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标准似乎只说了S-4会发生误判，这个误判是指本来不合格的会误判为合格，还是指合格的会误判为不合格？
一般检验水平分：I、II、III。
特殊检验水平：S-1、S-2、S-3、S-4
特殊检验水平&一般检验水平，
特殊检验水平对使用方风险比较大；
S-4检验水平中的误判，应该指把不合格品判为合格品；
检验水平从低到高排序为：
S-1&S-2&S-3&S-4&I&II&III
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6SQ质量日刊
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6SQ质量周刊Terrestrial ecosystems are largely dependent on soil processes and, consequently, on soil communities (e.g., bacteria, protozoa, fungi, nematodes, springtails, annelids, isopods, coleopterans) (B? ?th et al. , 1981; Cragg and Bardgett, 2001; Wolters, 2001; De Deyn et al. , 2003). Within this context, nematodes constitute one of the most important soil communities that can play a major role in key processes such as decomposition of organic matter, N-mineralization and nutrient cycling (Sohlenius, 1980; Anderson et al. , 1981; Yeates and Coleman, 1982; Freckman, 1988; Bernard, 1992; Bongers and Bongers, 1998; Yeates, 2003). The significant role of terrestrial
nematode communities in soil processes may however result dramatically affected by pollution and other environmental disturbances (Edwards and Bohlen, 1995; Bongers and Ferris, 1999; Urzelai et al. , 2000). The impact of pollutants and other disruptive factors on the structure and function of terrestrial nematode communities is usually assessed through the use of several ecological indices (Ettema and Bongers, 1993; Yeates et al. , 1994; Wasilewska, 1997; Bongers and Ferris, 1999; Ferris et al. , 1999; Nombela et al. , 1999; Urzelai et al. , 2000). They involve measures of diversity (e.g., MacArthur, 1972; Simpson’ Simpson, 1949; MacArthur, 1972), trophic structure (e.g., Heip et al. ’ Heip et al. , 1988), maturity (e.g., Bongers’ MI Bongers, 1990; Yeates’ MI Yeates, 1994), and plant parasites (Bongers’ PPI Bongers, 1990). Because such ecological indices give infor- mation on structural and functional aspects of soil nematode communities, their use provides an integrated analysis that may be utilized as an in situ environmental assessment system of soil disturbances (Ettema and Bongers, 1993; Yeates et al. , 1994; Bongers and Ferris, 1999; Ferris et al. , 1999; Nombela et al. , 1999; Urzelai et al. , 2000). Indeed, alterations in the structure and function of terrestrial nematode communities are caused by soil pH (Ruess and Funke, 1992; De Goede and Dekker, 1993), tillage (Yeates, 1990; Freckman and Ettema, 1993; Neher et al. , 1995; Nombela et al. , 1999), manuring (Ettema and Bongers, 1993), cropping (Ladislav, 2003), metal pollution (Zullini and Peretti, 1986; Popovici, 1993; Yeates et al. , 1994; Korthals et al. , 1996a, b, 1998; Smit et al. , 2002), or waste dumping (Urzelai et al. , 2000). In addition to the use of ecological indices, the impact of pollutants on soil nematodes can be complementarily assessed through the performance of toxicity bioassays (L?kke and van Gestel, 1998). In the case of heavy metals, several toxicity tests have been conducted with nematodes in either natural or artificial soil (Kammenga et al. , 1996; Korthals et al. , 1996b; Kammenga and Riksen, 1998; Bongers et al. , 2001). Recent results however indicate that metals may be partly adsorbed in the soils, resulting in less toxicity to nematodes than if nematodes were exposed directly in water (Bongers et al. , 2001). Consequently, to prevent adsorp- tion of metals on the surface of soils, and because soil nematodes live primarily in the soil pore water, laboratory studies to assess the differential toxicity of heavy metals to soil nematodes may be properly conducted in water (Camargo et al. , 1998; Wah Chu and Chow, 2002). On 25 April 1998, as a consequence of the breaking of a dam containing the tailings of a pyrite mine in Aznalcollar (Sevilla province, Southern Spain), an amount of about 5 × 10 6 m 3 of mud and acid water was suddenly released into the Agrio and Guadiamar Rivers (Figure 1). In less than 24 h, a land strip of approximately 43 km in length was covered with a layer of black and acidic sludge, containing high levels of heavy metals, along the Guadiamar River Basin (Cabrera et al. , 1999; Grimalt et al. , 1999; Simon et al. , 1999). Metal content in the toxic sludge reached levels of 2 g Cu/kg, 12.2 g Pb/kg, 8.9 g Zn/kg, and 0.068 g Ni/kg (Junta de Andaluc?a, 2000). Because the Guadiamar River is one of the principal sources of fresh water for Do nana Natural and National Parks (the largest reserve of bird species in Europe), the ecological catastrophe was of greater significance. During the following seven months, the black and acidic sludge was removed mechanically, and several actions (pH neutralization, phytoremediation) for restoration of the impacted area were subsequently started. In consequence, the possible impact caused by the initial release of mud and acid water was in part neutralized. Nonetheless, relatively high levels of heavy metals still remained in the riparian soil (Junta de Andaluc?a, 2000). The general purpose of this investigation was to assess the potential impact of residual heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni) on soil nematodes in the riparian zone of the Guadiamar River Basin, two years after the huge mine spillage. Specific questions addressed in this investigation were: what levels of residual heavy metals are in the impacted riparian zone two years after the huge mine spillage?; are residual heavy metals still influencing adversely the community of soil nematodes?; what ecological indices best capture the impact on the community of soil nematodes?; which of residual heavy metals can be more toxic to soil nematodes from the Guadiamar River Basin? which of residual heavy metals would be more responsible for the observed impact in the study area? To answer these questions, field and laboratory studies were carried out. A field study was conducted in the impacted riparian zone to take soil samples for metal analysis and nematode identification, and subsequently quantifying several ecological indices and measures. Short-term toxicity bioassays were performed in the laboratory to examine the differential toxicity of zinc, copper, nickel and lead to soil nematodes.Join ResearchGate to access over 30 million figures and 100+ million publications – all in one place.Copy referenceCopy captionEmbed figurePublished in
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For fungal feeders, the Eudominant (11.9%) Aphelenchus, previously considered insensitive to HM content (Pen-Mouratov et al., 2008; Rodríguez Martín et al., 2014; S anchez-Moreno et al., 2006), showed a similar response to bacterial feeder Acrobeloides, and accounted for 6-fold more numbers in the Agricultural and Industrial areas compared to forest ones. Our results showed that both genera Acrobeloides and Aphelenchus showed good tolerance to the high Hg and Cu contents in the Agricultural area, and to PPCPs content in the Industrial area. ABSTRACT: Among soil organisms, nematodes are seen as the most promising candidates for bioindications of soil health. We hypothesized that the soil nematode community structure would differ in three land use areas (agricultural, forest and industrial soils), be modulated by soil parameters (N, P, K, pH, SOM, CaCO3, granulometric fraction, etc.), and strongly affected by high levels of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Hg) and emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs). Although these pollutants did not significantly affect the total number of free-living nematodes, diversity and structure community indices vastly altered. Our data showed that whereas nematodes with r-strategy were tolerant, genera with k-strategy were negatively affected by the selected pollutants. These effects diminished in soils with high levels of heavy metals given their adaptation to the historical pollution in this area, but not to emerging pollutants like PPCPs. Full-text · Article · Feb 2016 +1 more author...For fungal feeders, the Eudominant (11.9%) Aphelenchus, previously considered insensitive to HM content (Pen-Mouratov et al., 2008; Rodríguez Martín et al., 2014; S anchez-Moreno et al., 2006), showed a similar response to bacterial feeder Acrobeloides, and accounted for 6-fold more numbers in the Agricultural and Industrial areas compared to forest ones. Our results showed that both genera Acrobeloides and Aphelenchus showed good tolerance to the high Hg and Cu contents in the Agricultural area, and to PPCPs content in the Industrial area. ABSTRACT: Among soil organisms, nematodes are seen as the most promising candidates for bioindications of soil health. We hypothesized that the soil nematode community structure would differ in three land use areas (agricultural, forest and industrial soils), be modulated by soil parameters (N, P, K, pH, SOM, CaCO 3 , granulometric fraction, etc.), and strongly affected by high levels of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Hg) and emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs). Although these pollutants did not significantly affect the total number of free-living nematodes, diversity and structure community indices vastly altered. Our data showed that whereas nematodes with r-strategy were tolerant, genera with k-strategy were negatively affected by the selected pollutants. These effects diminished in soils with high levels of heavy metals given their adaptation to the historical pollution in this area, but not to emerging pollutants like PPCPs. Full-text · Article · Feb 2016 +1 more author...The sensitivity of c–p1 and 2 to Pb might be due to the toxic effect of Pb on soil microflora (Hu et al., 2007 ). Our results agree with Moreno et al. (2006), who found that the c–p2 nematode was affected negatively by Pb contamination in the Guadiamar river basin (S Spain), and who also proved with laboratory tests Pb toxicity against two c–p2 species: Aphelenchus avenae and Cephalobus persegnis (fungal and bacterial feeders, respectively ). Similarly, c–p1 and 2 were influenced positively by Factors 1 and 2 in accordance with their response to enrichment conditions in soil. ABSTRACT: The Cartagena–La Union mining district, exploited since the end of the 3rd century BC, was one of the world's largest lead producers in the 19th century. Although activity ceased in 1991, today mining residues pose a huge pollution problem. This study characterises lead contents (total and DPTA) and other soil parameters (N, P, K, pH, SOM, CaCO3, granulometric fraction, etc.) using multivariate geostatistical methods in relation to nematode diversity. In this work, trophic groups and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were measured using 193 samples from the mining, natural and agricultural areas in this district. We explored the relationship between soil health and nematode communities. High lead concentrations were quantified: mean 8500 mg kg-1 for total and 340 mg kg-1 for DPTA in thismining area. Although nematode diversitywas broad (81 taxa), their diversity, abundance and metabolic footprints significantly reduced in the mining area. Significant differences in the nematode community structure were observed, and the relative abundance of predators was sensitive to mine and agricultural activities, whilst omnivores reduced only in the agricultural area, and bacterial feeders exhibited a differential response to both anthropogenic disturbances. The total abundance of nematodes, trophic groups and c–p groups correlated negatively with soil Pb contents, and a positive relationship was found with SOM and N, P and K contents. Full-text · Article · Jan 2014 +1 more author...Trends in the SI showed that there was also a shift from a relatively diverse community to one that was simpler in structure. Our multivariate analysis demonstrated the ability of the soil food web indices to assess soil condition (Ferris et al., 2001Ferris et al., , 2004Sanchez-Moreno et al., 2006;Sanchez-Moreno et al., 2009). This analysis revealed clear management-based differences throughout the sampling season that were more apparent than trends revealed by the single-variable associations evaluated. ABSTRACT: Even though indicators based on nematode community composition are among the best developed metrics of soil health, little research has been done to support their application to management. This work tested the hypothesis that organic farming systems could enhance nematode community structure where soil resource condition had been enhanced by reducing disturbance and using organic fertility inputs. We tested this hypothesis by exploring the relationship between soil biology and the condition of the soil resource in an organic trial using the Nematode Maturity (MI), Plant Parasitic (PPI), Enrichment (El), Channel (CI), and Structure (SI) indices. Shifts in nematode indices occurring during the growing season were compared with measures of labile soil organic matter and N availability [particulate organic matter-C and -N (POM-C, POM-N), particulate organic matter C:N ratio (POM C:N), potentially mineralizable N (PMN), hydrolysable N estimated with the Illinois-N test (IL-N), and heterotrophic activity estimated with fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA)]. Soil samples were collected four times during a single growing season from plots that had been transitioned from conventional to organic management under Ley-, Row Crop- and Vegetable-based regimes. Each of the three transition scenarios included three subplots that were either supplied with organic matter from raw and composted dairy manure or cover crop residues. High El and low CI values revealed a greater dominance of the bacterial decomposition pathway in soils transitioned under the Ley system and values were positively associated with measures of microbial activity and available N. Increases in the PPI values were stimulated where nutrient availability (and likely crop root growth) were enhanced. The SI was positively associated with the POM fraction and declined after primary tillage. This signalled a shift in the community towards an early stage of succession and demonstrates the detrimental effects of tillage on soil food web complexity. Recommendations for soil stewardship that are guided by nematode food web indices would encourage practices that enhance soil organic matter, reduce the frequency of cultivation, and conserve structure. Full-text · Article · Sep 2013 Although, the diversity was mostly in negative correlation with the degree of pollution, nematode abundance increased in sites with low and medium contamination , but rapidly decreases under heavy loads. Similar trend was observed by Moreno et al. (2006) in study carried out in southern Spain after Aznalcollar mining spill. According to Odum (1985) and Peterson et al. (1998) the higher genera diversity reflects ecological resilience of ecosystem and complex relations at all trophic levels. ABSTRACT: The effect of distance from a heavy metal pollution source on the soil nematode community was investigated on four sampling sites along an 4 km transect originating at the Kovohuty a.s. Krompachy (pollution source). The soil nematode communities were exposed to heavy metal influence directly and through soil properties changes. We quantified the relative effects of total and mobile fraction of metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) on soil ecosystem using the nematode community structure (trophic and c-p groups,) and ecological indices (Richness of genera, H', MI2-5, etc.). Pollution effects on the community structure of soil free living nematodes was found to be the highest near the pollution source, with relatively low population density and domination of insensitive taxa. A decrease in heavy metals contents along the transect was linked with an increase in complexity of nematode community. The majority of used indices (MI2-5, SI, H') negatively correlated (P & 0.05 or P & 0.01) with heavy metals content and were sensitive to soil ecosystem disturbance. Contamination by heavy metals has negatively affected the soil environment, which resulted in nematode community structure and ecological indices changes. Results showed that the free-living nematodes are useful tools for bioindication of contamination and could be used as an alternative to the common approaches based on chemical methods. Full-text · Article · Aug 2012 +1 more author...Omnivorous and predatory nematodes are considered to be highly sensitive to environmental disturbance because of their large body size, long life cycles and low reproduction rate (Bongers 1990;Bongers and Ferris 1999). Previous studies showed contrasting results when using c-p2 nematodes as bio-indicator of Cu and Pb contamination (Georgieva et al. 2002;Sánchez-Moreno et al. 2006), suggesting that using the c-p2 nematodes to assess the effects of heavy metal contamination is in doubt. No correlation was found between early-successional nematodes and water-soluble Al and total Al in the present study, the abundance of early-successional nematodes might be determined by soil moisture, soil organic C and soil total N rather than different form of Al. ABSTRACT: Both soil nematodes and microorganisms have been shown to be sensitive bioindicators of soil recovery in metal-c however, the underlying processes are poorly understood. We investigated the relationship among soil microbial community composition, nematode community structure and soil aluminum (Al) content in different vegetated aluminum-rich ecosystems. Our results demonstrated that there were greater soil bacterial, fungal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biomass in Syzygium cumini plantation, greater abundance of soil nematodes in Acacia auriculiformis plantation, and greater abundance of soil predatory and herbivorous nematodes in Schima wallichii plantation. The concentration of water-soluble Al was normally greater in vegetated than non-vegetated soil. The residual Al and total Al concentrations showed a significant decrease after planting S. cumini plantation onto the shale dump. Acid extractable, reducible and oxidisable Al concentrations were greater in S. wallichii plantation. Stepwise linear regression analysis suggests the concentrations of water-soluble Al and total Al content explain the most variance associated wi whereas, the abundance of early-successional nematode taxa was explained mostly by soil moisture, soil organic C and total N rather than the concentrations of different forms of Al. In contrast, no significant main effects of either Al or soil physico-chemical characteristics on soil microbial biomass were observed. Our study suggests that vegetation was the primary driver on soil nematodes and microorganisms and it also could regulate the sensitivity of bio-indicator role mainly through the alteration of soil Al and physico-chemical characteristics, and S. cumini is effective for amending the Al contaminated soils. Full-text · Article · Jun 2012 +1 more author...