手机在我们日常生活中产生巨大影响,汉译英_百度知道
手机在我们日常生活中产生巨大影响,汉译英
手机在我们日常生活中产生巨大影响,汉译英
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手机在我们日常生活中产生巨大影响,Mobile phones have a great impact on our daily life,手机在我们日常生活中产生巨大影响,Mobile phones have a great impact on our daily life,
手机在我们日常生活中产生巨大影响Mobile phone has effected our daily life tremendously.
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　　下面新东方网雅思频道为大家整理了雅思写作汉译英练习(1)，供考生们参考，以下是详细内容。
　　1 许多人相信科技的最大弊端就是它可能会带来一些难以想象的消极影响。
　　参考答案：1 Many people believe that the biggest disadvantage of technology is that it may give rise to some unimaginative negative influences.
　　2 计算机会使人们丧失想象和创造力这一事实使我相信其是祸而非福。
　　参考答案：2 The fact that computers deprive people of their imagination and creativity makes me believe that they are a curse rather than a blessing.
　　3 毫无疑问互联网的快速发展使得许多人相信它是万能良药然而情况并非总是如此。
　　参考答案：3 It goes without saying that the eye-catching development of the Internet makes many people believe that it is cure-all solution. However, it is not always the case.
　　4 无可否认博物馆可以扮演一个教育的作用，因为它给公众提供一个好的机会去研究他们国家的历史和传统。
　　参考答案：4 It cannot be denied that museums can play an educational role for the simple reason that they provide the public with a good opportunity to study their countries’ history and tradition.
　　5 许多人没能够意识到这样一个重要的事实语言的多样性将会极大的推动文化的发展。也许这就是为什么许多语言现在正处于濒临灭绝的境地。
　　参考答案：5 Many people fail to take into account the vital fact that the diversity of languages will enhance the cultural development and that is why so many languages are on a verge of extinction .
　　6 没有任何的一样东西能像电视这样毁誉参半。
　　参考答案：6 Nothing has received more praise and abuse than TV.
　　7 毫无疑问，家庭成员之间的关系已经不像以前那么亲密。
　　参考答案：7 There is no doubt that the relationship between family members is not as close as it used to be.
　　8 广告之所以盛行主要在于它们的信息容量很大。
　　参考答案：8 The reason why advertisements are so prevailing is that they are informative .
　　9 互连网是如此盛行因此没有人可以避免不受到它的影响。
　　参考答案：9 So prevailing is the Internet that nobody can avoid being influenced by it.
　　10 可想而知，从事兼职工作可以培养学生的独立性和团队合作精神。
　　参考答案：10 It is conceivable that students taking part-time jobs can cultivate their independence and team-work spirit.
　　11 当前的教育模式远不能让人满意。
　　参考答案：11 The present educational patterns leave much to be desired.
　　12 造成该现象的最主要原因在于过度工业化似乎已经成了一种无法避免的趋势。
　　参考答案：12 The most obvious reason for this phenomenon is that over-industrialization seems to be an unavoidable trend.
　　13 文化多元化对人类文明而言就如空气之对于地球。
　　参考答案：13 The cultural diversity is to human civilization what air is to the earth.
　　14 造成该现象的原因有许多。
　　参考答案：14 There are probably many reasons contributing to this phenomenon.
　　15 一谈到计算机，人们持有不同的看法。
　　参考答案：15 When it comes to computers, people hold divergent views.
　　16 考虑到该问题的严重性，我们必须得想出一些切合实际的措施来解决它。
　　参考答案：16 Given the seriousness of this risk, we have no alternative but to think up some practical solutions to resolve it.
　　17 没有人能否认，我们已经进入了一个全球信息化的时代。
　　参考答案：17 No one can deny the fact that we have entered a brand new era of global information.
　　18 无疑，有关教育的话题总是能够引起我们的关注。
　　参考答案：18 To be sure, the topic concerning education can always attract our eyes.
　　19 在当代社会，环保总是能够引起我们的关注。
　　参考答案：19 Never does the environmental preservation fail to fascinate us in modern society.
　　20 众所周知，大学的主要作用是培养一个人的全面发展。
　　参考答案：20 As we all know, the main function of a university is to cultivate one’s all-around development..
　　21 可以毫不夸张地说学会如何合作在一个人的职业中是至关重要的因素。
　　参考答案：21 It is no overstatement to say that learning to cooperate with others is the key factor in one’s career.
　　22 手机就是一个绝佳的例子。
　　参考答案：22 The mobile phone is a good case in point.
　　23 众所周知，物种的多样性是地球最大的魅力。
　　参考答案：23 As is widely-accepted, diversity of species is the greatest charm of the Earth.
　　24 总之，国际旅游业的好处远远多过于它的弊端。因此，应该充分提倡和支持国际旅游业的发展。
　　参考答案：24 To conclude, the advantages of the international tourism far outweigh its disadvantages. Thus, it should be supported and advocated to the full.
　　25 没有任何一种说法比这种观点更加荒唐了。
　　参考答案：25 Nothing is further from the truth than this opinion.
　　26 这两种观点都有其可取之处。
　　参考答案：26 There is an element of truth in both opinions.
　　27 对该问题的另一层考虑在于真正好的大学教育应该是理论与实践并重。
　　参考答案：27 Another consideration in this case is that an excellent education should place equal focus on both theories and knowledge.
　　28 频繁的商业交流的加速发展既带来了机遇也带来了挑战。
　　参考答案：28 The ever-accelerated updating of frequent commercial communications has brought about both chances and challenges.
　　29 正是通过合作，人们在今天才能够享受一种更好的生活。
　　参考答案：29 It is through cooperation that people can enjoy a better life today.
　　30 教育在这样一个不断发展的社会对我们是不可或缺的。
　　参考答案：30 Education is indispensable to us in this updating society.
　　以上就是新东方网雅思频道为大家整理的雅思写作汉译英练习(1)，非常实用。更多资讯、资料尽在新东方网雅思频道。最后，新东方网雅思频道预祝大家在雅思考试中取得好成绩！
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词汇的翻译? 2.1. 英汉词汇对比 ? 2.1.1 词类系统 ? 2.1.2 用词倾向 ? 2.1.3 词义关系? 2.2. 词汇的选择 ? 2.2.1 识别“假朋友” ? 2.2.2 正确理解原文，根据上下文选择词义 ? 2.2.3 词义的广与狭 ? 2.2.4 词义的褒与贬 ? 2.2.5 词汇的语体色彩 ? 2.2.6 词汇的搭配? 2.3. 词汇的翻译技巧 ? 2.3.1 抽象&具体 ? 2.3.2 增词与减词 ? 2.3.3 合词 ? 2.3.4 转性2.1. 英汉词汇对比2.1.1.词类系统? 英汉语词类基本相似，都有名词、动词、形容词、 代词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 ? 汉语量词发达，英语没有量词。 ? 汉语有语气助词，英语没有。 ? 英语有冠词，汉语没有。 ? 英语中的关系代词、关系副词在汉语中够也没有 对应的词类。2.1.2.用词倾向? 1. 英语中名词、介词和形容词用得多。 ? 2. 汉语中动词和量词用得多。 ? 3. 碰到词语重复，英美人一般倾向于用替代形式 或者在不影响达意的前提下采用省略法。汉语则 不怕重复。 ? 英语重形合，所以连词、介词之类的虚词和代词 用的多；汉语重意合，虚词用得少。1. 英语中名词、介词和形容词用得多? ? ? ? ? He was always an unwelcome intruder. 他经常冒冒失失地闯进人家的家里。 They went across the desert and into China. 他们穿过沙漠，然后到达中国。 It is indicative of the change in Mary that she is having a big birthday party.? 有迹象表明，玛丽转变了观念，她打算举行一个 盛大的生日聚会。2. 汉语中动词和量词用得多? 他拿起杂志，看了一眼，摇了摇头，把它放回桌 子上。 ? 一寸相思一寸灰，一江离恨一江愁， ? 一串笑声、 一孔之见3.英语的替代、省略vs. 汉语的重复? The child doesn't like this book. Show him a more interesting one. ? Look at that bird. It always comes to my window. ? She plays the piano better than she does the guitar. ? He said he would tell me the news, but he didn't do so. ? She wore the red dress, but the blue suits her better. ? It might rain, but I don't think it will. ? 人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人。2.1.3.词义关系? ? ? ? 完全对等 部分对等 不对等 一词多义完全对等? 完全对等是指英语中有些词所表达的意义，在汉 语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达，它们的意义 在上下文中完全对等。这类词主要是专有名词及 简单的普通名词以及术语。 ? China = 中国 , Germany = 德国, ? New York = 纽约， table = 桌子, ? watch = 手表， sun = 太阳 ? Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin = 阿斯匹林 ? 激光= laser 白血病= leukemia部分对等? 部分对等 有时英语词语的词义包含在汉语词义 中。意义范围有广狭之分、抽象具体之分、一般于 个别之分。Marriage Aunt Rose Beauty Freedom Justice Family milk 嫁，娶 姑妈，舅妈，姨妈，伯母，婶婶 玫瑰，月季 美貌，美人 自由，自由权 正义，正义感 家庭，家人 奶， 牛奶，羊奶等? 还有些英汉词语在概念意义上是对应的，但在内 涵意义上确实不对应的。 West wind Cat Sour magpie Dog Dragon blue无对等? 无对等(词义空缺） ? 无对等是指英语和汉语中分别都有一些各自所特有 的词汇。造成这一现象的原因是多方面的。主要是 由于宗教信仰、历史文化、生活习俗、生活经历、 地理特征等的不同而造成。 ? teenagers ，commuter，clock-watcher，DINK. ? 叩头（kowtow)、功夫(kongfu)、馄饨 (wonton)、? 文房四宝? the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, ink-stone and paper) ? 乌纱帽 ? an official post ? 三伏天 ? dog days? 惊蛰? (the Waking of Insects)? 裸官 ? An official alone at home with his or her family members emigrated abroad ? 月光族 ? Referring to a group of young people who make both ends meet each month ? 啃老族 ? Who live off their parents ? 耄耋之年 ? Referring to the age from eighty to ninety一词多义人家? 你们村子上有多少人家？ ? How many households are there in your village?? 他妹妹已经有人家了。 ? His sister is already engaged.? 这件事我是听人家说的。 ? I hear it from others.送? 老师送我一本书作为生日礼物。? My teacher gave me a book as my birthday gift.? 亲戚们送给她一笔钱作为她的学费。 ? The relatives of hers offered her a sum of money as her tuition fee. ? 这些钱你是白送。? You just throw away your money.? 下雨了，我给你送雨伞来了。 ? It is raining now. I have brought you an umbrella. ? 谁去送广告？ ? Who are going to deliver the advertisement？? 每天老大爷亲自送孙子上幼儿园。 ? Everyday the grandpa himself takes his grandson to the kindergarten. ? 把犯罪分子送交法院审判。 ? Hand the criminal over to the court for trial. ? 送君千里，终须一别。 ? Although you escort your guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.考察? 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16 个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。 ? In his lifetime, Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, toured 16 provinces, leaving his footmarks in nearly every corner of the country. ? 他（徐霞客）在考察的过程中，从不盲目迷信书 上的结论。 ? In the course of his exploration, he never took what have been recorded for granted.? 为了进行真实、细致的考察，他很少乘船、坐车。 ? In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the places he visited, he usually travelled on foot even when carriages and boats were available.? 他总是选择道路艰险的山区、人迹罕至的森林进 行考察。 ? He always preferred to venture into mountainous areas with rough tracks, and into forests seldom visited by human beings. Unfrequented, untrodden.轻重? 这两口箱子轻重不一样。 ? The two cases do not have the same weight/ do not weigh the same. ? 工作要分轻重缓急，不要眉毛胡子一把抓。 ? Work should be done in order of importance and urgency. You shouldn’t take up/ grasp all at once. ? 请你别见怪，他说话就是不知轻重。 ? Please don’t mind his words. He simply doesn’t know the proper way to talk.2.2.词汇的选择? 在汉译英时，从众多的同义词、近义词中 选择最合适的。2.2.1.识别“假朋友”? “假朋友”，这一概念源于法语，最初是 指拼法与英语相同但含义不同的法语词汇。 在汉语与英语之间也存在这种词性结构相 似但词义相左的“假朋友”，翻译时应特 别注意，不要落入陷阱。? 干货 ? 纸钱 ? 绿豆 ? 油性皮肤? 高等学校? 黄色书籍 ? 酸奶 ? 休息室 ? 食言 ? 向外看 ? 好好先生? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?dry goods paper money green bean oil skin high school yellow book sour milk rest room eat one's words look out goody-goody? 纺织品 ? 纸币 ? 四季豆 ? 防水油布 ? 高中 ? 黄皮书、黄页? 变质的奶? 公共厕所 ? 承认说的错话 ? 当心，留神 ? 假正经? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?dried goods joss paper mung bean oily skin university/ college pornography yogurt lounge break a promise look outside yes-man? 农民 ? 宣传 ? 价廉物美? farmer ? popularize ? economical and good? ? ? ? ? ?peasant 多指举止粗鲁，没有教养 propoganda 欺骗性的宣传 cheap and good 往往指价格低廉的劣质产品2.2.2 正确理解原文，根据上下文选择词汇?所谓选词，即在正确理解原文的基础上，选 出适当的词去表达原文的意思。正确选词是保 证译文质量的重要条件，词的选择应从下面几 个方面入手。 ? 1．正确理解原文的词义：词的正确选择首先 取决于对原文词义的正确理解，而这一点有首 先取决于对原文上下文的推敲。英译汉、汉译 英的情况都是这样。意思? ? ? ? ? 甲：这一点小意思，请务必收下。 乙：你这人真是有意思，怎么也来这一套？ 甲：哎，只是意思意思。 乙：啊，真是不好意思。 甲：This is a little gift as a token of my appreciation. Please take it. ? 乙:Oh, aren’t you a bit too polite? You shouldn’t do that. ? 甲：Well, it just conveys my gratitude. ? 乙：Ah, thank you then, though I really don’t deserve it.问题? 中国经济是个大问题。 ? China’s economy is a big problem.? 在谈话中，他涉及到一些严肃的问题，如国 有企业的改革等。 ? In his talk, he tackled serious subjects, like the reform of state-owned enterprises.说? 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫！” ? Ah Q flung his jacket/garment on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!” ? “三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮”，这就是说，群众有 伟大的创造力。 ? The old saying, “Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the master mind,” simply means the masses have great creative power. ? 贾珍感激不尽，说，“待服满，亲带小犬到府叩谢。” 于是作别。 ? Jia Zhen thanked him warmly and promised, “When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to kowtow his thanks.” And so they parted.老? ? ? ? ? ? (1)他人老心不老。 He is old but still cherishes high aspirations. （2）这孩子少年老成 a. The boy has an old head on young shoulders. b. The boy has rich experience . （3）我们党的绝大部分老干部都是无产阶级革命 派。 ? The overwhelming majority of the veteran cadres in our party are proletarian revolutionaries.? （4）芹菜不收就老了 ? The celery will be overgrown if we don't pick (harvest) it now. ? （5）青菜不要炒得太老了。 ? Don't overcook the greens. ? （6）这件衣服颜色太老了 ? The jacket is too dark. ? （7）老没见到你啊！ ? I haven’t seen you for ages(a long time). ? （8）他住院时，还老惦记着他们实验室工作的进展 情况。 ? He was always thinking of the progress of the work in his laboratory even when he was in hospital. (hospitalized)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?（9）小莉是厂长的老闺女。 Xiao Li is the youngest daughter of our factory director. （10）他老早就动身了。 He set out very early. （11）那个发言人又在老调重弹 That spokesman is striking up the same old tone. （12）他甘当人民的老黄牛。 He is ready to serve the people like a willing ox. （13）你以为我们这个矿还只是用产十万吨煤吗？老黄 历啦 ? You think our monthly output of coal is still 10,000 tons only? That’s ancient history.? 其实中年时人生盛华的开始，不应贪懒， 不应享受。 ? In actual fact, middle age represents the prime of one’s life, allowing no indolence, no self-indulgence.(居祖纯 译) ? “享受”本身没有贬义，但在此上下文中 有贬义。因此不能译成enjoying life, 最好译 为带贬义的self-indulgence.? 假日外出旅游成为了沪上最风行的节目。 ? Traveling on holidays has become an activity popular with people in Shanghai. ? Traveling on holidays is most popular with people in Shanghai. ? 他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱买房子。 ? They save food and expenses to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment. ? They live frugally/economically/thriftily to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment.? 解放后，政府提倡自由恋爱。 ? After liberation, the government advocates free love. ? After liberation, the government advocates the freedom to choose one’s spouse. ? 我们能否谈得来？ ? Can we talk with each other? ? I’d like to know whether we can get along well.? 温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人的智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中也 包括多民族的贡献。 ? The glory of Vancouver is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of the people of Vancouver, including the contributions of many ethnic groups. ? (of ideas, plans, etc.) become clear and definite. ? The prosperity of Vancouver is the fruit/result of the wisdom and diligence/industry of its people, including many ethnic groups who have made their respective contribution. ? The prosperity … should be attributed to…2.2.3 词义的广与狭? 农业是国民经济的基础。（广义） ? Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. ? 农、林、牧、副、渔互相结合的方针，（狭义， farming） ? The principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery ? 他从不喝酒。（广义，任何酒） ? He never touches wine. ? 他不喝烈性酒。（狭义） ? He doesn’t drink spirits.2.2.4 词义的褒与贬? 他们忠心耿耿地报效自己的祖国和人民。 ? They serve their motherland and people with loyalty and devotion. ? 这些死心塌地的纳粹分子为他们的第三帝国效 命。 ? These die-hard Nazis went all out to serve their Third Reich.? 几个月的林雪生活，既锻炼了他们的机智英勇， 又锻炼了他们坚韧不拔的毅力。 ? Several months in the snowy forest have forged their cleverness and courage and given them a firm and indomitable will. ? 没想到他们的封建思想是那样顽固不化。 ? I did not expect that their feudal ideas would be so incorrigibly obstinate.? 这位导演别具匠心，在剧中安排了一场演员走 到观众当中的戏。 ? The director showed his ingenuity by arranging a scene in which the actors went into the audience of the play.? 这家伙老是别出心裁，招摇撞骗。 ? That guy is always trying to be different so sas to swindle and bluff.? 张将军真是足智多谋啊！ ? General Zhang is really wise and resourceful. ? 那个地参谋长可是诡计多端啊！ ? That enemy chief of staff has a whole bag of tricks.? 她父亲是一位有名的外科医生。 ? Her father is a famous surrgeon. ? 黄金荣是旧上海有名的大流氓。 ? Huang Jinrong was a notorious rogue in Shanghai in the old times.? 由于党的农业政策，我国千千万万农民走上了 致富的道路。 ? Thanks to the policies of the Communist Party of China on agriculture, millions of farmers in China are getting rich. ? 由于两次世界大战的爆发，各国人民蒙受了极 大地灾难。 ? People of all countries have suffered great calamities in consequence of the two World Wars.? ? ? ?诗人应该具有丰富的想象力。 A poet should have rich imagination. 真遗憾，你的想象力太丰富了。 What a pity! You've got into wild flights of fancy.? 他热衷于个人名利。 ? He is always hankering after personal fame and gains． ? 她热衷于花样滑冰。 ? She is fond of figure skating．? 在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。《邓选》? A. During the entire process of reform and opening, we must persistently oppose corruption.《北京周报》? B. Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.《外文出 版社1994年版》? 他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。 ? 贬 褒 ? ---《毛泽东选集》第三卷 ? They preach idealism, whereas we advocate materialism.? 如：“打得赢就打，打不赢就走”，这就是今天我 们对运动战的通俗解释。 ? ---《毛泽东选集》第一卷 ? “Fight when we can win and run away when we can’t Cthis is the popular interpretation of our mobile warfare today. ? ---伦敦版本 ? 修改后的译文： ? “Fight when you can win, move away when you can’t win” Cthis is the popular way of describing our mobile warfare today.? 如：……中国人民要求停止内战，一致抗日的呼 声越发高涨。 ? ---《毛泽东选集》第三卷 ? …The voice of the Chinese people grow increasingly powerful in its demand for an end to civil war and for united resistance to Japan. ? c.f. 有人曾这样译： ? The Chinese people clamoured even more loudly for an end …?2.2.5.词汇的语体色彩? 所谓语体，就是指语言随着语境的不同而产生的 变体，它是语言使用者随着语境的改变而选用不同的 语言形式表达意义、交流思想的结果。例如，英语中 recidivist和habitual criminal的指称意义完全一样，即 “惯犯”，但使用的场合却不一样。前者是法律专门 用语，后者则是一般用语。 一组同、近义词中的各个词可以分别用于不同的 文体中，有的适用于一般文体，有的适用于正式文体， 有的适用于非正式文体；有的为口语，有的为书面语； 有的随便，有的正式；有的粗俗，有的高雅等等。因 此，翻译时应注意词的文体特征。?? ? ? ? ?批评 博学的 兴奋 停止 妻子criticize, upbraid knock learned erudite brainy excitement passion turn-on stop desist cut it out spouse wife ball and chain? 干杯 ? bottoms up/ cheers/ Now I’d like to ask you to raise your glasses ? 谈到中美贸易问题，首先要看到一个最基本的事实， 这就是25年来我们两国之间的贸易有了巨大的发展。 ? When talking about China-US trade, we should not overlook one fundamental fact, that is, in the past 25years, two-way trade has expanded enormously. ? Regarding/ Concerning/ With regard to/ With respect to/ On the issue of/ When it comes to (China-US trade)? 关于西部大开发，主要有两个方面要注意。一是基 础设施的建设；二是生态环境的改善。 ? With respect to the development of the western region, there are two major issues we must pay attention to: One is infrastructure construction. The other is environmental improvement. ? Two major issues deserve/ are worthy of / merit our attention.? 第三产业的发展有利于优化产业结构，提供就业机 会，改进投资环境，促进城乡经济发展，全面提高 国民经济综合效率和人民生活水平。 ? The development of the service sector is helpful to optimize economic structure, create employment opportunity, improve investment environment, promote urban and rural economic development and improve overall national economic efficiency and people’s living standard. ? C? 如蒙早日寄来样品，不胜感激。 ? It would be appreciated if samples could be soon forwarded to us.? 贾母责怪王熙凤又提起黛玉父母双亡之事，惹自己 伤心，叫她“快别提了”。 ? a. …“So don’t reopen the subject.” （选自外文出 版社译本） ? b. …“So let’s have no more of it.” （选自霍克斯译 本）2.2.6.词的搭配 ? 任何语言在长期使用过程中，都形成 了一种常见词组和固定搭配这种比较 固定的说法，有些可逐语译出，但多 数不行，否则令人有不符合习惯，生 硬感觉。谓语和主语的搭配? 马克思主义告诉我们，民主属于上层建筑，属于政治 这个范畴。 ? ---《毛泽东选集》第五卷 ? Marxism teaches us that democracy is part of the super structure and belongs to the realm of politics. ? 如：这件事告诉我们，无风是不起浪的。 ? This event makes it clear to us that there is no smoke without a fire. ? 如：这些材料告诉我们，运动是健康的。 ? ---《毛泽东选集》第五卷 ? The material shows that the movement is healthful.定语与中心语的搭配? ? ? ? ? 大城市 大雨 大志 大人物 大道理 ? ? ? ? ? a big city a heavy rain a high aim an imprtant person general principle? 好教徒 ? a faithful/pious/sincere/devout/devoted Christian ? 好父母 ? a loving/caring parent ? 好儿女 ? an obedient/filial child ? 好妻子 ? a virtuous wife ? 好丈夫 ? a dutiful/responsible husband? ? ? ? ? ? ?红心 red heart 红茶 black tea 红糖 brown sugar 红运 good luck 红榜 honor roll(board) or the roll of honor. e.g. His name is mentioned on the roll of honor. 红颜→beauty(young beauties 指单个人)；young, rosy cheeks. ? 贾宝玉看破红尘。 ? Jia Baoyu has seen through the vanity of the world. ? Or: Jia Baoyu has been disillutioned with this world.动词与宾语的搭配? to carry out socialist ? 进行社会主义革命 revolution ? 进行一场激烈的争论 ? to carry on a spirited debate ? 进行实地调查 ? to make an on-the-spot investigation ? 进行亲切的谈话 ? to have a cordial ? 进行侵略 conversation ? 进行协商 ? to commit aggression ? 进行核试验 ? to hold consultation with ? to conduct a nuclear test? ? ? ? ? ? ?打开电视 打开信纸 主动打开门 应声打开门 个人卫生 公共卫生 环境卫生? turn on the TV ? unfold the letter? open the door? answer the door? Personal hygiene ? Public health ? Environmentsanitation? ? ? ? ? ? ?上当 上瘾 上告 上年纪? 上钩 ? 上任 ? ? 上刑 ?? ? ? ?to be taken in to be addicted (to sth.) Get into the habit to complain to the higher authorities or appeal to a higher court to be getting on in years To rise to the bait fall into a trap to take up an official post/ assume office to put sb to torture2.3. 词汇的翻译技巧? 2.3.1.抽象与具体 ? 2.3.2.增词与减词 ? 2.3.3.2.3.1 抽象&具体?所谓具体译法，就是在翻译过程中把原 文中抽象或者是比较抽象的单词、词组或 者句子用具体或者是比较具体的单词、词 组或者句子来进行翻译，从而消除或者降 低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产 生与原文同样的效果。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?快活的人 微不足道的人 正派的人 脾气暴躁的人 眼镜 勤奋卖力的人 飘渺的幸福 穿着讲究得人 难办的差事 最不受欢迎的东西? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?a jolly dog a small potato quite the clean potato a surly dog puddings and pies a work horse pie in the sky a clothe horse a tall order garlic for desert? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?大吵大闹 ? 公开认错 ? 有花不完的钱 ? 话中有话 ? 获得全胜 ? 机敏 ? 坚决反对 侥幸 ? 结为良缘 ? 截然不同 ? 家丑 ?raise the roof stand in a white sheethave enough money to burnwith the tongue in the cheeksweep the boardkeep one's eyes on the ball put one's foot down by the skin of one's teeth win the hand of oil and vinegar? a keleton in the cupboard? 他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。 ? He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.? 这个男孩真粗心，他的书本都已经折角了。 ? Thi all his books are dogeared.? 你不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。 ? Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. The real difficulties still lay ahead.? 他在演讲中用了许多术语，使听众听了莫名其妙。 ? He used so many technical terms in his speech that the audience could make neither head nor tail of it. ? 我不想依靠父母过日子。 ? I don't want to hang on my parents' sleeves.? 你应该把好坏分清楚。 ? You should separate the sheep from the goats.? 同反复无常的人没法相处。 ? It's hard to get along with a man blowing hot and cold.? 他们的见解非常相似。 ? Their ideas run in the same groove.? 我知道你现在是进退两难。 ? I know you are holding a wolf by the ears.? 工地上传来马达声。 ? From the construction site comes the rumbling of the machines. ? 清幽的小巷里想起了清脆的自行车铃声。 ? I heard the crisp jangling of the bicycle rising form the quiet alley. ? 刹车声刺激了我的神经。 ? The screeching of the breaks got on my nerves.?为了译文的忠实与通顺，我们往往有 必要把原文中带有具体意义或者具体形象 的单词、词组、成语或句子进行抽象化处 理。这种翻译方法叫做抽象译法。? ? ? ? ?暴力事件 混乱状态 隔离政策 轻松愉快的心情 解决方法? ? ? ? ?violence confusion segregation light-heartedness solution? ? ? ? ? ? ?谦虚态度 发展过程 稳定性 灵敏度 无知的表现 残暴行为 同情心理? ? ? ? ? ? ?modesty development stability sensibility innocence brutality sympathy? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?鸡毛蒜皮 开门见山 狗急跳墙 顺手牵羊 守株待兔 铜墙铁壁 唇枪舌剑 黔驴技穷 单枪匹马 生龙活虎? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?trifling come straight to the point do sth desperate walk off with sth trust to chance and stroke of luck an impregnable fortress engage in a battle of words at one's wit's end all by oneself bursting with energy? 我们要重视沿海与内地的贫富差距问题。? we must pay close attention to the problem of the gap between coastal and inland areas. ? We must pay close attention to the gap between coastal and inland areas.? 我们必须与腐败和各种不公正现象作斗争。? We must fight against corruption and injustice.? 你必须提出一些解决方案。? You must work out some solutions.? 想起他年轻时的一些事情，他心里感到安慰。 ? It was the memories of his youth that gave him comfort. ? 我知道我会碰到严寒酷暑。 ? I knew I would encounter extremes of weather. ? 那辆小汽车是他刚弄到手的值得夸耀的东西。 ? The car is a proud new acquisition of his.? 他瞪着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。 ? He waited for her arrival with a frienzied agitation. ? 允跪而言曰：“百姓有倒悬之危，君臣有危卵之急， 非汝不能救也”（罗贯中《三国演义》） ? Wang Yun knelt saying,&The people are on the break of destruciton, the prince and his officers are in jeopardy, and you are the only saviour.&? 妈妈非常激动，我感到她的背在颤抖，就在那一刻， 我第一次明白妈妈也有脆弱的一面。 ? In that moment, feeling mother's back racked with emotion, I understood for the first time her vulnerability.? 这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干嘛？? That's a business of their own, between husbnd and wife. Why should you get involved in it? ? 别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全， 真是个顺风耳啊！ ? You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed.? 这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 ? I was extremely terrified by that news. ? 半夜听到狼嚎，他感到毛骨悚然。 ? He was horror-stricked when he heard the cries of the wolves at midnight. ? 她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。 ? She volunteered for the teaching psot in this primary school.你应该大刀阔斧。 You should be bold and resolute. 毛泽东同志指出的骄傲自满、固步自封、夜郎 自大的毛病， 我们的思想理论工作者同样要竭 力避免。 Also, our ideological and theoretical workers should always guard against self-satisfaction, narrow-minded conservatism and ignorant boasting, failings which Comrade Mao Zedong warned us against.敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder.真正的好朋友应该是雪中送炭。 A real good friend should be one offering timely help.? 他们和群众血肉相连，休戚与共。 ? They maintain the closeest relations with the masses and share their weal and woe. ? 这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。 ? These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.2.3.2. 增词与减词? 2.3.2.1. 增词 ? 2.3.2.2. 减词2.3.2.1.增词? 1.增词的目的：a.增词明确原意 ? b.增词使结构完整 ? ? 2.具体方法：a. 增加代词 ? b. 增加连词 ? c.增加介词 ? d.增加冠词 ? e.增加动词a.增词明确原意意大利著名旅行家马可? 波罗曾这样叙述他印象 中的杭州：…… A famous ancient Italian traveler, Marco Polo, once described his impressions of Hangzhou like this: ……台湾是中国的领土。 Taiwan is part of Chinese territory.? ? ? ?三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind. （增加背景知识）? 要提倡顾全大局。 ? We should advocate taking the whole situation into consideration. ? We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. （增加概括性词）? 结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。 ? Giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with. ? The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with. ? （增加概括性词） ? 饭店现有三个餐厅和一个贵宾间，240个座位。 The restaurant now has three dining rooms and a VIP room with a total of 240 seats. （增加总结性词语）对确有困难的中西部地区和老工业基地，中 央财政将继续给予支持。 In the case of the enterprises of western and central China and old industrial bases that are in real financial difficulties, the central government will continue to offer financial help.有条件的地方要率先实现现代化。The areas with suitable conditions must take the lead in achieving modernization. 该公司的主要经营范围包括：… …The business scope of the company covers the following areas: … …? 从长远来看，入世对中国实现国家农业现代化 将产生积极影响。 ? In the long run China’s accession to the WTO will exert positive influence in accelerating the modernization of China’s farming sector. ? 普通的老百姓能在不久的将来圆私家车之梦。 ? The common people will be able to realize their dream of owning a car.? 中国的发展离不开世界，同样世界的繁荣需要中国。 ? China cannot develop independently without the rest of the world. Likewise, the world needs China if it is to attain prosperity.? 至解放前夕，园内景物荒芜殆尽，解放后进行了修缮， 恢复了当年的景象。 ? On the eve of the Liberation of China in 1949, the garden was reduced to a desolate waste. When New China was founded upon Liberation, it was renovated and restored to its former splendor.b.增词使结构完整我吃得不多，睡得不好。I am unable to eat much or sleep soundly. 他生来富于同情心，总是乐于帮助别人。She is sympathetic by nature and is always ready to help others.? 只是晚上躺在床上的时候，她才感到神志 清醒。 ? It is only during the night when she lies in bed that she feels she has a clear mind.? 还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要 政府的资助。 ? There will still be some people living in extreme poverty, who are still in need of the government's financial support. ? 举例来说，在早先的法国洞穴绘画里，早于公 元前10，000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画 面。 ? For example, among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10，000 B.C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.? 知道你考上了研究生，非常高兴。 ? I was very delighted to know that you have been enrolled as a graduate student.? 两支篮球队旗鼓相当，打得十分激烈。 ? The two basketball teams were wellmatched, and the game was hotly contested.? 尽管水灾损失如此严重，举国上下展开与 洪水的斗争是非常值得的。 ? Despite the serious damage in flooding, China deserve a lot credit for the nationwide efforts to deal with flooding.? 其实，不把中文底子打好，什么也写不成。 ? In fact, without a good foundation of Chinese-writing, one can’t hope to be successful in any kind of writing.新婚夫妇有数十位宾客陪同，坐着汽车到新房 去了。 The newly wedded couple, accompanied by dozens of guests, went to their chamber by car. 全国人民总体上实现了由温饱向小康的跨越。 The Chinese people nationwide have developed from the stage of having enough to eat and wear to that of living a better-off life.明朝的时候，这座城市成了一个繁荣的港口。 In the Ming Dynasty the city became a flourishing port. 沿着南京路向东走，走到尽头，是靠黄浦江江岸 的一个很美的地区。 Walking eastward along Nanjing Road, one finally comes to a very beautiful area bordering the bank of the Huangpu River.具体方法 a. 增加代词小不忍则乱大谋。 If one is not patient in small thing, one will never be able to control great ventures.没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.别把手搁在口袋里。 Don’t put your hands in your pockets. 你三星期完成这项设计不容易。It was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks.? 大作收到，十分高兴。 ? I have very glad to have received your writing.? 她用手蒙住脸，好象是为了保护眼睛。 ? She covered her face with her hands, as if to protect her eyes.? 这个小男孩饭前都洗手，然后用餐巾纸擦干。 ? This little boy always washes hands before meals and then dries with napkins. ? This little boy always washes his hands before meals and then dries them with napkins.? 充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济 增长、扩大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。 ? We should take advantage of non public-owned economy, including individual, privately owned etc., to fulfill it's significant effect on accelerating economic improvement, enlarging employment, and flourishing the market. ? 汉语句子在泛指的时候，显然可以增加上英语表 示泛指的主语。b.增加连词? 汉语重意合，英语重形合，把汉语翻译成英语时，要适当增加连词。? 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 ? Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. ? 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 ? So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.? 早知他有病，我就不会叫他来了。 ? If I had known he was ill, I would not have asked him to come.? 天快黑了，我们最好还是早点回家。 ? As it is getting dark, we had better go home earlier.? 送君千里，终有一别。 ? Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last. ? 中美两国经济上的相互依存在不断加强，经 贸关系已成为中美关系的稳定器。 ? As the economies of China and the United States become increasingly interdependent, economic and trade cooperation has functioned as a stabilizer for relation between the two countries.c.增加介词我们应该逐步消灭城乡差别。 ? We should try to eliminate the difference between town and country. ? 你白天还是晚上飞广州？ ? Do you fly to Guangzhou in the daytime or at night?? 日，唐山发生了大地震。 ? On July 28, 1976, a big earthquake took place in Tangshan.? 那我们在山脚见吧。 ? Let's meet at the foot of the hill.d.增加冠词? 她不把他当阿公，而当作亲爹。 ? She considered him not a father-in-law but a father.? 我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。 ? We must make a comprehensive analysis of problem before it can be properly solved.? 老虎和猫同科。 ? Tiger and cat belong to the same family of animals. ? The tiger and the cat belong to the same family of animals ? 这些事我想看的小说。 ? These are the novels I want to read.e.增加动词? 别傻里傻气。 ? Don’t behave foolishly. ? 打字机价廉物美。 ? The typewriter is low in price and fine in quality.? 发展经济，保障供给，这是过去多年财政 工作的第一条基本经验。 ? The first and basic experience gained in our financial work over the past years was that it is correct to secure supplies through economic growth. ? 狠抓管理，安全生产。 We should improve management and ensure safe production.减词? 在汉英句子翻译中，通常有不少词语要减 译。这种减译不是无缘无故地删掉句中某 些词语，这些词语尽管在译文中未译出来， 但从上下文的字里行间还能看出其含义。 去掉可有可无的词语不仅可以避免译文累 赘臃肿，还可以使译文更加简洁流畅。? A. 省略汉语中的重复词 ? B. 省略汉语的范畴词 ? C. 汉语中动词的使用频率远高于英语，所 以在翻译成英语时，根据情况省略某些动 词不译 ? D. 汉语意义重复时，应减词英译 ? E. 省略汉语修辞的词语译者首先要根据上下文，确定上述这些词在句中是否有实际意 义，如有实际意义就要译出来，如没有实际意义则应该省略 不译，以免产生累赘而有不规范的英语。 我们必须培养分析问题，解决问题的能力。we must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.我们应当结合具体情况来处理问题。 We should deal with the matter in light of the specific condition. 你应当对退休问题抱积极态度。 You should adopt a positive attitude toward retirement.A. 省略汉语中的重复词我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书， 长征是宣传队，长征是播种机。 We declare that, the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto, a publicity team, a seeding machine. 科学技术突飞猛进，给亚洲的发展带来新的机遇，也 带来新的挑战。 The rapid advance of science and technology has presented both new opportunities and challenges to the development of Asia.美国仍在进口中小型汽车，特别是从德国和日本进口。 Many small and medium-sized cars are still being imported, especially from German and Japan. 美国人总是在迁居，他们从美国的一个地区迁往另一 个地区，从一座城市迁往另一座城市，从农村迁往城 市，从市区迁往郊区。 The American people are always on the move-from one part of the country to another, from one city to another, from farm to city, from the city to the suburbs.新形势、新趋势、新技术，促进了生产力的发展。 The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces.他们为国家作的贡献比我们所作的贡献要大的多。 They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.??搞好重点商品、重点市场、重点地区大案要 案的清查。 We should investigate key commodities, markets and areas to clear up major cases. 沉默啊！沉默！不在沉默中爆发就在沉默中 灭亡。 Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.??? 我们党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展 要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表 中国最广大人民的根本利益。? Our party must always represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.? 于是，转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯 为摇头。 ? Consequently, your joy wou your praises to criticism
and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. ? 为了推动中美关系发展，中国需要进一步了解 美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。 ? To promote the development of China-US relations, China needs to know the US better and vice versa.? 我们必须坚持社会道路，坚持人民民主专政 即无产阶级专政，坚持共产党领导，坚持马 列主义、毛泽东思想。? We must adhere to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship(i.e. the dictatorship of the proletariat), the Communist Party's leadership and MarxismLeinism and Mao Zedong Thought.B. 省略汉语的范畴词中东有些地区仍未结束社会动荡和纷扰不安的 局面。 The social unrest and upheaval has not been put an end to in some regions in the Mid-East.师生关系愈好，就愈有利于教学水平的提高。 The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances for improving teaching.迅速改变我国贫穷落后的面貌，是我国各族人民的强 烈愿望。 It is the burning desire of all the people to end our country’s poverty and backwardness quickly. 世界各地举行了许多盛大的庆祝活动。 Many grand new-year celebrations are held in the world. 没有和平，没有稳定的政治局面，就谈不上经济发展。 Without peace or political stability, there would be no economic growth.多年来，该国一直存在严重的失业现象。 For many years, there has been serious unemployment in that country. 大会准备工作在继续进行。 Preparations for the conference continued. 请及时向管理部门汇报工作情况。 Please report your work to the management in a timely manner.她把自己的一生献给了儿童福利事业。 She devoted her whole life to the welfare of children. 他是在我不知道的情况下私自拿走的。 He took it away without my knowledge.? 中国现时的农业生产的发展状况 ? The present development of China’s agriculture ? 今年上半年进口计划的执行情况也是好的。 ? Our import-export in the first half of his year has gone very well.C. 汉语中动词的使用频率远高于英语，所以在 翻译成英语时，根据情况省略某些动词不译。 在出席会议前，我有些急事要处理。 I have some urgent business on hand before (attending) the meeting. .他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束了。 He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.她连续讲了两个小时的法语，没有出现任何 错误。 She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes. 十万元以下的轿车的出现，激起了更多人购 买私家车的热情。 The appearance of cars priced at less than 100,000 yuan aroused the enthusiasm of more people for private cars.D. 汉语意义重复时，应减词英译中国人民为此进行了长期不懈的努力。 The Chinese people have made unremitting efforts to that end.为了保卫国家安全，维护祖国统一，我们必 须不断增强国防实力。 We must build up our defense capability with a view to safeguarding our State security and national unity.科学技术在一些领域取得重大突破。 Breakthroughs were made in some areas of science and technology. 世界各国人民应携手合作，继续推进人类和 平与发展的崇高事业。 People across the world should join hands in advancing the lofty cause of peace and development of mankind.中国同世界各国各地区的经济技术交流与 合作广泛开展。 China has engaged in extensive economic and technological exchanges and cooperation with other countries and regions.杭州不仅有风景如画的西湖，而且还有美 味佳肴和漂亮的工艺品。 Hangzhou boasts not only the picturesque West Lake, but also delicious food and pretty handicrafts.海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。 The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits are of the same flesh and blood. 务必要发扬艰苦奋斗的优良传统，提倡勤俭， 崇尚节约。 It is imperative to carry on the fine tradition of hard work and encourage frugality.他家里很穷，没有什么衣服可穿，也没有什么东西可吃。 His family was so poor that they did not have enough food and clothing.国家要加大对中西部的支持力度。 The state will increase its support for the central and western areas. 校医给了这位同学一些治疗感冒的药。 The school doctor gave the student some medicine for her cold.建立办事高效，运转协调，行为规范的行政管 理体系。 To set up an administrative system with high efficiency in work, coordination in operation and standardization in behaviour.To establish a high efficient, well-coordinated and standardized administrative system.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?不必要的浪费 不应有的误解 毫无根据的诽谤 人类文明 胜利完成 圆满结束 完全征服 隆重召开? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?waste misunderstanding slander civilization fulfill conclude conquer open? 中国政府郑重声明 ? The Chinese government declared ? 本书以56各民族为经线，28类民俗为纬线，把 天时、人生、社会、经济、信仰、审美等民俗 事项分为28个子系。 ? The book divides customs of the 56 Chinese nationalities into 28 categories such as seaons, living, society, economy, religions, aesthetic tastes etc.? 只有充分发展商品经济，才能把经济真正搞 活，使各企业增加效率。 ? The development of a commodity economy is the only way to invigorate our economy and prompt enterprise to raise their efficiency.E. 省略汉语修辞的词语科学技术日新月异。 Science and technology are advancing /developing rapidly. 大学校园文化包罗万象，其主流是“青春、 浪漫、激扬”的。 The campus culture in universities are allinclusive, with the main stream of “youth, romance and enthusiasm”.各级党组织和领导干部都要旗帜鲜明地反对 腐败。 Party organizations and leading cadres at all levels must take a clear stand to oppose corruption.？我们满怀信心、昂首阔步迈向21世纪。 We are advancing confidently forwards to the 21st century.2.3.3. 合词? 无论是西方作家，还是中国作家，都喜欢 连用同义词以强调其表达的意思。西方作 家常用的是成对词，而中国作家常用的是 一条前后两个部分为同一意思的四字成语 或两条同义成语。既然这些同义词表达得 是同一意思，我们就可以把它们合起来翻 译，也就是采用合词译法。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?fair and square dead and gone hard and fast silly and foolish wise and clever shake and tremble a man of culture and learning goals and aims ways and means right and proper cozy and comfortable really and truly hustle and bustle? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?公平 的确死了 严格的 很笨 非常聪明 不停地发抖 很有学问 目的 方法 完全正确 非常舒适 千真万确 拥挤不堪? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?贪官污吏 土崩瓦解 生动活泼 光辉灿烂 浓妆艳抹 繁荣昌盛 深仇大恨 打击报复 街谈巷议 医德医风? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?corrupt officials fall apart lively brilliant heavily made up properity deep hatred to retaliate steet gossip medical ethics? ? ? ?神不知，鬼不觉 取之不尽，用之不竭 攻无不克，战无不胜 主持公道，伸张正义? stealthily/ secretly ? inexhaustible ? all conquering/ invincible ? upholding justice? 其中又见林黛玉是个出类拔萃的，变更与黛玉 亲敬异常。 ? Noticing too that Daiyu stood out from the rest, she treated her even more affectionately.? （他们）都是些狐群狗党。 ? They're a pack of curs. ? (宝玉和黛玉)真是言和意顺，似漆如胶。 ? On all matters, indeed, they were in complete accord.? 中国人民的不屈不挠的努力必将稳步地达到自 己的目的。 ? By our own indomitable efforts we the Chinese people will unswervingly reach our goal.? 他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。 ? He is determinded to turn over a new leaf.? 你怎能过河拆桥、忘恩负义呢？ ? How can you kick down the ladder? ? 二十年，时间看起来长，一晃就过去了。所以，我们 从八十年代的第一年开始，就必须一天也不耽误，专 心致志地、聚精会神地搞四个现代化建设。 ? Although a period of 20 years sounds quite long, the time will slip by very quickly. From the very first year of the 1980s, we must devote our full attention to achieving the four modernizations and not waste a single day.? 我国人民在中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会 的精神鼓舞下，正沿着建设有中国特色的社会 主义道路，满怀信心，昂首阔步地迈向21世纪。 ? Inspired by the spirit of 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the people of China are advancing confidently towards the 21st Century along the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics.? 本公司生产的地毯美丽大方、光彩夺目， 富丽堂皇， ? The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.? 我们进行了长期不懈的努力。 ? We have made unremitting efforts for it.? 下岗和失业人员增多，就业压力加大 ? Causing an increase in unemployment and resulting in pressure.? 目标的轻重缓急、孰先孰后应该仔细研究、 认真考虑和反复推敲。 ? Target priorities should be very carefully studied.? 那件令人不快的事件，已经搞得满城风雨、 人人皆知了。 ? There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case. ? 在长期的革命历程中， 各民主党派与中国共 产党同呼吸共命运。 ? In the protracted process of the Chinese revolution, the various democratic parties shared a common fate with the Chinese Communist Party.? 全体员工精诚团结，上下一心。 ? All the staff unite in absolute sincerity. ? 目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。 ? Target priorities were established there. ? 他在情况危急时，态度从容，镇定自若。 ? He showed himself calm in an emergency situation. ? 男男女女，熙熙攘攘，络绎不绝。 ? Men and women hurried by in long, shifting lines.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?陈词滥调 痴心妄想 粗心大意 丰功伟绩 自以为是，夜郎自大 以怨报德，恩将仇报 低三下四，奴颜卑膝 宽宏大量，既往不咎? ? ? ?? ? ? ?old stuff/ cliche wishful thinking / fond dream careless / negligent great / magnificent contributions self-conceited /arrogant return kindness with ingratitude humble oneself forgive and forget2.3.4. 转性? 转性译法是指在翻译过程中，根据译语的 规范，把原句中某种此类的词转换成另一 种词类的词，也就是我们通常所说的词类 转换。英语和汉语的词类大部分重合，但 是在汉语中一个词可以充当的句子成分比 英语中一个词能充当的句子成分多。因此， 在翻译时要灵活处理，不一定要拘泥于原 句所用的词性，而是根据译入语的特点进 行调整。? 2.3.4.1. 动词的转译 ? 2.3.4.2. 名词的转译 ? 2.3.4.3. 形容词、副词的转译2.3.4.1. 动词的转译a. 动词→名词 b. 动词→介词、介词短语 c. 动词→副词 d. 动词→形容词 e. 动词→非谓语动词?汉语中的动词的使用非常频繁，在一 个句子中可以出现几个动词在一起连用的 情况；而在英语中，一般一个句子只能有 一个动词作为谓语。这样在翻译过程中， 就难以避免汉语中动词转译的问题。a. 动词→名词? 英语句子中名词结构占绝对优势，所以汉语 中的动词在翻译成英语时常用名词来表示。 英语有词性变化，这就使英语拥有大量的名 词，另外英语中还有一些词本身既是动词又 是名词。 ? 汉译英时如果能适当地把动词转换为名词， 则能使译文更加自然，更加凝练。? 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功 不可。 ? The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. ? 人口在不断地增加。 ? There is a steady increase in population.? 现在辞职就是承认失败。 ? To resign now would be an admission of failure. ? 他们正在考虑释放被囚禁的那位领导人。 ? They are considering the release of the jailed leader.? 在加州发现黄金的消息轰动全国。 ? News of the discovery of gold in California excited the nation. ? 她教书教得好。 ? She is a good teacher. ? 他喜欢流行音乐。 ? He is a lover of pop music.? 学医很艰苦，成为一名医生需要很长时间。 ? The study of medicine is very hard, and it takes long time to become a doctor.? 他酷爱古典音乐。 ? He is an ardent lover of classical music. ? 他指挥着一个团。 ? He is the commander of a regiment.? 他谋杀了他的老板。 ? He is the murderer of his boss. ? 他统治那个地区长达20年之久。 ? He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years. ? 他对他们越来越憎恨。 ? Her hatred for them grew more.? 他长期以来习惯于在最后一分钟作出决定。 ? He has long been used to last-minute decisions. ? 她妹妹老是说谎。 ? Her sister is a liar. ? 他总是喝很多酒。 ? He is a great drinker.b. 动词→介词、介词短语? 英语中介词不仅数量多，而且与其他的词 类搭配灵活。有些英语介词是由动词演变 而来的，依然具有动词特征。所以汉语动 词有时可以用英语介词或介词词组来翻译。? 你们现在得走了。? You must be off now. ? 演出已经开始了。 ? The performance is on.? 她英语说得很棒，带着美国腔，却并不十分 夸张。 ? She spoke English well with an American accent, no though, a very exaggerated one.? 政府支持这个项目。 ? The government is behind this project.? 这时，只见一个人，头上蒙着一个湿淋淋的口袋，从 冒着熊熊烈焰的后门直冲进去。 ? Then a figure with a dripping-wet bag round its head dashed through the flame-filled back door. ? 警察在抓罪犯。? The police is in pursuit of the criminal. ? 他的智力超过常人。? He has intelligence beyond the ordinary.? 那是一幅模仿毕加索的画。 ? That is a picture after Picasso. ? 然后我感觉到冰冷的枪口顶住了我的头。 ? Then I felt the gun, cold, against my head.c. 动词→副词? 他们的实验已经结束了。 ? Their experiement has been over. ? 演出已经开始了。 ? The performance is on.d. 动词→形容词? 他满足于这样的生活。 ? He is content with such kind of life. ? 约翰十分熟悉这台机器的性能。 ? John is quite familiar with the machine.? 我怀疑他是否还活着。 ? I am doubtful whether he is still alive. ? 他不停地来回走着，激动得说不出话来。 ? He kept on walking back and forth, being too excited to say a single word.? 那个家伙老是滔滔不绝地讲个不停。 ? That fellow is very talkative. ? 他读书时不加选择。 ? He is indiscriminate in reading. ? 他们迫切地想弄到消息。 ? They were news-hungry.? 并不是所有军队的人都喜欢这个计划。 ? This program was not popular with all of the troops. ? 他为人能干，事业成功。 ? He was an able and successful one. ? 他的确不知道他们打算干什么。 ? I am quite ignorant of what they intend to do.? 他不愿接受这昂贵的礼物。 ? He was reluctant to accept the expensive gift.? 中国政府对归国遭受洪水灾害地区的状况极 为关切。 ? The Chinese government is very concerned about the flooded areas in your country.? 那所学校的学生合作得很好，所以我们很快就 完成了问卷调查。 ? The students in that school were very cooperative, so we finished the questionnaire very soon.? 孩子比成年人更容易流露感情，这是很自然的。 ? It's natural that children are more demonstrative than adults.? 那项规则不适用于我们这种情况。 ? That rule is not applicable to our case.? 他的话无足轻重，不要往心里去。 ? What he said is dismissble, so don't take it to heart.e. 动词→非谓语动词? 我看不起他，他酗酒，好赌，言语粗俗。 ? What I depise about him was his drinking, gambling and cursing. ? 又要教书，又要照顾家庭，我是在忙不过来 了。 ? My teaching and my family are proving more than enough to fill my time.? 如果我们常接触英语，就会自然而然地学会 这门语言。 ? If we are frequently exposed to English, we will master it naturally. ? 房间的陈设颇佳。 ? The room is well furnished. ? 她转过身，看见一辆救护车开了过来。 ? Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up.2.3.4.2. 名词的转译? a.名词→动词 ? b.名词→形容词、副词a.名词→动词? 他是世上一切邪恶的化身。 ? He personified the evil that was in the world. ? 他的呼吸有股大蒜味道 ? His breaths smells of garlic. ? 这只船容易颠覆，因为它造型不合理。 ? The boat is apt to overturn because it is unreasonably shaped.b.名词→形容词、副词 ? 计算机的灵活性比较大，因此能做很多不同 的工作。 ? Computers are more flexible, and can do a greater variety of jobs.? 楼下有人找你。 ? There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.? 这家报纸的社论说，拒不解决夫妻分居两地的问题， 是同中央的精神背道而驰的。 ? The paper said editorially that it is against the spirit of the Central Committee of our Party to refuse to solve the problem of husband and wife living in two separate places. ? 就测量的精度和速度而论，似乎还没有其他的技术能 与激光相比。 ? There seems to be no other competitive techniques which can measure range as well or as raipidly as can a laser.2.3.4.3. 形容词、副词的转译a. 形容词、副词→名词 b. 形容词与副词的互换 c. 形容词、副词→介词、介词短语a. 形容词、副词→名词? 在英语中有一些名词是从形容词派生出来 的，依然具有形容词的特性。汉译英的有 些场合下，汉语句子中的形容词和副词会 被转译为英语句子中的名词，这大部分是 由于句法和结构的需要。这时候，往往可 以利用那些从形容词派生出来的英语名词。? 朱延年用热情的款待把他的窘态遮盖过去。 ? Zhu Yannian covered up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality. ? 空气如此清香，使人感到分外凉爽、舒畅。 ? The air wa it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.? 她非常漂亮。 ? She is a real beauty. ? 那个家伙笨的出奇。 ? That fellow is a typical fool.? 你说他傻不傻？ ? Don't you think he's an idiot?b. 形容词与副词的互换? 我想男孩子的思维方式和女孩子是不一样的。 ? I suppose boys think differently from girls. ? 他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。 ? He asked me for a full account of myself and family. ? 我们必须充分利用现有技术设备。 ? We must makek full use of existing technical equipment.c. 形容词、副词→介词、介词短语? 英语中介词是非常灵活的，可以使句子表达简 练、精确。因此，汉语句子中的形容词常在在 英语中用介词或介词短语表达。 ? 厨房又脏又乱。 ? The kitchen was in a mess. ? 他不参加比赛，我感到很失望。 ? To my disappointment, he did not attend the competition.? 父亲不赞成地看着他。 ? Father looked at him in disapproval. ? 我们必须广泛利用现代科学技术的新成就。 ? We must utilize the achievements of modern science and technology on a wide scale.? 我们的教育方针，应该使受到教育者在德 育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为 有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。 ? Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.增词练习? 老虎和猫同科。 （增冠词） ? A tiger and a cat belong to the same family of animals. ? 我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。（增形 式主语） ? I don’t think it is difficult to speak to a foreigner in English. ? 请报水果罐头的最低价。 （增主语） ? You are kindly requested to let us have your best quotation for the canned fruits.? 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 （增物主代词） ? Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights. ? 这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。（增介词） ? This is another common point between the people of our two countries.? 在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。（增概括性词） ? In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.? 你将来一定得更努力工作。（省代、名词） ? Do work harder in the future. ? 生活在四川的十几个民族，各有不同的文化和风俗，成为巴 蜀歌舞取之不尽，用之不竭的创作源泉。（省意义重复的词 语） ? The nationalities in Sichuan maintain different cultures and customs, which provide the inexhaustible source of folk songs and dances.? ?老子有吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。（ 省有修饰效果的词） I have more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.??客观现实世界的变化运动永远没有完结，我们在实践中对于真理的认识 也就永远没有完结。（词语替换）The changing movement of the objective world will never end, neither will our knowledge of truth in practice.
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