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克罗地亚ata单证册办理流程
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----------汇弋物流供应链徐经理：/021- 办理ATA暂时进出口押金怎么收的
本办法所称暂时进出境货物包括：　　（一）在展览会、交易会、会议及类似活动中展示或者使用的货物；　　（二）文化、体育交流活动中使用的表演、比赛用品；　　（三）进行新闻报道或者摄制、电视节目使用的仪器、设备及用品；　　（四）开展科研、教学、活动使用的仪器、设备和用品；　　（五）在本款第（一）项至第（四）项所列活动中使用的交通工具及特种车辆；　　（六）货样；　　 上海汇弋进出口有限公司
徐经理：/021- 上海浦东外高桥自贸区奥纳路79号910室
（七）活动使用的仪器、设备及用品；　　（八）供安装、调试、检测、修理设备时使用的仪器及工具；　　（九）盛装货物的容器；　　（十）旅游用自驾交通工具及其用品；　　（十一）工程施工中使用的设备、仪器及用品；　　（十二）海关批准的其他暂时进出境货物。　　使用货物暂准进口单证册（以下称ATA单证册）暂时进境的货物限于我国加入的有关货物暂准进口的公约中规定的货物。　　第四条　除我国缔结或者参加的条约、协定及法律、行政法规和规章另有规定外，暂时进出境货物可以免于交验许可。　　第五条　暂时进出境货物除因正常使用而产生的折旧或者损耗外，应当按照原状复运出境、进境。　　第六条　暂时进出境货物的进境、出境申请由直属海关或者经直属海关的隶属海关核准。　　第七条　暂时进出境货物应当在进出境之日起6个月内复运出境或者复运进境。　　因特殊情况需要期限的，ATA单证册持证人、非ATA单证册项下暂时进出境货物收发货人应当向主管地海关提出延期申请，经直属海关批准可以延期，延期多不超过3次，每次期限不超过6个月。期届满应当复运出境、进境或者办理进出口手续。　　重点工程、科研项目使用的暂时进出境货物以及参加展期在24个月以上展览会的展览品，在18个月期届满后仍需要延期的，由主管地直属海关报审批。　　第八条　ATA单证册项下暂时出境货物，由商会向提供总。　　除另有规定外，非ATA单证册项下暂时进出境货物收发货人应当按照海关要求向主管地海关提交相当于税款的保证金或者海关依法认可的其他。　　在海关场所或者海关派专人的场所举办展览会的，经主管地直属海关批准，可以就参展的展览品免于向海关提交。　　第九条　暂时进出境货物因不可抗力的原因受损，无法原状复运出境、进境的，ATA单证册持证人、非ATA单证册项下暂时进出境货物收发货人应当及时向主管地海关报告，可以凭有关部门出具的证明材料办理复运出境、进境手续；因不可抗力的原因灭失或者失去使用价值的，经海关核实后可以视为该货物已经复运出境、进境。　　暂时进出境货物因不可抗力以外其他原因灭失或者受损的，ATA单证册持证人、非ATA单证册项下暂时进出境货物收发货人应当按照货物进出口的有关规定办理海关手续。　　第十条　异地复运出境、进境的暂时进出境货物，ATA单证册持证人、非ATA单证册项下暂时进出境货物收发货人应当持主管地海关签章的海关单证向复运出境、进境地海关办理手续。货物复运出境、进境后，主管地海关凭复运出境、进境地海关签章的海关单证办理核销结案手续。　　第十一条　除本办法另有规定外，海关按照《行政许可法》及《海关实施〈行政许可法〉办法》规定的程序和期限办理暂时进出境货物行政许可事项。
1、什么是一般临时进口货物？
从一个进口后在一定期限内按原状又从该复运出口的货物，通常被称为一般临时进口货物。例如：参加展会的展品，为客户展示的商业样品，以及用于或拍摄等活动的专业设备等。
2、一般临时进口货物在流转中有哪些特点？
（1）货物保持原状；（2）货物的商业价值不发生改变；（3）货物的所有权不发生变更；（4）货物要办理多次的报关手续；（5）货物的临时进出口都有一定的期限；（6）货物临时进出口时都存在的问题。
3、携带一般临时进口货物该如何办理海关的手续？
任何都准许货物在本国临时进口。通常这类货物的进口时间不会超过十二个月。申请人有三种可以办理临时进口的手续。
A: 向海关交纳押金
在办理临时进口手续时申请人要向进口国海关交纳押金（金额相当于进口国关税和其他各税的总和）。一般来讲，在欧洲要交纳货值的20－30%、澳大利亚是50％等。待货物复出口后，进口国海关会在一定时间内向申请人全额退还押金。（在欧洲，押金通常是在货物复出口后的2－6个月内退还。费用将以进口国当地货币支付。）
B: 申请临时进口
申请人在办理临时进口手续时，可以按照进口国海关的要求提供人,申请临时进口。
C：使用ATA单证册
ATA单证册是一份通行的报关手册和文件。被上65个和地区所接受。ATA单证册可使申请人免去向海关交纳押金或申请临时进口的情况。申请人能够预先安排并使用统一的文件办理海关手续。
4、什么是ATA单证册（ATA CARNET）
Carnet 是一个法语词，意思是“手册”。ATA 是法语Admission temporaire 和英语 temporary admission 的缩写，意思为“临时进口”。ATA Carnet 联起来的意思为“临时进口货物的通关手册”。
5、ATA单证册是否有使用期限？
有。按照《ATA公约》的规定，ATA单证册的有效期长为一年。该期限不能，但对于在有效期内不能完成任务的情况，可以办理续签单证册。
6、ATA 单证册有什么作用？
ATA单证册一方面替代了其他的报关单据；另一方面使持证人不必再向海关交纳押金或申请临时进口。在办理货物的报关手续时，持证人只需出示ATA单证册，由海关查验签注即可。
7、使用ATA单证册有什么好处?
（1）统一的报关单据
ATA单证册内的报关单据在样式和内容上都是统一的，持证人在出发前即可好，一切都在之中。这样避免了在各国临时填写样式和内容不统一的国内报关单，繁琐且存在不可预知的情况。同时也节省了在海关填单的大量时间。
（2）统一的语言
ATA单证册使用统一的语言，避免了各国语言的。
（3）统一的
ATA单证册不仅是报关单，同时也是一份文件，持证人凭ATA单证册报关时，商会就成为持证人的人。在这种情况下持证人不再需要向各国海关以外币形式交纳押金或申请临时进口。由此资金的占用量，同时可以避免为了支付费用而在产生的手续费、交易费和利息损失，杜绝现金被盗或被侵吞的情况。
尤其当持证人需要连续前往多个时，ATA单证册的上述优势就更加突出和重要。
8、哪些货物可以申请ATA单证册？
按照公约主要是专业设备、商业样品和参加展览会交易会的物品。另外根据和国内的一些法规，某些其他用途的货物也可以申请ATA单证册。但是，在国外的消耗品如宣传手册、宣传品和食品等是不能申请ATA单证册的。
9、产品备件是否可以申请ATA单证册？
可以。例如，国外有机器需要，但无法确定哪些备件有用、哪些没用。这时可以办理ATA单证册, 将所有可能用到的备件都带去国外。对于那些终会用到，而不再复出口的备件，持证人只需在当地办理相关的进口手续即可。另外，时需要使用到的工具也可以办理ATA单证册。
10、到国外的货物可以办理ATA单证册吗？
不可以。的货物是不能申请ATA单证册的。这类的货物有其他的通关。
11、在我国有出口的产品是否可以办理ATA单证册？
12、如果部分货物在国外可能会发生出售、赠送等情况，是否还可以办理ATA单证册？
可以，不过如果真的发生了出售、赠送情况时，持证人一定要向当地海关申报并办理相关的完税手续。
13、ATA 单证册是否有申请资格的？
没有。注册地或居住地在境内的、事业单位、企业（包括合资企业和独资企业）、社团组织、驻华代表机构和自然人等都可以申请。
14、ATA单证册的申请是否可以由货代公司或报关公司代为办理？
15、前往任何都可以申请ATA单证册吗？
不是。只有《ATA公约》和《伊斯坦布尔公约》的成员/地区才接受ATA单证册。
16、ATA单证册在是否有报关权的？
没有。持证人本人、持证人的个人或公司都可以办理报关手续。
17、像DHL/UPS这类公司可以办理ATA单证册的报关手续吗？
可以。虽然一些ATA成员国不接受通过邮政运输的货物凭ATA单证册报关。但通过DHL/UPS等公司运输的货物属于快件服务，不在邮政范畴之内。
18、ATA单证册在是否有报关口岸的？
没有。的各个海关口岸都可以办理 ATA单证册的通关手续。
19、去国外的展商持ATA单证册报关时，是否要向海关出示展览会批件？
20、在我国ATA单证册项下的货物是否还需要做商检？
根据质检总局的有关规定，ATA单证册项下货物免于3C认证和品质检验；但对涉及动植物及其产品检疫（检验检疫类别为P或Q）的货物，需按规定实施检疫，持证人或其代表可持ATA单证册作为证明文件报检。
21、为什么凭ATA单证册报关就可以在海关免交押金？
因为押金部分已经由贸促会/商会为持证人做了。在这种情况下海关的保障不是押金，而是。
22、办理ATA单证册的费用是多少？
办理ATA单证册时要交纳出证手续费和费。具体金额根据货物的总价值来确定。另外申请人还要向出证商会提交反。费率由贸促会/商会统一制定。
23、申请人一定要向出证商会提交反吗？
是的，这是ATA公约的要求。机制是ATA单证册制度正常运转的保障。每个ATA成员国都有一个的商会，负责为国内外海关有效索赔的执行提供。以为例，对于的出口ATA单证册贸促会/商会需支付国外海关所有的有效索赔。因此，申请人在办理ATA单证册时需要向贸促会/商会提供反。
24、国外的进口各税大约有多高？
这很难说。因为进口各税中不仅包括了进口关税、进口增值税，还包括消费税、印花税等。具体金额要根据货物种类和前往的不同来计算。另外货物的重量也是要考虑的因素之一。在ATA单证册成员国中，进口各税从货值的5％到150％都有。像、印度、阿尔及利亚等都是税率比较高的。
25、持证人可以为进口各税买吗？
不可以。交税是持证人的义务。持证人只可以为被盗、运输风险、由被盗、运输问题而产生的通关风险、由于延误时间而产生的通关风险等购买。
26、如何才能在一年有效期内多次往返使用ATA单证册？
首先，无论去几个，去几次都必须是清单中所列的同一批货物；其次，在申请办理ATA单证册时就要将预计前往的和告知签证机构，以便签证机构事先为其在单证册内足够的单据。
27、在那里可以办理ATA单证册？
贸促会/商会及其23家分支机构是我国ATA单证册的签证机构。
28、出证商会可以拒绝签发ATA单证册吗？
当然可以。贸促会/商会为每一份单证册承担的责任。而任何人都不能别人，必须为其承担的责任。
29、在哪里可以了解ATA单证册制度的有关知识？
登陆ATA网站（www.atachina.org）,可以了解《ATA公约》、《伊斯坦布尔公约》、海关对ATA单证册的办法和操作规程，以及申办ATA单证册的相关操作程序和规定等。
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早已停止流通。现在克罗地亚的主币是库纳（Kuna)。文字：Republika Hrvatska——[克罗地亚语]克罗地亚共和国;trović）的作品《克罗地亚人的历史》（Povijest Hrvata ）这个是 克罗地亚第纳尔。正面：雕塑家伊凡·梅斯特罗维奇（Ivan Meškovića Hrvatskih Dinara——[克罗地亚语]五万克罗地亚第纳尔。克罗地亚第纳尔是克罗地亚日——日的主币：拉古萨科学家罗杰·约瑟夫·博什科维奇（Ruđer Josip Bo&#353，Pedeset Tisuć）像；背面
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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Croatia at the height of its power
Varied through time
Government
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c. 949–969
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Historical era
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Elevation to kingdom
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11th century est. (mid)
110,000 km2 (42,000 sq mi)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Today part of
  is regarded as the first king due to being addressed as Rex (King) in a letter sent by
and the Council conclusions of Split in 925 AD. Circumstances and the date of his coronation are unknown. The authenticity of the Papal letter has been questioned, but later inscriptions and charters confirm that his successors called themselves "kings".
The Kingdom of Croatia (: Regnum Croatiae; : Kraljevina Hrvatska, Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo) was a medieval kingdom in
comprising most of what is today
(without western
coastal cities), as well as most of the modern-day . The Kingdom existed as a
for nearly two centuries. Its existence was characterized by various conflicts and periods of peace or alliance with the , , , and competition with
for control over the eastern
coast. The goal of promoting the
in the religious service was initially brought and introduced by the 10th century
, which resulted in a conflict with the , later to be put down by him. In the second half of the 11th century Croatia managed to secure most coastal cities of
with the collapse of Byzantine control over them. During this time the kingdom reached its peak under the rule of kings
The state was ruled mostly by the
until 1091. At that point the realm experienced a
and after a decade of conflicts for the throne and the aftermath of the , the crown passed to the
with the coronation of King
as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in
in 1102, uniting the two kingdoms under one crown. The precise terms of the relationship between the two realms became a matter of dispute in the 19th century. The nature of the relationship varied through time, Croatia retained a large degree of internal autonomy overall, while the real power rested in the hands of the local nobility. Modern Croatian and Hungarian historiographies mostly view the relations between Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary from 1102 as a form of a
of two internally autonomous kingdoms united by a common king.
The first official name of the country was "Kingdom of the Croats" (: Regnum Croatorum; : Kraljevstvo Hrvata), but over the course of time the name "Kingdom of Croatia" (Regnum Croatiae; Kraljevina Hrvatska) prevailed in use. From 1060, when
gained control over coastal cities of the , earlier under the Byzantine Empire, the official and diplomatic name of the kingdom was "Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia" (Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae; Kraljevina Hrvatska i Dalmacija). Such form of the name lasted until the death of King
The Coming of the Croats to the Adriatic by
arrived in the early 7th century in what is Croatia today. No contemporary written records about the migration have been preserved, especially not about the events as a whole and from the area itself. Instead, historians rely on records written several centuries after the facts, and even those records may be based on .
were a , coming from an area
Poland or western Ukraine. Many modern scholars believe that the early Croat people, as well as other early Slavic groups, were agricultural populations that were ruled by the nomadic Iranian-speaking . It is unclear whether the Alans contributed much more than a ruling caste or the evidence on their contribution is mainly
The large scale movements of Slavs are associated with the , a nomadic
group that had settled in the
in late 6th century, subjugating surrounding small Slavic tribes. The book
("On the Governance of the Empire"), written in the 10th century, is the most referenced source on the migration of
into southeastern Europe. It states that the Slavs migrated first around or before year 600 from the region that is now (roughly)
and areas of the , led by the , to the .
The second wave of migration, possibly around year 620, began when the Croats were invited by the Emperor
to counter the Avar threat on the . The Emperor promised the Croats protection if they defeated the Avars, who had earlier expelled the population of Dalmatia.
And so, by command of the emperor Heraclius these same Croats defeated and expelled the Avars from those parts, and by mandate of Heraclius the emperor they settled down in that same country of the Avars, where they now dwell.
in : 31. Of the Croats and of the country they now dwell in
De Administrando Imperio also mentions an alternate version of the events, where the Croats weren't actually invited by Heraclius, but instead defeated the Avars and settled on their own accord after migrating from an area near today's . From those Croats who came to Dalmatia a part split off and settled in
and . Furthermore, De Administrando Imperio reports a folk tradition that the Croats, who were at the time dwelling beyond , were led into the province of Dalmatia by a group of five brothers, Klukas, Lobel, Kosenc, Muhlo and Hrvat, and their two sisters, Tuga and Buga.
After they had fought one another for some years, the Croats prevailed and killed some of the Avars and the remainder they compelled to be subject to them. And so from that time this land was possessed by the Croats, and there are still in Croatia some who are of Avar descent and are recognized as Avars.
in : 30. Story of the province of Dalmatia
, as well as the
from the 12th century, state that the Croats remained after the
(under a leader referred to as "") had occupied and pillaged the Roman province of Dalmatia. The Chronicle speaks of a Gothic invasion (under a leader referred to as "Svevlad", followed by his descendants "Selimir" and "Ostroilo"). Archdeacon Thomas in his work
from the 13th century mentions that with Totila, who destroyed the city of
and ravaged Dalmatia, came seven or eight tribes of nobles which he called "Lingones" from what is today Poland and settled in Croatia.
The stone inscription of Duke , c. 880
The earliest record of contact between the Roman
dates from a mid-7th century entry in the .
(John the Dalmatian, 640-642) sent an abbot named Martin to
in order to pay ransom for some prisoners and for the remains of old Christian martyrs. This abbot is recorded to have travelled through Dalmatia with the help of the Croatian leaders, and he established the foundation for the future relations between the Pope and the Croats.
of the Croats began after their arrival, probably in the 7th century, influenced by the proximity of the old Roman cities in Dalmatia. The process was completed in the north by the beginning of the 9th century. The beginnings of the Christianization are also disputed in the historical texts: the Byzantine texts talk of duke Porin who started this at the incentive of emperor Heraclius, then of Porga who mainly Christianized his people after the influence of missionaries from Rome, while the national tradition recalls Christianization during the rule of Duke . It is possible that these are all renditions of the same ruler's name.
The Croats, apart from , also held
in their own language and used the . This was officially sanctioned in 1248 by , and only later did the Latin alphabet prevail.
prevailed over the
rather early due to numerous interventions from the . There were numerous church synods held in Dalmatia in the 11th century, particularly after the , during the course of which the use of the Latin rite was continuously reinforced until it became dominant.
The Adriatic
c. 800 AD, according to
The Croatian Dukedom c. 850. Savia was probably under direct Frankish rule
Croatia shown on an old German map from 1886 (status after arrival of the
at the end of the 9th century)
Croatian lands in the
were located between three major entities: the
which aimed to control the Dalmatian city-states and islands, the
which aimed to control the northern and northwestern lands, and the , later , and other fledgling states in the northeast. The fourth relevant group, but not so powerful with regard to the Croatian state, were the nearby Slavs in the southeast, the
The north became subject to the
around 800, when in 796 Croatian Pannonian prince
switched sides between the
and the . The Franks established control over the region between ,
which was under the . The
was then allowed to Christianize the remaining Slavs in the region.
invaded the Dalmatian portion of Croatia in 799, contesting its Byzantine suzerainty. Although the Franks lost the , from 803, Frankish overlordship was recognized in most of northern Dalmatia.
Charlemagne's invasion of the Dalmatian cities provoked a war with the Eastern Roman Empire — after a peace deal was signed, the Byzantine Empire restored the city-states and islands while Charlemagne kept Istria and inland Dalmatia. After the death of
in 814, the Frankish influence decreased, and
raised a rebellion in Pannonia in 819. At the time the
was ruled by , who was on the side of the Franks in the war. This led to an open conflict between Borna and Ljudevit in which Borna was defeated in the
in 819. The
sent armies in 820, 821 and 822, but each time they failed to crush the rebels until finally Ljudevit's forces withdrew to . Most of the
would remain in Frankish suzerainty until the end of the 9th century. What is today eastern
fell to the
in 827 after a border dispute with the Franks. By a peace treaty in 845, the Franks were confirmed as rulers over Slavonia, whilst Syrmia remained under Bulgarian clientage.
In the meantime, the Dalmatian Croats were recorded to have been subject to the Kingdom of Italy under , since 828. Duke
(c. 835–845) built up a formidable navy, and in 839 signed a peace treaty with , . The Venetians soon proceeded to battle with the
pirates, but failed to defeat them. Duke
succeeded Mislav in around 845 and in 846 successfully attacked the Byzantine coastal cities in Dalmatia. In 855
trying to expand his state to the , but was defeated probably in Eastern Bosnia and signed a peace treaty with Trpimir.
Trpimir I managed to consolidate power over Dalmatia and much of the inland regions towards , while instituting counties as a way of controlling his subordinates (an idea he picked up from the Franks). The first known written mention of the Croats is from a
charter issued by Trpimir dated 4 March 852. Trpimir is remembered as the initiator of the
that ruled in Croatia, with interruptions, from 845 until 1091.
In the meantime, the , a group of
pirates, invaded
in the 840s. The extent of their piracy forced the Byzantium to increase its military presence in the southern Adriatic. In 867 a Byzantine fleet lifted the
siege over
(modern ) and also defeated the Narentine pirates.
Facing a number of naval threats, Duke
(864–876) built up the Croatian navy again and helped the Franks conquer
in 871. During his reign piracy was a common practice in the Adriatic. The Croatian vessels also fought wars against the Venetians and the Franks. Domagoj led a successful revolt against the Frankish Empire, ending their overlordship over Croatia. Domagoj's forces attacked the western Istrian towns in 876, but were subsequently defeated by the Venetian navy. His ground forces defeated the Pannonian duke
(861–874) who was suzerain to the Franks, and thereby shed the Frankish vassal status.[] Domagoj was succeeded by his son, of unknown name, who ruled Croatia between 876 and 878.
The next Duke,
(878–879), overthrew Domagoj's son, but reigned briefly, only to see the Byzantine Empire conquer large portions of Dalmatia. He was then overthrown by Duke
(879–892), who was supported by the Western Church. Branimir was the first Croatian ruler under which Croatia received recognition as a sovereign state, recognised by
in 879. On a preserved
from 888 Branimir was named "Duke of Croats" (: Dux Cruatorvm). Branimir proceeded to repel the Byzantine incursion and strengthen his state under the aegis of Rome. After Branimir's death, Duke
(892–910), Zdeslav's brother, took control of Croatia and ruled it independently of both Rome and Byzantium as divino munere Croatorum dux (with God's help, duke of the Croats).
The last Duke of the Pannonian Croats under the Franks was
(died in 897?), mentioned in 896, who died in a war with the , who then migrated to the Pannonian plain. In Dalmatia,
(910–928) succeeded Muncimir. Tomislav vaged battles with the Magyars and expanded his country to the north. In about 923 the Byzantines, who were at the time in a war with the Bulgarians, concluded an alliance with Croatia.
Crowning of King Tomislav by
Croatia was elevated to the status of Kingdom somewhere around 925.
was the first Croatian ruler whom the Papal chancellery honoured with the title "king". It is generally said that
was crowned in 925, however, this is not certain. He is thought to have been crowned in Tomislav Grad, which is in modern-day southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is not known when, or by whom he was crowned, or was he crowned at all. Tomislav is mentioned as a king in two preserved documents published in the . First in a note preceding the text of the conclusions of the Council of Split in 925, where it is written that Tomislav is the "king" ruling "in the province of the Croats and in the Dalmatian regions" (in prouintia Croatorum et Dalmatiarum finibus Tamisclao rege), while in the 12th canon of the Council conclusions the ruler of the Croats is called "king" (rex et proceres Chroatorum). In a letter sent by the
Tomislav is named "King of the Croats" (Tamisclao, regi Crouatorum). The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja titled Tomislav as a king and specified his rule at 13 years. Although there are no inscriptions of Tomislav to confirm the title, later inscriptions and charters confirm that his 10th century successors called themselves "kings". Under his rule, Croatia became one of the most powerful kingdoms in the Balkans.
Map of Europe c. 1000 AD
(pleter) with the inscription of , 10th century
A font, with an engraving of a , originates from the 11th century.
Tomislav, a descendant of , is considered one of the most prominent members of the Trpimirovi? dynasty. Sometime between 923 and 928, Tomislav succeeded in uniting the Croats of
and , each of which had been ruled separately by dukes. Although the exact
is not fully known, Croatia probably covered most of Dalmatia, Pannonia, and northern and western . Croatia at the time was administered as a group of eleven counties (?upanije) and one
(). Each of these regions had a fortified royal town.
Croatia soon came into conflict with the Bulgarian Empire under
(called Simeon the Great in Bulgaria), who was already in a war with the Byzantines. Tomislav made a pact with the , for which he may have been rewarded by the Byzantine Emperor
with some form of control over the coastal cities of the Byzantine
and with a share of the tribute collected from its coastal cities. After Simeon conquered the
in 924, Croatia received and protected the expelled Serbs with their leader . In 926, Simeon tried to break the Croatian-Byzantine pact and afterwards conquer the weakly defended Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia, sending Duke
with a formidable army against Tomislav, but Simeon's army was defeated in the . After Simeon's death in 927 peace was restored between Croatia and Bulgaria with the mediation of the legates of . According to the contemporary , Croatian army and navy at the time could have consisted of approximately 100,000
units, 60,000 cavaliers, and 80 larger (sagina) and 100 smaller
(called ), but these numbers are generally taken as a considerable exaggeration.
Croatian society underwent major changes in the 10th century. Local leaders, the ?upani, were replaced by the retainers of the king, who took land from the previous landowners, essentially creating a . The previously free peasants became
and ceased being soldiers, causing the military power of Croatia to fade.
Tomislav was succeeded by
(c. 928–935) and
(c. 935–945), who each managed to maintain their power and keep good relations with both the Byzantine Empire and the Pope. This period, on the whole, however, is obscure. The rule of Kre?imir's son
was marked by a gradual weakening of Croatia. Various peripheral territories took advantage of unsettled conditions to secede. Miroslav ruled for 4 years when he was killed by his ban, , during an internal power struggle. Pribina secured the throne to
(949–969), who restored order throughout most of the state. He kept particularly good relations with the Dalmatian coastal cities, he and his wife
donating land and churches to
and . Michael Kre?imir's wife Helen built the Church of Saint Mary in Solin that served as the tomb of Croatian rulers. Helen died on 8 October 976 and was buried in that church, where a royal inscription on her sarcophagus was found that called her "Mother of the Kingdom".
Michael Kre?imir II was succeeded by his son
(969–997), who established better relations with the Byzantine Empire and their Theme of Dalmatia. According to Historia Salonitana, Dr?islav received royal insignia from the Byzantines, together with the title of eparch and patricius. Also, according to this work, from the time of D?islav's reign his successors called themselves "kings of Croatia and Dalmatia". Stone panels from the altar of a 10th-century church in Knin with the inscription of Dr?islav, possibly when he was the heir to the throne, show that there was a precisely defined hierarchy regulating the matters of succession to the throne.
As soon as Stjepan Dr?islav had died in 997, his three sons,
(997–1000),
(), opened a violent contest for the throne, weakening the state and allowing the Venetians under
and the Bulgarians under
to encroach on the Croatian possessions along the . In 1000, Orseolo led the Venetian fleet into the eastern Adriatic and gradually took control of the whole of it, first the islands of the
and Zadar, then
and , followed by a successful naval battle with the
upon which he took control of
and , and claimed the title dux Dalmatiae. Kre?imir III tried to restore the Dalmatian cities and had some success until 1018, when he was defeated by Venice allied with the . The same year his kingdom briefly became a vassal of the
until 1025 and the death of . His son,
(), only went so far as to get the Narentine duke to become his vassal in 1050.
Croatia on a map of southeastern Europe in 1045
During the reign of
(), the medieval Croatian kingdom reached its territorial peak. Kre?imir managed to get the Byzantine Empire to confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities, i.e. over the , excluding the theme of
and the Duchy of . He also allowed the
to become more involved in the religious affairs of Croatia, which consolidated his power but disrupted his rule over the
clergy in parts of
after 1060. Croatia under Kre?imir IV was composed of twelve counties and was slightly larger than in Tomislav's time. It included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania, and its influence extended over , , and . The ?upans (head of counties) had their own private armies. The names of court titles in their vernacular form appear for the first time during his reign, such as vratar ("door-keeper") Jurina, postelnik ("chamberlain") and so on.
However, in 1072, Kre?imir assisted the Bulgarian and Serb uprising against their Byzantine masters. The Byzantines retaliated in 1074 by sending the
count Amico of Giovinazzo to besiege . They failed to capture the island, but did manage to capture the king himself, and the Croatians were then forced to settle and give away Split, Trogir, Zadar, , and
to the Normans. In 1075, Venice expelled the Normans and secured the cities for itself. The end of Kre?imir IV in 1074 also marked de facto end of the Trpimirovi? dynasty, which had ruled the Croatian lands for over two centuries.
According to the , a new king was elected by seven bans (if the previous one died without a successor e.g. Kre?imir IV): , ,
etc. The bans were elected by the first six Croatian tribes, while the other six were responsible for choosing .
Kre?imir was succeeded by
() of the Svetoslavi? branch of the . He was previously a ban in
in the service of
and later the . He gained the title of king with the support of
and was crowned as King of Croatia in
on 8 October 1076. Zvonimir aided the Normans under
in their struggle against the Byzantine Empire and Venice between 1081 and 1085. Zvonimir helped to transport their troops through the
and to occupy the city of . His troops assisted the Normans in many battles along the Albanian and Greek coast. Due to this, in 1085, the Byzantines transferred their rights in Dalmatia to Venice.
Zvonimir's kinghood is carved in stone on the , preserved to this day as one of the oldest written Croatian texts, kept in the archaeological museum in . Zvonimir's reign is remembered as a peaceful and prosperous time, during which the connection of Croats with the Holy See was further affirmed, so much so that Catholicism would remain among Croats until the present day. In this time the noble titles in Croatia were made analogous to those used in other parts of Europe at the time, with comes and baron used for the ?upani and the royal court nobles, and vlastelin for the noblemen. The Croatian state was edging closer to western Europe and further from the east.
Demetrius Zvonimir married
in 1063. Queen Helen was a Hungarian princess, the daughter of King
of the Hungarian , and was the sister of the future Hungarian King . Zvonimir and Helen had a son, Radovan, who died in his late teens or early twenties. King Demetrius Zvonimir died in 1089. The exact circumstances of his death are unknown. According to a later, likely unsubstantiated legend, King Zvonimir was killed during a revolt in 1089.
There was no permanent , as the royal residence varied from
five cities in total reportedly obtained the title of a royal seat: Nin (Kre?imir IV), Biograd (Stephen Dr?islav, Kre?imir IV),
(Zvonimir, Petar Sva?i?),
(Kre?imir IV), and
(Kre?imir II).
Death of King Peter on Gvozd Mountain in the year 1097 by
With no direct heir to succeed him,
(reigned ) of the main Trpimirovi? line came to the throne at an old age. Stephen II was to be the last King of the . His rule was relatively ineffectual and lasted less than two years. He spent most of this time in the tranquility of the monastery of Sv. Stjepan pod Borovima (St. Stephen beneath the Pines) near . He died at the beginning of 1091, without leaving an heir. Since there was no living male member of the House of Trpimirovi?, civil war and unrest broke out shortly afterward.
The widow of late King Zvonimir, Helen, tried to keep her power in Croatia during the succession crisis. Some Croatian nobles around Helen, possibly the Gusi?i and/or Viniha from Lap?ani family, contesting the succession after the death of Zvonimir, asked King Ladislaus I to help Helen and offered him the Croatian throne, which was seen as rightfully his by inheritance rights. According to some sources, several Dalmatian cities also asked King Ladislaus for assistance, presenting themselves as
on his court. Thus the campaign launched by Ladislaus was not purely a foreign aggression nor did he appear on the Croatian throne as a conqueror, but rather as a successor by hereditary rights. In 1091 Ladislaus crossed the
river and conquered the entire province of
without encountering opposition, but his campaign was halted near the Iron Mountains (). Since the Croatian nobles were divided, Ladislaus had success in his campaign, yet he wasn't able to establish his control over entire Croatia, although the exact extent of his conquest is not known. At this time the Kingdom of Hungary was attacked by the , who were likely sent by the , so Ladislaus was forced to retreat from his campaign in Croatia. Ladislaus appointed his nephew
to administer the controlled area of , established the
as a symbol of his new authority and went back to Hungary. In the midst of the war,
was elected king by Croatian feudal lords in 1093. Petar's seat of power was based in Knin. His rule was marked by a struggle for control of the country with ?lmos, who wasn't able to establish his rule and was forced to withdraw to Hungary in 1095.
Croatian Kingdom c. , during succession crisis
Ladislaus died in 1095, leaving his nephew
to continue the campaign. Coloman, as well as Ladislaus before him, wasn't seen as a conqueror but rather as a pretender to the Croatian throne. Coloman assembled a large army to press his claim on the throne and in 1097 defeated King Petar's troops in the , who was killed in battle. Since the Croatians didn't have a leader any more and
had numerous fortified towns that would be difficult to defeat, negotiations started between Coloman and the Croatian feudal lords. It took several more years before the Croatian nobility recognised Coloman as the king. Coloman was crowned in
in 1102 and the title now claimed by Coloman was "King of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia". Some of the terms of his coronation are summarized in
by which the
agreed to recognise Coloman as king. In return, the 12 Croatian nobles that signed the agreement retained their lands and properties and were granted exemption from tax or tributes. The nobles were to send at least ten armed horsemen each beyond the Drava River at the kings expense if his borders were attacked. Despite that Pacta Conventa is not an authentic document from 1102, there was almost certainly some kind of contract or agreement between the Croatian nobles and Coloman which regulated the relations in the same way.
A 14th-century transcript of the Pacta conventa, preserved in the Hungarian National Museum. Most historians consider it a forgery, but that the contents of it corresponds to the reality of rule in Croatia.
In 1102, after a succession crisis, the crown passed into the hands of the , with the crowning of King
as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in . The precise terms of the union between the two realms became a matter of dispute in the 19th century. The two kingdoms were united under the
either by the choice of the
or by Hungarian force. Croatian historians hold that the union was a personal one in the form of a shared king, a view also accepted by a number of Hungarian historians, while Serbian and Hungarian nationalist historians preferred to see it as a form of annexation. The claim of a Hungarian occupation was made in the 19th century during the Hungarian national reawakening. Thus in older Hungarian historiography Coloman's coronation in Biograd was a subject of dispute and their stance was that Croatia was conquered. Although these kind of claims can also be found today, since the
tensions are gone, it has generally been accepted that Coloman was crowned in Biograd for king. Today, Hungarian legal historians hold that the relationship of Hungary with the area of Croatia and Dalmatia in the period till 1526 and the death of Louis II was most similar to a , resembling the relationship of Scotland to England.
According to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations and the , Croatia entered a
with Hungary in 1102, which remained the basis of the Hungarian-Croatian relationship until 1918, while
specified the union as a
one. According to the research of the ,
crushed opposition after the death of Ladislaus I and won the crown of Dalmatia and Croatia in 1102, thus forging a link between the Croatian and Hungarian crowns that lasted until the end of World War I. Hungarian culture permeated northern Croatia, the Croatian-Hungarian border shifted often, and at times Hungary treated Croatia as a vassal state. Croatia had its own local governor, or B a privileged and an assembly of nobles, the . According to some historians, Croatia became part of Hungary in the late 11th and early 12th century, yet the actual nature of the relationship is difficult to define. Sometimes Croatia acted as an independent agent and at other times as a vassal of Hungary. However, Croatia retained a large degree of internal independence. The degree of Croatian autonomy fluctuated throughout the centuries as did its borders.
The alleged agreement called
(English: Agreed accords) or Qualiter (first word of the text) is today viewed as a 14th-century forgery by most modern Croatian historians. According to the document King Coloman and the twelve heads of the Croatian nobles made an agreement, in which Coloman recognised their autonomy and specific privileges. Although it is not an authentic document from 1102, nonetheless there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way, while the content of the alleged agreement is concordant with the reality of rule in Croatia in more than one respect.
The official entering of Croatia into a personal union with Hungary, later becoming part of the , had several important consequences. Institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained with the Sabor (parliament) and the ban (viceroy) in the name of the king. A single ban governed all Croatian provinces until 1225, when the authority was split between one
and one . The positions were intermittently held by the same person after 1345, and officially merged back into one by 1476.
In the union with Hungary, the crown was held by the
dynasty, and after its extinction, under
dynasty. Institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the Parliament (:
- an assembly of Croatian nobles) and the ban (viceroy) responsible to the . In addition, the Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles. Coloman retained the institution of the Sabor and relieved the Croatians of taxes on their land. Coloman's successors continued to crown themselves as Kings of Croatia separately in
until the time of . In the 14th century a new term arose to describe the collection of de jure independent states under the rule of the Hungarian King: Archiregnum Hungaricum (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen). Croatia remained a distinct crown attached to that of Hungary until the abolition of the
Van Antwerp Fine, John (1991). . . p. 264.  .
(in Croatian)
"Liée désormais à la Hongrie par une union personnelle, la Croatie, pendant huit siècles, formera sous la couronne de saint ?tienne un royaume particulier ayant son ban et sa diète." (in French)
: , Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 293
Luscombe and Riley-Smith, David and Jonathan (2004). New Cambridge Medieval History: C.1024-c.1198, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–274.  .
(in Hungarian)
Bellamy, Alex J. (2003). . . pp. 36–39 2014.
Jeffries, Ian (1998). . Psychology Press. p. 195.   2014.
Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). . . p. 280.   2014.
Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. . p. 29.  .
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 288
Barna Mezey: Magyar alkotmányt?rténet, Budapest, 1995, p. 66
Ferdo ?i?i?: , p. 651
vol VIII, Zagreb, 1877, p. 199
: , Rijeka, 2000, p. 88-92
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 30-31
. Darko Zubrinic, Zagreb (1995).
: 31. Of the Croats and of the country they now dwell in. "These same Croats arrived to claim the protection of the emperor of the Romans Heraclius before the Serbs claimed the protection of the same emperor Heraclius, at that time when the Avars had fought and expelled from those parts the Romani whom the emperor Diocletian had brought from Rome and settled there"
: 30. Story of the province of Dalmatia
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 251-255
DCCCXVIIII (year 819)
(in Latin)
Nada Klai?, Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku, Zagreb 1975., p. 227-231
, 31. Of the Croats and of the country they now dwell in. "...when Michael Boris, prince of Bulgaria, went and fought them and, unable to make any headway, concluded peace with them, and made presents to the Croats and received presents from the Croats."
: , Cambridge University Press. 2006, p. 139
Codex Diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Dalamatiae et Slavoniae, Vol I, p. 4-8
Neven Budak – Prva stolje?a Hrvatske, Zagreb, 1994., page 15-16 (in Croatian)
De Administrando Imperio: 29. Of Dalmatia and of the adjacent nations in it.
Maddalena Betti: , 2013, p. 128-130
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 261
: Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku, II Izdanje, Zagreb 1975., p. 247
(in Latin)
, Zagreb, 1994., p. 22
: , Zagreb, 1995, p. 274-275
: , Cambridge University Press. 2006, p. 196
Codex Diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Dalamatiae et Slavoniae, Vol I, p. 32
Codex Diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Dalamatiae et Slavoniae, Vol I, p. 34
. . . 1982.
(in Croatian)
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 262
: XXXII. Of the Serbs and of the country they now dwell in
: , Zagreb, 1995, p. 289-291
: , p. 162
: 31. Of the Croats and of the country they now dwell in. "Baptized Croatia musters as many as 60 thousand horse and 100 thousand foot, and galleys up to 80 and cutters up to 100."
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