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氯气不能排放到空气中的原因一是有毒.还有呢
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第一氯气有剧毒应该晓得曾经二战时期,德军用氯气做化学武器第二,氯气溶于水,生成强腐蚀强酸性的次氯酸和盐酸污染水质,环境等等
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与水二氧化碳反应会形成腐蚀的酸。
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化学武器在战场上到底有多大作用？
本帖最后由 寒灯独夜人 于
22:35 编辑 龙腾网
编译：王戈
源链接：龙腾网
A Syrian soldier aiming an AK-47 while wearing a chemical warfare mask. (Photo )
一名戴着防毒面具的叙利亚士兵正在用AK-47瞄准目标
作者简介：马丁·罗宾斯（Martin Robbins）是一位英国作家，常年给《卫报》和《新闻人》供稿。“有龙出没”（Here Be Dragons）是他为VICE开的不定期更新专栏，致力于发掘科技和人文的边缘领域，大多数时候用词都会很直接。
Chemical warfare is actually pretty rare. When Syrian government forces allegedly attacked rebels in Ghouta with nerve agents last month, it was the first major recorded use of chemical warfare in a quarter of a century. The previous time was the bombing of Halabja, Iraq, by Saddam Hussein in 1988, which . Before that, chemical weapons only really saw the light of day in the Iran-Iraq war, the Yemeni civil war, and both World Wars. However, as little as they've been used in the grand scheme of things, their deployment in Syria wasn't a huge surprise. The civil war-torn country is one of only seven nations in the world that still refuses to sign the Chemical Weapons Convention, which outlaws the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons. And while everyone else was getting rid of their reserves, establishing their use as a &red line for the world,& Assad and his regime kept themselves busy
and building
in the world.& &&&One of the main problems with chemical weapons is that in relative terms they're incredibly easy to make. Mustard gas and chlorine could probably be whipped up by some of Walter White’s more attentive students, and even the ingredients for Sarin , although actually making the stuff is trickier. Pretty much any country with a laboratory and a competent chemist can get hold of all the toxic gases and nerve agents they want, though. So, considering the number of abjectly immoral, lawless, and evil people in the world, why aren’t they used more?The answer is that, today, they're not a particularly effective way of killing people. Chemical warfare came of age in the First World War,
the ideal environment for it to thrive—soldiers back then were sitting ducks, massed together in low-lying trenches, static targets for weeks or months at a time. The technology of death was r chlorine gas was quickly surpassed by phosgene and later mustard gas, each horrible in its own way. Chlorine reacted with water in the lungs to form hydrochloric acid, while mustard gas damaged membranes and inflicted terrible chemical burns across the skin. Advances in chemistry were matched by improvements in ballistics and flight, allowing chemical munitions to be accurately targeted and deployed for the first time. Chemical weapons had the potential to reshape the battlefield.That was the theory at least, and at the Battle of Loos in September 1915 the British tested it for the first time. Under the command of General Sir Douglas Haig, 5,500 cylinders holding 150 tons of chlorine were deployed in front of the front line. Clouds of poisonous gas were produced… only to promptly drift back over the British left flank when the winds changed. In spite of that snag, the attack had a largely positive impact from a B the Germans had no real experience with defending against gas attacks and it shook them up. If the British had kept enough men in reserve, they could have gained significant ground, assuming those men weren't among those who were inadvertently gassed. It was considered a success—sort of. The Battle of Loos highlighted a number of problems that still exist today, as Omar Lamrani at the explained to me. “Chemical weapons are very difficult to use effectively,& he said. &Ideal conditions and perfect handling are necessary for the weapons to inflict the maximum damage they are potentially capable of.” Even the slightest change in wind, dampness, or sunlight can hugely affect their potency. Some forms of mustard gas , and I’m not sure applying a decorative frosting to your enemies will get you very far in a war.
Installing 5,500 gas cylinders ahead of your front line isn’t exactly a piece of cake, either. “Perfect delivery methods are also difficult to enact,& Lamrani told me, &given that the most common means of delivery—artillery, rockets, bombs, missiles—often destroy a significant percentage of the chemical agent.& And if your troops are on the same battlefield, there’s a real risk of exposing them, too.When Saddam Hussein dropped chemical weapons on Halabja in 1988, he had the advantage of an air force, but even then it took hours of bombing runs to build up a large enough concentration of gas on the ground. That might be feasible when you’re bombing your own civilians, but it’s not a good strategy against anyone with decent anti-aircraft weapons.Then, of course, there are the counter-measures. Civilian gas masks are , but modern armies are relatively well equipped to deal with chemical attacks, and have been since the First World War. The main problem is the cumbersome protection required—both for those targeted by the weapons and those doing the targeting—which can severely restrict mobility and situational awareness.
of the official British history of World War I, &gas achieved but local success, it made war uncomfortable, to no purpose&.So why do regimes bother with the stuff? “Arsenals of chemical weapons, such as Syria’s, are primarily acquired for deterrence purposes against an outside force,” said Lamrani. “They often act as the equivalent of a ’poor man's nuke.’ Given the massive potential for collateral damage, they are often resorted to by a regime in desperate situations or in cases when territory has already been effectively seized by an opposing force.”In other words, chemical weapons are instruments of fear. When Hussein bombed Halabja, his intention wasn’t to seize the town, but to eradicate it. Once the residents had died or fled, the land was razed and soil and ground water were . Similarly, Assad’s attack on Ghouta wasn’t a decisive strike against rebel forces, but an act of indiscriminate terror inflicted on a rebel-held suburb by a desperate and cowardly ruler sensing his own mortality.“Chemical weapons are primarily a psychological weapon,& explained Lamrani. “Some of the nerve agents are not visible and do not have an odor, so—as you can imagine—one can feel quite defenseless against such a weapon.” Still, acts of terror will always be limited as a tool to control people. “No general civilian population has ever been completely pacified through the use of chemical weapons alone.”The city of Halabja was completely destroyed by Saddam’s forces, but by the following year a huddle of shacks had appeared—“,& wrote the New York Times. Soon, the huts were replaced with more permanent structures, and now several thousand homes stand on the site of Halabja Taza, a.k.a. New Halabja. The city lives on, while Saddam lies dead and buried. The odds are that Ghouta will outlive Assad, too—another testament to the resilience of people and the ultimate futility of chemical warfare.Follow Martin on Twitter: Martin Robbins is a writer and talker who blogs about weird and wonderful things for the Guardianand New Statesman. Here Be Dragons is a column that explores denial, conflict and mystery at the wild fringes of science and human understanding. Find him on Twitter , or email tips and feedback to .虽然我们整天听美国指责别国使用化学武器，但化学战争其实并不常见。上个月，叙利亚阿萨德政府被指责使用了化学武器，这其实是近70多年来第一次有记录的化学武器应用。上一次还是在1988年，当时萨达姆·侯赛因在伊拉克Halabja地区使用了化学武器，导致五千多人丧生。而在此之前，化学武器仅仅在两伊战争、也门内战、和两次世界大战中出现过。化学武器的最大问题，并不是它的杀伤力，而是它们非常容易制造。
在美剧《绝命毒师》（Breaking Bad）中，化学老师Walter White的学生们都能轻易获取芥子气和氯气——两种化学武器的重要成分；甚至连沙林（学名“甲氟膦酸异丙酯”，由纳粹德军在二战时期研制，用于集中营）也很容易得到。在世界上任何国家的高级实验室里，都储备有这些成分。所以问题来了：既然世界上有这么多无道德底线的混蛋，那为什么化学武器没有被更多使用呢？
答案是，在当今社会里，它并不是一种有效的杀人工具。化学武器起源于第一次世界大战，当时的士兵战斗力很弱，整天毫无组织地躲在低洼战壕里，面对的大多是静态目标，而且几周甚至几个月才开一次火。现在不同了，氯气已经逐渐被更加致命的光气（学名“碳酰氯”）和芥子气取代。氯气会与人肺里的水发生化学反应，形成盐酸（学名“氢氯酸”）；而芥子气则可以摧毁细胞膜，并在皮肤上造成严重烧伤。化学研究领域的发展，也促使弹道学和战争方式做出改变，使化学武器成为了各国军方防范的重要目标；因为人们意识到，化学武器有改变战局的潜力。
这种理论在战场上也的确实践过。1915年9月，在第一次世界大战的路斯战役（Battle of Loos）中，英国军队统领道格拉斯爵士（Sir Douglas Haig）在前线投放了5500个装有150吨氯气的圆桶，释放出有毒气体，向敌方的德国军队发起进攻。没想到的是，由于事先没有考虑风向问题，一部分毒气被刮回了英军阵地。不过总体来讲，由于德军毫无抵御化学气体攻击的经验，英军还是取得一定程度上的胜利。当然，如果你是那几个被本方毒气误伤的英国士兵的话，恐怕就不会这么想了。
从路斯战役里，我们可以发现一些至今仍在困扰化学武器使用的问题。就此问题，我采访了美国安全智库Stratfor的奥马尔·拉姆拉尼（Omar Lamrani）。“化学武器很难得到有效的使用，”他解释道。“而对于这种杀伤力巨大的武器来说，理想甚至完美的使用环境又至关重要。”也就是说，即使是极其微小的风向改变、潮湿环境、或者是阳光强度变化，都又可能影响化学武器的杀伤效率——某些介质的芥子气甚至在14摄氏度时就会冷却，到时候还打什么仗啊，完全相当于给敌军士兵加了一层晶莹剔透的冰膜（可能还挺好看的）。
说出来可能你不相信，但像道格拉斯爵士那样在自己前线放5500桶氯气并不是件容易的事。“不光是使用效率，运输化学武器也需要精准的方法，”拉姆拉尼说。“如果你用运输普通枪炮导弹的方式运化学武器，就会降低其中化学成分杀伤力。”除此之外，如果你和敌军处在同一块战场上，使用化学武器还会有殃及自身的危险。当萨达姆在1988年使用化学武器时，他使用的是空投；但即便如此，仅仅是毒气的聚集就长达好几个小时。这种方法也许对残杀自己的人民有用，但一旦面对拥有同等空军配置的对手，空投化学武器就会完全失去威力。
我们再来说说应对化学武器攻击的措施。民用防毒面具基本没用，而现代军队从第一次世界大战之后，就基本都拥有了完善的防毒设备。但是问题在于，这些设备都十分笨拙，无论你是使用化学武器的一方，还是防备的一方，都需要佩戴沉重的防毒设备；这样一来，军队的灵活性和应急性就受到了限制。
这样说来，为什么还会有国家为化学武器大伤脑筋呢？因为使用化学武器是恐惧的表现。当萨达姆轰炸Halabja时，他并不是想占领这个地方，而是想摧毁它。当Halabja的居民被斩尽杀绝后，这里的土地也失去了使用价值，因为土壤和水都被化学污染了。同理，上个月叙利亚的阿萨德武装对Ghouta的进攻也是如此，阿萨德政府并不是为了攻击反对派和自由军，而是统治者感到恐惧后不分青红皂白滥杀的表现。
“说白了，化学武器是种心理攻击，”拉姆拉尼解释说。“很多神经性毒剂都无色无味，所以平民在面对它们时是完全无抵抗能力的。”即便如此，这样的恐怖袭击对控制平民并没有太大作用，至少目前看来，世界上没有一个国家的政权是单凭化学武器攻击建立的。整座Halabja城都被萨达姆的军队摧毁，但就在攻击发生后的一年，当地人就开始重建家园，零零散散的小棚屋出现在废墟上；再往后不久，小棚屋被更坚实的水泥建筑代替；而时至今日，数以千计的住宅楼耸立在这片土体上，人们正在重新找回生活的平静节奏。萨达姆死了，这座城市却绝地重生。
被阿萨德武装攻击的Ghouta也终将是这样，化学武器也许能造成大规模伤亡，但与所有丧心病狂的屠杀一样，它们无法摧毁人们对新生的渴望。
龙腾移动网页版
切认为，化学武器除了进行恐怖主义外基本无任何价值。低廉的价格，低科技含量，较大杀伤力，使用方便，对已防护目标的无力感，是恐怖主义对付普通民众的第一选择。龙腾网
我突然发现一个问题，炸药也好毒气也好，这些都太容易制作了，原材料也太容易获得了，而且都是可以做到很难被普通的安检设备所检测。所以上兵伐谋，文化攻略为主，外交攻略其次，千万避免武力。
龙腾移动网页版
怎么越战的橙剂不算化武么?还是老米的化武不是化武是自由的分子剂
还有日军在中国也用了 70年 呵呵 西方人还真是只看自己&
摇摇欲坠的阿萨德终于成功脱离世界焦点，并且获得了宝贵的喘息机会
那要看冲突发生在哪两方之间了
化学武器只是难防护，成本低而已
怎么越战的橙剂不算化武么?还是老米的化武不是化武是自由的分子剂
橙剂是一种除草剂，其攻击目标是植物，对人畜的毒性属于其大量使用后的副作用，而在效果上和直接以夺取敌人性命为目标的化学武器也是不能同日而语的。
怎么越战的橙剂不算化武么?还是老米的化武不是化武是自由的分子剂龙腾网
越战比海湾战争早
越战比海湾战争早龙腾网
哪二战也比越战早啊
哪二战也比越战早啊龙腾网
两伊战争是在叙利亚化武袭击前人类最后一次有记录的使用化学武器
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Comsenz Inc.澳大利亚外交部长：爱死正在开发化学武器——氯气已经投入使用【中东吧】_百度贴吧
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澳大利亚外交部长：爱死正在开发化学武器——氯气已经投入使用收藏
澳大利亚外交部长在5日在西部演讲时说，一屎烂国在原有的使用氯气的基础上，正在开发或入手真正意义上的化学武器。氯气是被禁止化学武器条约所禁止的。根据6日发表的演讲录像，外交部长指出：一屎烂国从欧美各国召集专家，正在全力研发化学武器，因为与核武器相比化学武器的关心度较低，所以它是20世纪使用范围最广的大规模杀伤性武器，拿出对策是当务之急。
正版授权奇迹MU页游，奇迹重生！原汁原味还原奇迹，十年轮回！
氯气是化学武器？这个有点吓人哦，这个难道不是用来净水的吗？
问题是消灭一个爱4，还会出来个爱5，根源不解决，什么都白搭
其实芥子气也很好制造，只要有制造圆珠笔芯的工厂就可以弄到原料去制造，不过储存和使用很危险！
登录百度帐号推荐应用IS分子被指对平民使用化武 含有毒氯气伤亡不详
来源：澎湃新闻
原标题：IS恐怖分子被指对平民使用化学武器，含有毒氯气伤亡不详
　　据俄罗斯卫星网4月8日报道，伊拉克摩苏尔市行政首长哈波7日向俄卫星通讯社表示，“伊斯兰国”（IS）的恐怖分子对该市平民使用有毒气体。　　哈波称，“伊斯兰国”7日对已被解放地区的平民和政府军使用了带有有毒气体氯气的弹药，但他表示还不清楚具体的受害人数及相关消息。　　此前，据库尔德RUDAW电视台报道，“伊斯兰国”武装分子3月份在摩苏尔市中心的战斗中对伊拉克政府军使用了有毒气体。　　据英国《每日邮报》4月1日报道，伊拉克安全部队在解放摩苏尔部分地区后发现了装载着氯气罐、伪装成垃圾车的卡车。前美国中情局主管布伦南去年曾发出警告称，“伊斯兰国”武装已开始使用化学武器，并具备了制造少量致命氯气的能力。　　据《伊拉克新闻》网4月4日报道，有包括妇女与儿童在内的35名平民在“伊斯兰国”武装对摩苏尔西部的炮击中丧命。而世界卫生组织的消息显示，有包括妇女和儿童在内的至少12人因在摩苏尔遭受化学武器攻击而接受治疗。　　俄罗斯国防部发言人伊戈尔 科纳申科夫7日表示，禁止化学武器组织对“伊斯兰国”在伊拉克摩苏尔使用化学武器反应冷淡，俄方对此感到惊讶。
(责任编辑：徐永刚 UN006)
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