合并财务报表的公开范围,所有者权益为负数的子公司,只要是持续经营的,也应纳入合并报表范围」。同时规定合并报表的总类在原有的基础上另增现金流量表,所有者权益增减变动表和附注三类。对于合并报表的范围规定更加严格,防范母子公司间利用合并报表调节业绩的行为。
  总之,新会计准则的规定更加严格规范商业交易事项的会计处理,防止企业进行故意舞弊操作,然而新会计准则的刺激效应也是不可忽视的,相关话题会在下次推文中进一步探讨。
  F7复习策略
  ACCA考试还是有一定规律可循的,偏题和怪题出现的概率非常低,从历年考题看,重点内容会一次又一次出现。因此大家最好能够将近几年的考题研究透彻,反复看课程,然后针对重点再反复练习。如果有些内容占了考试的大多数分数,那么这时候复习还是坚持从头看到尾,每部分分配的时间差不多,就得不偿失了。
  F7一共五道题,第一题是合并报表。
  先看清题,确定比例,注意收购时间,如果不是整个年度则需调整。然后确定商誉,先算成本,成本一般有两种,一种是交换股票,按市价计算的,差额计入股本溢价;另一种是支付现金,如果是将来支付,要按折现值计算,差额做财务费用。如果有股利的话,要将收购之前的股利冲减成本。接着计算企业的公允价值,一般会有重估价。商誉年终注意是否有减值。然后计算留存收益,根据书上给定的格式,需要调整的有未实现利润、因为重估带来的多余的折旧、减去商誉减值(如果有的话)。最后计算少数股东权益。
  剩下的几道题一般是单个公司case报表,现金流量表,写作,最后一题是之前没有考到但觉得有必有测试一下的东西。F7里重要的准则数量并不多,如PPE之类,大家要记得总结准则要点和会计处理方式。
  把握考试动态
  ACCA的考官比较人性化,重点考察的是你是否掌握了某种分析思路,而不会只看你报表上的数字。于是就算你报表没编平,也不要花太多时间去找问题到底出在了哪里。只要步骤完整、思路清晰,照样能顺利通过。
  练习册的答案可能都是做出来的各种报表在先,working在后。但实际考试中可以先根据题目提供的信息作出每个部分的working,然后空出几行(防止你以后想再添几句找不到地方写),再编制报表。
  总之记住:要通过答题告诉考官F7的重点知识你是知道的,至于是否细心、计算能力强不强,这些远没有前者重要。况且每场考试只有3个小时,用这点时间编完三个大报表和一个小报表还保证没有出错,基本不可能。
  除了上面强调的事情以外,近半年考官的文章一定要看!往往一篇文章就可能是一道题。一共五道题,看了文章就很可能压中一道,性价比这么高的事情必须做啊。
  本文作者:高顿财经ACCA研究中心老师 来源:ACCA学习帮微信号
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你可能喜欢Historical Cost – Accounting Simplified
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Currently accountants in the U.S. record assets on the balance sheet using historical cost, or the amount that the company or individual paid for the asset at the time of purchase.
Historical cost ignores the amount the asset could be sold for in the open market, called the fair value, until the asset is actually sold. The company carries the asset on the balance sheet at the purchase cost less any depreciation taken. At the time of sale, the company records a gain or a loss against the purchase cost of the asset less any depreciation if applicable.
Historical Cost Accounting Example
For example, if Sunny purchased an asset for $5,000 and estimated depreciation expense of $500 per year for 10 years, the cost of the asset after the first year less depreciation is $4,500. If the market value of the asset were $4,800 after year one in the open market, Sunny would not write up the asset after the first year. Rather, the asset would remain at original cost less any depreciation until the asset is sold.
If Sunny sold the asset for $4,800 after year one, Sunny recognizes a realized gain of $300.
Sale of Equipment at Historical Cost
Account and Explanation
Accumulated Depreciation
Gain on Sale of Equip.
To record sale of asset at original cost less depreciation.
Therefore, assets on the balance sheet are recorded at historical costs until sold. Since everyone in the U.S. is currently required to follow the historical cost principle, users of financial statements understand where the asset values are coming from: the price originally paid for the asset (less any depreciation where applicable).
Historical Cost and Fair Value Accounting: Relevance and Reliability Revisited
The historical cost principle follows the accounting quality of reliability since everyone can agree on the original purchase price of an asset. However, the historical price is not necessarily relevant information. Land that was purchased 20 years ago could be worth much more than the balance sheet shows. Likewise a building purchased many years ago and recorded on the balance sheet at the original cost does not reflect the current market price.
For this reason, many accountants and users of financial statements argue that the market price, or fair value should be used when reporting financial information. The fair value is more relevant, but is not necessarily reliable. Selling the same item at different auctions will lead to a wide range of winning bids for the same item, and even professional appraisers will value an asset at a range of prices instead of a set value.
Differences can involve the future use of the asset, assumptions about its useful life and output, and opinions and professional judgments that result in a range of values for an asset. Like other professions, professional appraisers balance opinions and judgments with verifiable data. So although the market price, or fair value of an asset may be more relevant, it is less reliable.
The reliability vs. relevance debate centers on one of the key issues in financial reporting and one of the major transitions currently underway in GAAP: the transition from historical cost to fair value accounting.
Currently accountants in the U.S. are not allowed to write up the value of an asset to the market or fair value, but accountants are required to write down an asset when an asset is materially impaired in any way. This follows the GAAP accounting principles of conservatism and reliability, since assets could be written up and overstate a company&#8217;s financial position.
Other countries, however, commonly write up assets to the market value. In order to make financial statements more uniform internationally, FASB is currently working with The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to follow consistent standards worldwide.
As part of this project, FASB is recommending a transition from historical cost to fair value for some assets, which would create sweeping and somewhat controversial changes to how some assets are reported on the balance sheet as the reliability vs. relevance debate continues.
Financial Reporting: Historical Cost to Fair Value Accounting
FASB has started a gradual convergence of financial reporting standards with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to transition from the longstanding historical cost basis to fair value accounting.
Translate this Pagedepreciated
沪江博客 - Love Our Life - 〔推... ...
depreciable property 应计折旧财产
Depreciated 折旧后的
Depreciation 折旧 ...
基于55个网页-
已折旧成本
折余成本、已折旧成本
全部折旧完毕
更多收起网络短语
&2,447,543篇论文数据,部分数据来源于
depreciate
lower the value of something
&The Fed depreciated the dollar once again&
lose in value
&The dollar depreciated again&
以上来源于:
depreciated
depreciate的变形
depreciate
[di'pri:?ieit]
使(货币)贬值,降低(货币)的购买力:
Runaway inflation has depreciated the Russian currency.
(脱缰野马似的)恶性通货膨胀已使俄罗斯的货币贬值。
降低…的价格,使跌价;降低…的价值,使减值:
The computer depreciated $500 since last year.
从去年以来每台电脑跌价 500 美元。
The accident sharply depreciated the value of the car.
那起交通事故使这辆汽车的价值大降。
轻视,蔑视,藐视,小看,贬低:
She depreciates all our efforts to help her.
她贬低我们帮助她的一切努力。
to depreciate someone's achievements
贬低某人的成就
to depreciate oneself
[美国英语](为纳税)要求把(财产)折旧
[美国英语]
Money usually depreciates in value over a period of years.
货币通常过几年就会贬值。
降价,跌价:
The price of television set has greatly depreciated.
电视机价格大跌。
The price of oil greatly depreciated.
石油价格猛跌。
更多收起结果
以上来源于:《21世纪大英汉词典》
depreciate
/d?'pri:???e?t/
depreciating,
depreciated,
depreciates
If something such as a currency depreciates or if something depreciates it, it loses some of its original value. 使贬值; 贬值
Inflati the yuan is depreciating.
通货膨胀正在迅速上升;人民币正在贬值。
The demand for foreign currency depreciates the real value of local currencies.
对外币的需求降低了当地货币的实际价值。
depreciation
...miscellaneous costs, including machinery depreciation and wages.
…包括机器折旧和工资在内的杂费。
Aeroflot gets questionable receivables, which, if paid at all, get paid in depreciated currency.
Financial Accounting Standards Board rules say that real property should be depreciated over 40 years.
They must have had them for a long time since they seem to be fully depreciated.
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