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3秒自动关闭窗口GRE双语阅读：五件事加快衰老速度
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　　新的一场GRE考试马上就要开始了，小伙伴们准备的怎么样了呢?GRE栏目为大家带来&GRE双语阅读：五件事加快衰老速度&，希望对大家有所帮助!
　　Your Lunchtime cola
　　午餐时的可乐
　　What it ages: Your bones
　　老化部位：骨骼
　　The science: Older women who drank a cola every day had significantly lower bone-mineral density than those who consumed less than one cola per month, according to a study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. It&s not exactly clear why cola had this effect, but the study researchers believe that it could be the combination of caffeine and phosphoric acid (which most other carbonated drinks don&t have) that causes the problem.
　　科学研究：《临床营养期刊》研究发现，年纪较大的女性如果每天喝一杯可乐，骨密度会远低于那些每月只喝不到一杯可乐的同龄女性。尚不明确可乐为何会产生这种影响，不过许多研究者认为可能是咖啡因与磷酸(其他大多数碳酸饮料不含该成分)结合，造成这个问题。
　　What you can do: Cut back. Keep in mind that diet cola had similar effects and, to a lesser extent, so did decaf versions. If you need bubbles, try seltzer instead.
　　解决办法：少饮可乐。记住，健怡可乐也会影响骨密度，不过程度比较轻，脱咖啡因可乐亦如此。如果你想喝碳酸饮料，选择苏打水泡腾片吧。
　　Your Daily Commute
　　日常交通
　　What it ages: Your skin
　　老化部位：皮肤
　　The science: The air you&re exposed to on the highway is no friend to your complexion. Traffic-related pollution can lead to age spots, according to a review in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, while another review in Frontiers in Environmental Science found that pollution contributes to overall skin aging, plus other problems like acne, eczema and psoriasis.
　　科学研究：路上的空气可不是皮肤的好朋友。《皮肤病学研究杂志》表明，交通污染会引发老年斑。《环境科学前沿》还发现，污染会导致皮肤整体老化并产生一系列问题，如粉刺、痤疮和牛皮鲜。
　　What you can do: Until someone comes up with a way to make a long commute shorter, these tips should help. First, if you drive an older car, roll your windows down instead of up when you&re sitting in traffic. (With an older air-filter system, you&ll just breath in your car&s own exhaust if you keep them up). Second, apply a topical antioxidant product to your face, neck in the morning to help protect your skin from environmental pollution.
　　解决办法：如果行程不可缩短，那这些方法也许有用。首先，如果你开的是旧车，开车时要把车窗摇下来。因为旧车的空气过滤设备老化，摇起车窗只会吸入车的尾气。其次，在脸和脖子上涂一些抗氧化性产品，减少环境污染带来的伤害。
　　A Hypercritical Boss
　　吹毛求疵的老板
　　What it ages: Your brain
　　老化部位：大脑
　　The science: Anxiety and stress can shrink your hippocampus, and in people already experiencing the cognitive decline that can lead to Alzheimer&s, they could potentially speed up the progression of the disease.
　　科学研究：压力和焦虑会使大脑中的海马体缩小。对于那些认知能力已经开始下降的、可能会得老年痴呆症的人来说，病情可能会加速发展。
　　Your hippocampus controls memory formation and also plays a role in regulating your emotions. It naturally gets smaller as we age, but a review in Current Opinion in Psychiatry found that stress can cause structural damage and accelerate the shrinking process.
　　海马体是大脑中负责记忆和感情的部分。随着年龄增加，它会不断缩小。不过，《精神医学最新观点》发现，压力会造成海马体结构性损伤，加速缩小进程。
　　&Cortisol is released when you&re stressed and cortisol is toxic to the hippocampus,& explains lead study author Linda Mah, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Toronto and clinical scientist at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care. Before you get anxious about how stress and anxiety are affecting your brain, know this: The researchers concluded that &pathological anxiety and chronic stress& are the real dangers, meaning the kind that&s unrelenting and never seems to go away. If you think that&s what you&re experiencing, talk to your doctor about ways to manage it.
　　&紧会释放出皮质醇，对海马体百害无利，&研究作者Linda Mah表示，同时他还是东京大学的精神学助教、Baycrest老年护理中心的临床科学家。在你焦急的想知道焦虑和紧张是如何影响大脑之前，先弄清楚这些：研究人员认为&病态焦虑和慢性压力&是真正的元凶，这些可是顽固性因子。如果你觉得自己有这些症状，和医生谈谈解决办法。
　　Dr. Mah led another study in 2014 focusing on people with mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. (MCI is considered a precursor to Alzheimer&s. Not everyone with MCI develops Alzheimer&s, but almost all cases of Alzheimer&s start as MCI.) Subjects who experienced anxiety at any time were more likely to progress to Alzheimer&s during the three-year study. The more severe the anxiety, the higher the risk.
　　Mah医生在2014年做了另一项研究，关注那些患有轻度认知障碍(MCI)的人。MCI是老年痴呆症的早期疾病，不是每一个有MCI的人都会得老年痴呆症，但是大多老年痴呆症的病人都是从患有MCI开始的。在这三年的研究中，容易焦虑的人更容易得老年痴呆症。焦虑程度越高，患病风险也越高。
　　What you can do: You&ve heard this before, but managing your stress levels is incredibly important. Exercise may be particularly helpful in dealing with work worries, according to a new study in the journal Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, which reported that being physically fit helped protect against the health effects of work-related stress.
　　解决方法：你之前可能听说过，学会控制压力至关重要。《运动医学与科学》杂志最新研究表明，锻炼也许能帮助减轻工作压力。同时，健康的身体也会帮助我们抵抗工作压力带来的不利影响。
　　Sleepless Nights
　　夜间失眠
　　What they age: Your cells
　　老化部位：细胞
　　The science: A startling discovery comes via a study in Biological Psychiatry, which reported that women with five key symptoms of insomnia were almost two years older biologically than women of the same age without sleep issues. (The insomnia symptoms were difficulty falling asleep, restlessness, waking up during the night, trouble dozing off again and waking up too early.) This study didn&t show an obvious cause-and-effect relationship, but study author Steve Horvath, PhD, notes that it&s still good not to let sleep issues linger.
　　科学研究：生物精神病学研究有一项惊人的发现，有五大失眠症状的女性在生理上要比同龄女性老两岁。五大失眠症包括入睡困难、情绪不安、夜间易醒、午休困难、过早起床。该研究并未显示明显的因果关系，但是研究作者Steve Horvath博士表示还是要解决这些失眠问题。
　　What you can do: Treat the insomnia. If you&re having trouble sleeping, or notice any of the five symptoms above, ask your doctor for help.
　　解决方法：治疗失眠。如果你入睡困难，有上述症状，向医生寻求帮助。
　　An Expanding Waistline
　　腰围增加
　　What it ages: Your brain
　　老化部位：大脑
　　The science: Our brains naturally lose white matter with age, but researchers from the University of Cambridge found that the brains of overweight and obese people had the same amount of white matter as healthy people 10 years older than them. Being physically unfit in middle age was also linked to smaller brain size, according to research in Neurology.
　　科学研究：大脑中的白质会随年龄增加而不断损耗。剑桥大学的研究人员发现，体重超重的人大脑中的白质与与比自己大10岁的人含量相当。神经病学研究表明，中年人身体不健康也会导致脑容量减小。
　　What you can do: Get regular exercise (the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise, per week) and manage your weight to help keep your brain at a healthy size for your age.
　　解决方法：锻炼。美国卫生与人类服务部建议，每周至少要有150分钟的有氧运动，或是75分钟的剧烈运动。并且要控制体重，以此保证正常的大脑容量。
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Social change——The weaker sex
社会的改变：弱男子
Blue-collar men in rich countries are in trouble. They must learn to
在发达国家的蓝领男性群体正处于困境中，他们必须学会适应。
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AT FIRST glance the patriarchy appears to be thriving. More than 90% of
presidents and prime ministers are male, as are nearly all big corporate bosses.
Men dominate finance, technology, films, sports, music and even stand-up comedy.
In much of the world they still enjoy social and legal privileges simply because
they have a Y chromosome. So it might seem odd to worry about the plight of
父系社会现在咋一看似乎正兴盛。超过90%的国家总统总理，和几乎所有大型公司的大boss都是男性。男性统治着经济，科技，企业，体育，音乐，甚至连说相声的都基本是男性。在大多数国家里男人仅仅因为拥有一条Y染色体便享有在社会和法律上的特权，这样看来，担心男性的“悲催命运”般的困境似乎是在杞人忧天。
Yet there is plenty of cause for concern. Men cluster at the bottom as well
as the top. They are far more likely than women to be jailed, estranged from
their children, or to kill themselves. They earn fewer university dees than
women. Boys in the developed world are 50% more likely to flunk basic maths,
reading and science entirely.
但有却又大量的原由让人不得不担心。男性群体从底层到精英，被关进监狱、被他们的孩子疏远嫌弃，或者自杀率都远远大于女性，却在取得更多的大学学位上败给了女性。在发达国家中，有50%左右的男孩会在基础数学，阅读和科学学科上挂科。
One group in particular is suffering. Poorly educated men in rich countries
have had difficulty coping with the enormous changes in the labour market and
the home over the past half-century. As technology and trade have devalued
brawn, less-educated men have struggled to find a role in the workplace. Women,
on the other hand, are surging into expanding sectors such as health care and
education, helped by their superior skills. As education has become more
important, boys have also fallen behind girls in school (except at the very
top). Men who lose jobs in manufacturing often never work again. And men without
work find it hard to attract a permanent mate. The result, for low-skilled men,
is a poisonous combination of no job, no family and no prospects.
在男性群体中又有一类人尤其遭罪。在过去的半个世纪里，发达国家里的受教育程度低的男性已经非常难应对发生了巨变的劳工市场和家庭。现代技术革新和贸易已经使原先的靠劳力形式的肌肉男的价值直线下降，缺少教育的男性，不得不在职场中苦苦挣扎，才能博得一席之地。相反的，女性却依靠着自身出众的技能，在像医疗卫生和教育这样的领域里大放异彩。教育已经变成更重要的事情，而男孩却学校里被女孩甩在了身后(尖端领域学科除外)。从工厂失业的男性常从此不再去工作。而没有工作的男性会发现去吸引永久的伴侣是件非常难的事。由此导致低技术的男性被无工作，无家庭，无前景的“三无”剧毒环环围住。
Those on the political left tend to focus on economics. Shrinking job
opportunities for men, they say, are entrenching poverty and destroying
families. In America pay for men with only a high-school certificate fell by 21%
in real terms between 1979 and 2013; for women with similar qualifications it
rose by 3%. Around a fifth of working-age American men with only a high-school
diploma have no job.
支持左翼的人倾向于专注于经济，他们认为减少男性工作的机会会加剧贫穷，并摧毁家庭。在美国，只有高中学历的男性的实际收入，从1979年到2013年减低了21%，而同等学历的女性，在此期间的实际收入却提高了3%。约有五分之一的只有高中学历的处在工作适龄的男性，处在失业中。
Those on the right worry about the collapse of the family. The vast majority
of women would prefer to have a partner who does his bit both financially and
domestically. But they would rather do without one than team up with a lay
about, which may be all that is on offer: American men without jobs spend only
half as much time on housework and caring for others as do women in the same
situation, and much more time watching television.
支持右翼的人担心着家庭的崩溃。绝大多数的女性倾向于和愿意兼顾家里财政收入职能和家务劳动职能的男性成为两口子。她们宁愿单身也不愿随便和一个游手好闲的男人勉强过一辈子，而这是有依据的：美国失业男性仅仅只付出同等条件下失业女性的一半的时间来做家务事和照顾彼此的生活，这些男人会花更多的时间来看电视。
Hence the unraveling of working-class families. The two-parent family, still
the norm among the elite, is vanishing among the poor. In rich countries the
proportion of births outside marriage has trebled since 1980, to 33%. In some
areas where traditional manufacturing has collapsed, it has reached 70% or more.
Children raised in broken homes learn less at school, are more likely to drop
out and earn less later on than children from intact ones. They are also not
very good at forming stable families of their own.
因此工人阶级的家庭变的更易解体。双亲家庭这种形式还是精英阶层的标配，而这种家庭形式却在穷人中正在消失。在发达国家，非婚生子占新生儿的比重比1980年高出了3倍，已经达到了33%。而在一些传统制造业崩坏的地区，这一比例达到70%甚至更高。生活在破碎家庭里的孩子比起一般家庭的孩子而言，在学校里会学的更少，更可能辍学和收入较低。同时，因为不善于处理家庭问题，他们自己日后的家庭也趋于不稳定(简言之单亲家庭的孩子长大后更易于组成新的单亲家庭)。
These two sides often talk past each other. But their explanations are not
contradictory: both economics and social change are to blame, and the two causes
reinforce each other. Moreover, these problems are likely to get worse.
Technology will disrupt more industries, creating benefits for society but
rendering workers who fail to update their skills redundant. The OECD, a
think-tank, predicts that the absolute number of single-parent households will
continue to rise in nearly all rich countries. Boys who grow up without fathers
are more likely to have trouble forming lasting relationships, creating a cycle
of male dysfunction.
这两种政治倾向的讨论话题往往会相互交叉重叠。但二者的观点却并不矛盾：经济状况和社会这二者的变革都是造成此类现状的原因，而这二者还互为因果，形成恶性循环。此外，这些问题可能变得更糟。科技将瓦解更多的行业，为社会创造更多的价值，但也将使更多的无法升级自身技能的劳动者失业。经济合作与发展组织预测单亲家庭的比例定会继续在所有发达国家中上升。在没有父性角色的家庭长大的男孩，将更可能不能处理好长久关系(如夫妻关系)以至于形成新的单亲家庭，由此形成一个男性功能紊乱的死循环。
What can be done? Part of the solution lies in a change in cultural
attitudes. Over the past generation, middle-class men have learned that they
need to help with child care, and have changed their behaviour. Working-class
men need to catch up. Women have learned that they can be surgeons and
physicists without losing their femininity. Men need to understand that
traditional manual jobs are not coming back, and that they can be nurses or
hairdressers without losing their masculinity.
那么问题来了，我们能做什么呢?其一在于改变文化态度。在过去的一代，中产阶层的男士知晓了他们需要帮忙照看小孩，并由此改变了他们的行为。工人阶层的男士们需要加紧脚步赶上来了。女士知晓了她们可以成为外科医师和物理学家而不失其女性魅力。男人们需要明白传统的体力工作一去不复返，他们可以成为护士或美发师而不失其男性霸气侧漏之美。
Policymakers also need to lend a hand, because foolish laws are making the
problem worse. America reduces the supply of marriageable men by locking up
millions of young males for non-violent offences and then making it hard for
them to find work when they get out (in Georgia, for example, felons are barred
from feeding pigs, fighting fires or working in funeral homes). A number of rich
countries discourage poor people from marrying or cohabiting by cutting their
benefits if they do.
政府决策人也需搭把手，因为愚蠢的法令会令问题变得更糟。美国减少了对被关押的以百万数计的非暴力犯罪的处于适婚年龄的年轻男子的支持，并在他们出狱后找工作这种事上还要制绊脚石造(以乔治亚州为例，罪犯被禁止从事养猪，救火或在殡葬馆工作)。在一些发达国家，为了阻止穷人结婚或者同居这一目的，通过如果他们这么干的话就砍掉他们的福利这种手段来达到。
Even more important than scrapping foolish policies is retooling the
educational system, which was designed in an age when most men worked with their
muscles. Politicians need to recognize that boys' underachievement is a serious
problem, and set about fixing it. Some sensible policies that are good for
everybody are particularly good for boys. Early-childhood education provides
boys with more structure and a better chance of developing verbal and social
skills. Countries with successful vocational systems such as Germany have done a
better job than Anglo-Saxon countries of motivating non-academic boys and
guiding them into jobs, but policymakers need to reinvent vocational education
for an age when trainees are more likely to get jobs in hospitals than
factories.
不过比起废弃愚蠢的政策，改革设计于大多数男人都是用肌肉(而非脑)工作的年代的教育系统显得更为重要。政治家门应该意识到男孩们的学习成绩不良师一个很严峻的问题，并应立足于改善之。一些明智的政策是为每个人都好，特别是对男孩。早期儿童教育会提供男孩们更系统并更能更好的发展他们的口语能力和社会技能。有着成功的职业教育系统的国家如德国，在鼓励男孩去学术化，重职业化，并指导他们工作上，已经做的比起盎格鲁-撒克逊国家而言要好的多了。但政策制定者应将恢复职业教育的重心放在使受训者更倾向于日后在医院工作而不是在工厂工作这种时代要求上。
More generally, schools need to become more boy-friendly. They should
recognise that boys like to rush around more than girls do: it’s better to give
them lots of organised sports and energy-eating games than to dose them with
Ritalin or tell them off for fidgeting. They need to provide more male role
models: employing more male teachers in primary schools will both supply boys
with a male to whom they can relate and demonstrate that men can be teachers as
well as firefighters.
更广泛而言，学校需要变得更亲男孩化一些。他们应该意识到男孩比起女孩而言就是会更可能到处闯祸：比起给他们吃药或告诫他们不要乱动而言，最好还是提供给他们一些有组织的运动和耗费精力的游戏。他们需要男性榜样角色：在小学阶段，雇佣更多的男性教师，这不但可以给男孩子提供他们可以认同的男性角色，还可以为男人可以像成为消防员一样的成为教师提供实证。
The growing equality of the sexes is one of the biggest achievements of the
post-war era: people have greater opportunities than ever before to achieve
their ambitions regardless of their gender. But some men have failed to cope
with this new world. It is time to give them a hand.
男女越来越平等是战后我们取得的重大成就之一：比起以前，现今人们不论性别都可以拥有更好的机会去实现他们的梦想。但是一些男士未能适应这个新的世界，是时候对他们伸出援手了。
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【每日晨读】经济学人GRE双语阅读 航空公司对电子设备禁令不作为
日10:34 来源：互联网
阅读（563）
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Airline Security——Carry On Working
航空安全：继续努力
Airlines seem to have dodged a wider ban on electronic devices.
航空公司涉嫌对电子设备禁令不作为。
这篇阅读材料还有MP3音频哦!
The fear that business travellers on tranlantic flights might have to stop
working on spreadsheets and read a good book instead had been palpable.
现在有一种担忧甚嚣尘上：商务旅客在跨大西洋的航班上恐怕有可能只能读书而不能使用笔记本电脑办公了。
In recent weeks, agents at America's Department of Homeland Security had been
hinting to the media that a ban on large electronic devices in the cabins of
flights between Europe and America was likely.
最近几个星期，美国国土安全部的工作人员一直暗示媒体说，很有可能会禁止在往返欧洲和美国的航班上使用大型电子设备。
After a meeting on May 17th in Brussels, between American and EU officials,
however, reports suggest that threat has been averted.
不过，5月17日布鲁塞尔的美国和欧盟官员会议之后，会议报告中显示，为该信息担忧的人们可以松一口气了。
Airlines will be rejoicing if so.
特别是航空公司。
America had been expected to announce that all electronic gadgets larger than
a smartphone, such as tablets and laptops, would henceforth have to be put in
hold luggage.
早前就有人预计美国会宣布，今后所有比智能手机大的电子产品，如平板电脑和笔记本电脑，将必须办理托运。
The Trump administration (along with Britain) had already imposed similar
restrictions on flights from some Middle Eastern countries in March.
3月份特朗普当局(连同英国)就已经对一些中东国家的航班实施了类似的限制。
It seemed security officials had got wind of a specific terrorist threat,
possibly involving Islamic State (IS) , and perhaps similar to an attack
perpetrated on a Somalian jet in 2016.
很有可能是安全官员得到了关于恐怖主义威胁的密报，也许跟伊斯兰国(IS)有关，类似于2016年在索马里喷气机上发动的一次恐怖袭击事件。
Then, a terrorist blew a hole in the side of an airliner using a small bomb
concealed in a laptop placed against the cabin wall. (The terrorist got his
timing wrong, detonated too early, and wa no one else was
seriously hurt. )
一名恐怖分子使用放置在机舱墙壁上的一颗隐藏在笔记本电脑中的小型炸弹在机身侧面炸开了一个洞。(恐怖分子弄错了时间，过早引爆，自己被吸出客机，没有其他人受到严重的伤害)。
The reason for the apparent change of mind was unclear as The Economist went
正如 《经济学人》一篇文章说的那样，意见改变的原因尚不清楚。
Airlines had complained that alternative security options, such as enhanced
screening of passengers and their carry-on luggage, had not been fully
航空公司曾抱怨说，其他安全方案，例如加强对乘客及其随身携带的行李的检查，这类措施尚未考虑周全。
They also warned of the dangers of storing more lithium batteries in the
他们还警告了一次带有多块锂电池的危险性。
Such batteries, which are used in most electronic devices, have on occasion
combusted and brought down commercial aircraft, including a UPS cargo plane in
这种在大多数电子设备中都会使用的电池有时会自燃而导致飞机迫降，比如2010年时的UPS货机。
A controversy over whether Donald Trump gave classified information about the
risk of IS using laptops against aircraft to Russia's foreign minister, Sergei
Lavrov, last week, may also have had an impact on the debate, and helped
airlines to avoid a wider ban for now.
上周，唐纳德·特朗普是否将IS使用笔记本袭击飞机的机密信息泄漏给俄罗斯外交部长拉夫罗夫，引发了一场争论，这场争论可能产生影响并促使航空公司规避目前更大范围的禁令。
They have good reason to worry about the possibility.
他们有理由担心这种可能性。
The transatlantic market is hugely important on both sides of the pond.
大西洋两岸的跨大西洋市场对两边都非常重要。
Around 31m people flew from Europe to America last year, reckons IATA, an
airline industry group.
据国际航空运输协会(一个航空业组织)的估计，去年约有三千一百万人从欧洲飞往美国。
Business travellers, who rely on staying productive while in the air, would
have been the most reluctant to fly laptop-free.
禁止携带笔记本电脑的禁令，对于那些即使在空中也忙碌的商务旅客是最不情愿的。
In any case, executives are often forbidden to put company computers in the
hold for fear of theft or loss of sensitive information.
无论如何，高管通常被禁止将公司的电脑离身，以免被窃取或丢失敏感信息。
Business- and first-class seats account for only 13% of transatlantic
passengers but provide half the revenue.
尽管商务舱和一等舱乘客只占跨大西洋旅客的13%，但其提供了航班一半的收入。
Following the ban in the Middle East, Emirates, a Dubai-based carrier, cut
flights to America by a fifth (flyers were also put off by a strong dollar and
worries about potential immigration difficulties).
继中东禁令之后，光迪拜的阿联酋航空公司去往美国的航班就减少了五分之一(航班也因强势美元而推迟，并担心潜在的移民困难)。
If executives could not work on planes, it might cost the industries they
work for around $655m in lost productivity, calculates IATA, based on an
assumption that half of business-class passengers will lose five hours' working
time per flight.
据IATA所估计，如果高管们在每一次飞行中都失去五小时的工作时间，那么他们效力的行业可能会因为这五个小时的空白时间损失大约6.55亿美元。
Research from Oxford Economics, a forecasting outfit, found that in Britain a
1% increase in business travel is associated with a ￡400m ($518m) boost to
经济学研究公司(Oxford
Economics，一家预测机构)的一项调查，发现在英国，每增长1%的商务旅游，就能增加4亿英镑(5.18亿美元)的交易额。
John Kelly, America's homeland-security secretary, had suggestions for
business executives and families on how to cope with a laptop ban: read a book
or magazine or, heaven forfend, talk to the kids.
美国国土安全部长约翰·凯利就业务主管和家庭提出了如何应对笔记本电脑禁令的建议：阅读一本书或杂志，或者实在不行可以与孩子交谈。
Such tactics may not now be needed.
但从现在来看，这些策略可能都不需要了。
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