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Writing a Counterargument and Refutation Counterargument
The counterargument paragraph is developed in much the same way that an argument paragraph is developed. The difference is that the counterargument is your opponents’ (the other side’s) argument that explains why you are wrong. This paragraph is structured as follows:
1. Topic sentence. It states the other side’s reason for why you are wrong. Nouns used in this sentence are critics and opponents. Verbs used in this sentence are argue, claim, and contend.
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 it is argued that 2. Explanation sentence. It explains the controlling idea, the topic sentence.
3. Expert evidence sentence. This sentence backs up the topic sentence with a quotation or paraphrase of evidence from expert(s). It includes the name of the author, name of the article, and the date of publication.
4. Explanation sentence. It explains the supporting evidence from expert(s).
5. Example and / or statistics sentence. This sentence contains an example or statistics that support the evidence from the expert(s).
6. Explanation sentence. It explains the significance of the examples or statistics as related to the controlling idea, the thesis sentence.
7. Conclusion sentence. It states what conclusion can be made once people consider the
controlling idea and evidence.
Directions: After reading the sample counterargument paragraph below, answer the questions that follow it.
Critics argue that the reason why some terminally ill patients wish to commit
suicide is nothing more than melancholia. Patients suffering terminal illness might tend to be negative, hopeless, and depressed. In &When Patients Request Assistance with Suicide,& Dr. Michael Maskin, an associate professor of clinical psychiatry at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York, argues that in many cases, dying patients'
thinking is simply occupied by negative reactions to their critical condition (1999). In
other words, most of the reasons why terminally ill patients request doctors to assist
them in committing suicide might be caused by certain problems related to their illness. For example, they may be experiencing problems such as hopelessness because there is no effective treatment, anxiety over doctors' very expensive fees, and regret for their
family's burden of taking care of them (Maskin, 1999). For this reason, opponents argue that the terminally ill patient needs psychotherapy. Therefore, people who oppose
doctor-assisted suicide believe that these patients are much too depressed to make a
logical decision.
Adapted from student handout, Sourcework, Heinle & Heinle, 2006.
1. What is this paragraph about?
2. Who is the expert?
3. What is the name of the article that the expert’s opinion is taken from?
4. When was this article published?
5. What does the expert argue?
6. What examples are used to support the expert’s opinion?
7. Based on the examples, what do the critics argue that dying people need?
8. What conclusion is reached?
Refutation
The refutation paragraph must prove that your opponents’ objection (counterargument) is wrong. To do this, you must answer the objection in a fair and logical manner. This paragraph is structured as follows:
1. Opening sentence. It summarizes the other side’s objection and acknowledges the
validity of the objection. This sentence must contain the modal may.
Pattern 2. Topic sentence. It states the reason why the objection (counterargument) is wrong. It is introduced by a transition such as however, nevertheless, or nonetheless.
Pattern 3. Expert evidence sentence. This sentence backs up the topic sentence with a quotation or paraphrase of evidence from expert(s). It includes the name of the author, name of the article, and the date of publication.
4. Explanation sentence. It explains the supporting evidence from expert(s).
5. Example and / or statistics sentence. This sentence contains an example or statistics that support the evidence from the expert(s).
6. Explanation sentence. It explains the significance of the examples or statistics as related to the controlling idea, the thesis sentence.
7. Conclusion sentence. It states what conclusion can be made once people consider the controlling idea and evidence.
Directions: After reading the sample counterargument paragraph below, answer the questions that follow it.
It may be true that all such requests, in which dying patients ask doctors to help
them to kill themselves, come from depression as some psychologists have claimed and that some patients will change their minds if they participate in psychotherapy. However, all of those terminally ill patients who after psychotherapy finally choose to hasten their deaths are very determined. In &Opposing Views on Assisted Suicide,& Faye Girsh points
out that many dying patients want to know about how to get help from a doctor to achieve a peaceful death even if ultimately they do not choose suicide (1999). In other words, terminally ill patients who voluntarily choose to ask doctors to help them commit suicide are those who decide carefully to take advantage of the doctor-assisted suicide law. For example, Girsh states that patients who consider assisted suicide are aware of their exact medical condition through a mutual exchange of information with their doctors, these patients understand their medical treatment along with risk, benefits and other options, and they must talk with a psychologist to determine if they are
psychologically able to make such a decision (1999). These are not patients who want to end their lives simply because they are depressed. In short, terminally ill patients who finally choose to ask doctors to help them commit suicide are mentally competent and very determined about what they want to choose.
Adapted from student handout, Sourcework, Heinle & Heinle, 2006.
1. Does the writer acknowledge the validity of the other side’s objection?
2. Why is the objection wrong?
3. Who is the expert?
4. What is the name of the article that the expert’s opinion is taken from?
5. When was this article published?
6. What does the expert argue?
7. What examples are used to support the expert’s opinion?
8. What does the example prove?
9. What conclusion is reached?
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　Counter argument and refutation (the purpose of this paragraph is to address...Your final thoughts on the topic should be written clearly and concisely. ... 　Now, look at each sentence and decide if it is step 1, 2, or 3. Phrases for Given a Counter Argument When your opponent’s argument is true but... 　 Counter argument_英语学习_外语学习_教育专区。写作必备Counter argument 1. ...a multitude of checks and balances-opposing the power of each branch of ... 　 and “inadequate pay” may just be a ...When you are writing, your refutation should do ... Deny that counterargument is related to the ... 　and then use your conclusion to explore the implications of your argument. ...Qualifications or refutation to counterarguments should then follow. In short,... 　(Counter Argument + Refutation) (sts' own research article(s) using a ... argument-essay 范文 3页 免费 essay structure 25页 免费 How to Write an... 　 How to Write an Argument... 7页 免费如要...argument as a refutation of opposing arguments in...Your Argument or Counterargument: ? How can I ... 　writing.A piece of writingcan be classified as formal,informal,and something...refutation:驳斥 the attempt to counter an opposing argument by revealing its... 　How to Write a Persuasive Essay_英语学习_外语学习_教育专区。怎样写说服性议...various perspectives, establish your main argument and gather supporting ...您要找的是不是:
n. 抗辩；辩论；用来反驳的论点
counter-argument
一种是驳论文，提出一个悖论点（counter-argument），然后进行批判，以证明此观点是错误的。第二种是立论文，建立一个真论点（argument），然后从正面阐述其正确性；然后引出悖论点...
基于8个网页-
《英文写作技巧与训练》 ... Situation 情景 Counter-argument 反观点 Resume 履历 ...
基于6个网页-
...統中，所謂「王道或「先王之道，是一 種批判現實政治的理想，是一種針對現實政治論述的一種「反論述 （counter-argument）。
基于1个网页-
不安抗辩权
永久性抗辩权
同样具有说服力的反驳
作辩驳用的论据;反驳性论据.
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counter-argument
an argument offered in opposition to another argument
以上来源于:
counterargument
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counterarguments
A counterargument is an argument that makes an opposing point to another argument. 抗辩; 反驳
...an attempt to develop a counterargument to the labour theory.
...一次对劳动理论提出抗辩的尝试。
A counter-argument to doing to little on the server is doing too much on the server.
在服务器上执行很少的任务的反面论证是在其上执行大量的操作。
He immediately deploys the counter-argument – citing "the historical responsibility of industrialised nations for all the carbon already in the air".
他立刻展开相反的辩论——引证“工业化国家对已经存在于大气中的所有碳负有历史责任”。
In fact, I'll demonstrate sorting on the client at the end of this article, where I talk about the counter-argument of putting too great a load on the server.
事实上，在本文的结尾我将演示在客户机上进行排序，从而反面论证在服务器上施加大量负载的情形。
And it's this final movement of the simile, according to this ingenious argument by Geoffrey Hartman, that Hartman calls the counter-plot.
根据哈特曼灵巧的论点看来，这就是这个比喻最后的深意，他称之为反计。
There is a counter-argument, made eloquently by an article that appeared in the British Medical Journal.
The counter-argument is that this system (which is much more complicated than described) does not work.
The counter-argument is that the benefits of a second chamber are not that clear.
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