send,shall we sit,sing,sit过去式是什么?

动词第三人称单数的变化规则 ....................................................................................................... 2 现在分词的变化规则 ....................................................................................................................... 2 动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则 ............................................................................................... 2 过去分词 ........................................................................................................................................... 3 构成 ........................................................................................................................................... 4 作表语 ....................................................................................................................................... 4 作定语 ....................................................................................................................................... 5 作状语 ....................................................................................................................................... 5 作宾语补足语............................................................................................................................ 6 with +宾语+过去分词 ............................................................................................................... 7 不规则变化 ............................................................................................................................... 7 常用过去分词.......................................................................................................................... 11 其他特殊情况.......................................................................................................................... 12 单数名词变复数名词 ..................................................................................................................... 14 英语十六种时态 (以 study 为例) .................................................................................................. 15 1. 一般现在时 ........................................................................................................................ 16 2. 现在进行时(be doing) ..................................................................................................... 16 3. 现在完成时(have done) .................................................................................................. 17 4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing) .............................................................................. 18 5. 一般过去时 ........................................................................................................................ 19 6. 过去完成时(had done) .................................................................................................... 20 7. 过去将来时(would/ should do) ..................................................................................... 20 8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing) ....................................................................................... 20 9. 一般将来时 ........................................................................................................................ 21 10. 将来进行时(will be doing) ........................................................................................... 23 11. 将来完成时(will have done) ........................................................................................ 23 12)将来完成进行时:shall have been doing ,will have been doing ..................... 24 13)过去完成进行时:had been doing .............................................................................. 24 14) 过去将来进行时:should be doing , would be doing........................................... 24 15) 过去将来完成时:should have done , would have done .................................... 24 16) 过去将来完成进行时:should have been doing , would have been doing ..... 24 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换:.............................................................. 25动词第三人称单数的变化规则1、大多数动词在词尾加“S”在清辅音后发音为[s],在浊辅音及元音后发音为 [z]。如: ①stop-stops [s] ; make-makes [s] ②read-reads [z] ; play-plays [z] 2、以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,要先将“y”变为“i”,然后在加“es”读[iz] 如: fly-flies [z]; carry-carries [z] study-studies [z]; worry-worries 3、以“s, x, ch, sh”结尾的,在词尾加“es”,发音为[iz] 如: teach-teaches [iz]; watch-watches [iz] 4、以“o”结尾的动词,加“es”,读[z] 如: go-goes [z] do-does [z] 下面几个动词变为单数时,原词的元音部分的发音发生了较大的变化,请注意记忆。 如: 1、do [du:]-does [dz] 2、say [sei]-says [sez] 3、have—has 以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词,如果尾音是[s],[z]时,加“s”后字母“e”发音, 与所加“s”一起 读做[iz]。 如: close-closes [iz] be 动词包括:am, is, are。第三人称单数用 is;过去式为 was;复数用 are,过去式为 were.现在分词的变化规则1、 一般在词尾加-ing(一般-ing) 。例如: going,playing,knowing 2、 以不发音的字母 e 结尾,先去 e 再加-ing(去哑 e) 。例如:making,arriving,coming 3、 以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母时,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ing(重 闭单辅先双写) 。例如:running,stopping,preferring 4、 以-ie 结尾,先将-ie 改成 y,再加-ing。例如:tying,dying, lying 口诀:现在进行 ing,以 e 结尾要去 e,除去几个特殊词,系住 tie-tying 死去 die-dying 要躺下 lie-lying,直接 ie 变成 y,一元一辅双写辅(单音节的词) 。动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则规则动词的过去式的构成 1、一般情况下,动词词尾加 -ed ,如: work—worked play—played wanted—wanted act—acted 2、以不发音的 -e 结尾动词,动词词尾加 -d,如: live—lived move—moved taste—tasted hope—hoped 3、以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词,把-y 变为-i 再加-ed,如: study—studied copy—copied cry—cried carry—carried 4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加 -ed,如: stop—stopped 5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。 go – went make – made get – got buy - bought come - came fly-flew 不规则动词的过去式的构成1.把动词原形中的 i 改为 a,变成过去式。如: begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam 2.把重读开音节中的 i 改为 o,变成过去式。如: drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote 3.改动词原形中的 aw /ow 为 ew,变成过去式。如: draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词 show 除外,show—showed) 4.动词原形中的 e 改为 o,变成过去式。如: get—got,forget—forgot 5.动词原形中的 ee 改为 e,变成过去式。如: feed—fed,meet—met 6.动词原形中的 eep 改为 ept,变成过去式。如: keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept 7.动词原形中的 eak 改为 oke,变成过去式。如: break—broke,speak—spoke 8.动词原形中的 ell 改为 old,变成过去式。如: sell—sold,tell—told 9.动词原形中的 an 改为 oo,变成过去式。如: stand—stood,understand—understood 10.以 ought 和 aught 结尾,且读音是〔 :t〕的过去式。如: bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught 11.以 ould 结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如: can—could,shall—should,will—would 12.把动词原形中的 o 改为 a,变成过去式。如: come—came,become—became 13.在动词原形后加 d 或 t 变成过去式,并且发生音变。如: hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕 , say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕 ,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕 14.动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如: let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read〔red〕 15.不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如: am, is—was, are—were, build—built, do—did, eat—ate, fall—fell, feel—felt, find—found, fly—flew, go—went , have / has—had , hold—held , leave—left , make—made , may—might , run—ran , see—saw,take—took 过去式“-ed”的发音规则 (1)动词词尾为“t,d”时,发/ id /音, want →wanted (要)need →needed (需要) (2)动词词尾为清辅音时,发/ t / 音。 help →helped (帮助)laugh →laughed (笑)look →looked (看) kiss →kissed (吻)wash →washed (洗) watch →watched (注视) (3)动词词尾为 t,d 以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/ d /音。 call →called (叫)stay→stayed (停留)cry→cried (哭)过去分词构成1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点 变化规则: (1)一般动词,在词尾直接加“-ed ”。 (然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式) work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited (2)以不发音的“e”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“d ”。 live---lived---lived (3)以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“-ed”。 study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried,try—tried—tried,fry—fried—fried.[1] (4)重读闭音节结尾, 末尾只有一个辅音字母 (r、 y、 x 除外) , 先双写该辅音字母, 再加“-ed”。 stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped?特例:有两类动词本身应该直接加“ed”,但由于历史习惯,依旧要双写最后一个字母,再加“ed”。以“元音字母+l”非重读结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写“l",再加 “ed”。例如 cancel→cancelled,dial→dialled。另外还有一些以非重读闭音节结尾的规则 动词变过去分词也要双写最后一个辅音字母,再加“ed”。例如:kidnap→kidnapped, worship→worshipped。而上述两种情况在美国一般却直接加“ed”。 (5)以 c 结尾的动词,要变 c 为 ck,再加“-ed”。 picnic→picnicked,traffic→trafficked?注: 这样做主要是为了避免变化后其原型尾音/k/变成/s/。 根据英文的拼写规则,c 在字母 e、i、y 之前均发/s/,其他情况下均发/k/。如果直接加“ed”的话,trafficed 将 会读成/'trae f?s?d/,而不读/'trae f?kt/。 2 、不规则动词,见不规则表 作表语The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而 被动语态则表示动作。 (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语 态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。(过去分词作表语) 【 注 意 】 过 去 分 词 表 示 被 动 和 完 成 , V-ing 形 式 表 示 主 动 和 进 行 . 有 些 动 词 如 interest,bore,worry,surprise,frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰 物.。(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣。 作定语作定语的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定 语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成。 1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前。 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了 的情况。 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时, 一般置于其所修饰的名词之后, 其意义相当于一个定语从句, 但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中。 The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。 3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号。 The meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero. 他们举行 了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物, 这种过去分词在形式上虽不直 接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。 The boy looked up with a pleased satisfied expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。 作状语1. 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。 (1) Written in a hurry,this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。 【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的 是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的 有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出 身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)。 (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought,he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他 没听到那个声音。 2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致; (1) Given another hour,I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I, 即 I 被再给一个小时。) (2)Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮。(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻 辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市。) 【注意】 如果过去分词作状语时, 前面再加逻辑主语, 主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语, 这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。 (1) The signal given,the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了。(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是 given 的逻辑主语。 (2) Her head held high,she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是 held high 的逻辑主语。) 3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句. (1) Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨, 所以他全身湿透了。 (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.) (2)_Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长 得很快。( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 。If these seeds are grown in rich soil. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作 状语。 When given a medical examination,you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。 4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开; 也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开。 He stood there silently,moved to tears. = Moved to tears,he stood there silently. 他静静地 站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。 作宾语补足语(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类: 1. 表 示 感 觉 或 心 理 状 态 的 动 词 . 如 : see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,think 等。 (1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。(过去分词 sung 的动 作显然先于谓语动作) (2) He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。 ( 过去分词 changed 的动作显然先于谓语动作 found) 2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have,make,get,keep,leave 等。 (1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发。 (2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。 (3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。 3. 表示思维活动的动词如 consider,know,think 等后。如: (1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。 (2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中又受愚弄 了。 4. 表示爱憎,意愿的动词如 want, wish, like, hate 等后。如: (1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。 (2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。 (二)使役动词 have 接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。 1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。 He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。(被别人偷去了) 2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。 (自己的经历) with +宾语+过去分词此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with 的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件, 原因等状语。 (1) The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他 的双手被绑在背后。(表方式) (2) With water heated,we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气。(表条件) (3) With the matter settled,we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了。(表原因) (4)_She stood in front of him,with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着 他。 (5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿。 不规则变化AAA 型即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。 (共 9 个) cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let—let put—put—put read—read—read(read 的原形和过去式、过去分词 读音不同[2] ) set-set-set shut-shut-shut ABB 型过去式、过去分词相同。 (共 42 个) 1.过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。 (4 个) bring—brought—brought buy—bought—bought think—thought—thought fight—fought—fought 2.词尾有-ild,-end 时,只需把 d 变为 t。 (4 个) build—built—built lend—lent— lentsend—sent—sent spend—spent— spent 3.过去式、过去分词都含有 -aught。 (2 个) catch—caught—caught teach—taught—taught 4.把-eep、-eel 变为-ept、-elt。 (4 个) keep—kept—kept sleep—slept—slept sweep— swept—swept feel—felt— felt 5.把-ell 变为-old。 (2 个) tell—told—told sell—sold—sold 6.把-ell、-ill 变为-elt 或-ilt。 (3 个) smell—smelt—smelt spell—spelt—spelt spill—spilt—spilt 7.把-eed、-ead、-eet 变为-ed 或-et。 (4 个) feed—fed—fed lead—led—led speed—sped—sped meet—met—met 8.过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加 t。 (5 个) learn—learnt—learnt mean—meant—meant spoil—spoilt—spoilt burn—burnt—burnt dream—dreamt—dreamt 9.过去式、过去分词词尾去 y 变-id(4 个) say—said—said pay—paid—paid lay—laid—laid hear—heard—heard 10.改变元音字母。 (12 个) meet—met—met feed—fed—fed get—got—got sit—sat—satfind—found—found hold—held—held spit—spat—spat shine—shone—shone win—won—won hang—hung—hung dig— dug—dug lose—lost—lost 11.改变辅音字母。 (4 个) make—made—made build—built—built send—sent—sent spend—spent—spent 12.改变元、辅音字母。 (4 个) leave—left—left stand—stood—stood have/has—had—had understand—understood—understood ABC 型原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。 (共 39 个) 1.i—a—u 变化。 (7 个) begin—began—begun drink—drank—drunk sing— sang—sung ring—rang—rung swim—swam—swum sink— sank—sunk spring—sprang—sprung 2.词尾为-ow,-aw 时,过去式将其变为-ew,过去分词在其原形后加 n。 (5 个) blow—blew—blown draw—drew—drawn grow— grew—grown know—knew—known throw—threw—thrown(show 除外) 3.词尾为“i+辅(1 个)+e”,过去式将 i 变为 o,过去分词多在原形后加 n,若那个辅音字 母为 d 或 t,须双写 d 或 t 后加 n。 (4 个) (give,hide 除外)drive—drove—driven write—wrote—written ride— rode—ridden rise—rose—risen 4.过去分词在过去式后加 n。 (3 个) wake—woke—woken speak-spoke-spoken steal-stole-stolen 5.过去分词由过去式加-ten 构成。 (2 个) get-got-gotten/got forget—forgot—forgotten 6.过去分词由原形加(e)n 构成。 (6 个) be—was(were)—been eat—ate—eaten fall—fell—fallen give—gave—given see—saw—seen hide—hid—hidden(hid) 7.词尾为-ake 时,过去式将其变为-ook,过去分词在原形词后加-n。 (2 个) take—took—taken mistake—mistook—mistaken 8.原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。 (6 个) do—did—done fly—flew—flown go—went—gone lie—lay—lain show—showed—shown wear—wore—worn 9.词尾为-eak 时,过去式将其变为-oke,过去分词在过去式后加-n。 (2 个) break—broke—broken speak—spoke—spoken 10.词中间为“oo+辅(1 个)+e”或“ee+辅(1 个)+e”,过去式将 oo、ee 变为 o,过去分 词在过去式后加-n。 (2 个) choose—chose—chosen freeze—froze—frozenAAB 型过去式和原形相同。 (1 个) beat—beat—beaten ABA 型过去分词和原形相同。 (共 3 个) 1.词中间为“o+辅+e”时,过去式将 o 变为 a。 (2 个) come—came—come become—became—become 2.u—a—u 变化。 (1 个) run— ran—run 情态动词型(除 must) 只有原形和过去式,没有过去分词。 (共 4 个) can—could may—might will—would shall—should must 既没有过去式也没有过去分词 常用过去分词begin(开始) began begun drink(喝) drank drunk ring(铃响) rang rung sing (唱) sang sung swim(游泳) swam swum blow(吹) blew blown draw(画) drew drawn fly(飞) flew flown grow(生长) grew grown know(知道) knew known throw(投掷) threw thrown show(出示) showed shown break(打破) broke broken choose(选择) chose chosen forget(忘记) forgot forgotten (forgot) speak(说,讲) spoke spokenwake(醒) woke woken drive(驾驶) drove driven eat(吃) ate eaten fall(落下) fell fallen give(给) gave given rise(升高) rose risen take(取) took taken ride(骑) rode ridden write(写) wrote written do(做) did done go(去) went gone lie(平躺) lay lain see(看见) saw seen wear (穿) wore worn 不规则的动词 cost(花费)cost costcut(割) cut cut hit(打) hit hit hurt(伤害) hurt hurt let(让) let let put(放) put put read(读) read read 其他特殊情况cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cling clung clung clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept crow crowed/crew crowed cut cut cut dare dared/durst dared[2]动词原形 过去式 过去分词 arise arose arisendeal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt dwelt eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade/forbad forbidden forecast forecast/forecasted forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen gainsay gainsaid gainsaid get got gotten gild gilded/gilt gilded gird girded/girt girded/girt give gave given forecast/forecasted dreamt/dreamedawake awoke/awaked awoken be was/were been bear bore borne(携带)/born(出生) beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun befall befell befallen bend bent bent bet bet bet bind bound bound bite bit bitten/bit bleed bled bled blend blended blent bless blessed blest blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast build built built burn burnt/burned burnt/burned burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcastedgo went gone grave graved graven/graved grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung/hanged hung/hanged have had had hear heard heard heave heaved/hove hesved/hove hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt know knew known lade laded laden lay laid laid lead led led lean leant/leaned leant/leaned leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain(躺)pay paid paid prove proved proved/proven put put put quit quitted/quit quitted/quit read read read rend rent rent ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen rive rived riven/rived run ran run saw sawed sawn/sawed say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn/sewed shake shook shaken shave shaved shaved/shaven shear sheared sheared/shorn shed shed shed shine shone shone shoe shod shod shoot shot shot show showed shown/showed shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken shrive shrove/shrived shriven/shrived shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken sit sat sat slay slew slain sleep slept slept slide slid slid sling slung slung slink slunk slunklie(撒谎)lied liedlight lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met melt melted meited/molten mistake mistook mistaken misunderstand misunderstood outgrow outgrew outgrown overcome overcame overcome oversee oversaw overseen misunderstoodslit slit slit smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled smite smote smitten sow sowed sown/sowed speak spoke spoken speed sped/speeded sped/speeded spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled spend spent spent spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled spin spun/span spun spit spat/spit spat/spit spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled spread spread spread spring sprang/sprung sprung stand stood stood stave staved/stove staved/stove steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung swear swore sworn sweep swept sweptswell swelled swollen/swelled swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden/trod upset upset upset wake woke/waked woken/waked wear wore worn weave wove woven weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound work worked/wrought worked/wrought wring wrung wrung write wrote written单数名词变复数名词英语上名词按可数与否可分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词按数目又可分为单数名词和复数名词。 (不可数名词没有复数形式如 water。 ) 单数名词主要用来表示“一个”东西的概念。数量大于“1”就应用复数名词来描述。 规则变化 1. 一般在名词词尾加-s。如:dog-dogs, house-houses, gram-grams. 2. 以-s,-sh, -ch 及-x 结尾的名词加-es 构成其复数形式。如: kiss-kisses, watch-watches, box-boxes, bush-bushes. 3. 以-o 结尾,注意以下几点: (1)一般在词尾加-es.如:tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes ( 2 )如果是外来语或缩写名词 , 则加 -s 。如: piano-pianos, dynamo-dynamos, photo-photos, kimono-kimonos, biro-biros。 (3)有些以-o 结尾的名词,其-o 前是元音字母则加-s。如:studio-studios, radio-radios. (4)以-oo 结尾的名词只加-s。如:zoo-zoos。 4. 以“辅音字母 + -y“ 结尾的名词, 则先把-y 改成 i, 再加-es。 如: baby-babies, university-universities, fly-flies, impurity-impurities. 5. 下列以 f 或-fe 结尾的名词, 须先将-f 或-fe 改成-v, 再加-es。 这些名词是: calf, half , knife, leaf, life,loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf 等。如:wife-wives, wolf-wolves, calf-calves.(像 roof 等词直接 加 s,如果是初中阶段,掌握 roos 一个特别单词就行了) 6. 以下几个名词 scarf, wharf, hoof, handkerchief 等的复数形式,可先将-f 或-fe 改成-v,再加-es; 也可直接加-s ,即 scarfs 或 scarves, wharfs 或 wharves, hoofs 或 hooves, handkerchiefs 或 handkerchieves。 不规则变化 1.child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意:由一个词加 man 或 woman 构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和 -women,如 an Englishman,two Englishmen。但 German 不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;Bowman 是姓, 其复数是 the Bowmans。 2.单复同形,如 deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, a meter, two meters。 3.集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person, a policeman,a head of cattle. 4.以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: ①. maths,politics,physics 等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。 ②. news 为不可数名词。 ③. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是 1945 年组建起来的。 ④. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如: "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5.表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 等,若表达具体数目,要 借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); two pairs of trousers 等。 6.另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods 货物,waters 水域,fishes(各 种)鱼。 7. 有些表示生物的名词,其复数形式与单数相同。如:fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer。这类名 词还有 aircraft, means 等 8. 有些名词以改变元音构成其复数形式。如:man-men, woman-women, goose-geese, foot-feet, mouse-mice, louse-lice, tooth-teeth 等。 9.人称代词的复数形式: it/she/he-they,you--you,I--we。 10.Be 动词的复数形式: is/am--are。英语十六种时态 (以 study 为例)一般时 现在 study 进行时 be studying 完成时 have studied 完成进行时 have been studying过去 studied 将来 will studybe studying wil be studyinghad studied will have studiedhad been studying will have been studying would have been studying过去将来 would study would be studying would have studied时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时 态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。 1. 一般现在时 英语时态分为 16 种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、 完成时和完成进行时。 用法:A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 B) 习惯用语。 C) 经常性、习惯性动作。 例:He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。) D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持 从句时态一致。 E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 始、结束、继续”等的动词)可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.(下一趟火车今天下午 3 点开车。) How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?) F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事情。 例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours. (等你完成这份报告的时候,我就已经等了将近 3 个小时了。) 2. 现在进行时(be doing) 、停、开 主句、。常见的用法是:飞机、火用法:现在正在进行的动作。 3. 现在完成时(have done) 用法:A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell答案是 C) haven't sold。 B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时 经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用 since 加一个过去的时间点,或 for 加一段时间,或 by 加一个 现在时间。 例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge B) may be challenged C) have been challenged D) are challenging全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被 现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge 是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今 天, 所以要用现在完成时态。 可见答案是 C) have been challenged。 A) are to challenge 和 D) are challenging 都是主动语态,不可能是答案。B) may be challenged 虽然是被动语态,但意思与全 句内容不合,所以不对。C) 表示发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词, 如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose 等。 例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。) 注意事项:A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现 在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去 的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。 例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years. (他曾经在那家医院工作了 8 年。 这只是讲述一个过去的事实, 他现在已经不在那家医院了。 )He has worked in that hospital for 8 years. (他已经在那家医院里工作了 8 年。表示他从过去开始工作,一直工作到现在,现在仍在那 家医院工作。) B) 因为含有 for 加一段时间或 since 加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续 性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。 例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续) My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词) C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。 例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。) D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。 例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him. (从我上次见到他以来已经 10 年了。) E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中,主句 要求完成时。 例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。) 4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing) 用法:表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。 例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止,我们一直 在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。) 注意事项:与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调:在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或 状态一直持续或一直反复出现。 例:It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A) had leaked C) leakedB) is leaking D) has been leaking从本题上下文看,这两个句子的意思是:“看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得 不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前,并且延续到 现在为止仍在继续。因此,空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking 是现 在完成进行时,因此是本题的答案。有 11%的考生误选了 B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语 for some time,表示谓语动作延续,谓语不能用现在进行时,必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考 生误选了 C) leaked 或 A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时,所以第 一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。 5. 一般过去时 用法:A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。 B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由 would/ used to do 表达的句型,本身表示的 时。 例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他 的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。) He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。) C) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。 例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?) Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?) 注意事项:A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词 或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago 等,绝对不可与 recently, in the past 10 years, this month 等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现 在时。 B) used to do 的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do 都对。Used to do 经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth 结 构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经",要求加动词原形;后者表示"习惯于",要求加名 词或动名词。 就是过去6. 过去完成时(had done) 用法:表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说 的:表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。 Until then, his family _________ from him for six months. A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard D) hadn't heardB) hasn't been hearing全句的意思是:“到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出,谓 语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成, 因此谓语要用过去完成时。 答案是 D)。 其它选项中: A) didn't hear, 因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态, 所以不能与时间状语 for six months 连用。B) hasn't been hearing,现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在 进行的动作,与题意不符。C) hasn't heard,现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的 动作。而题中的 then 只表示过去的某一时刻,不能表示现在时间。 注意事项:“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的 限制。 例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门 进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。) 分析:虽然时间状语是 just now,似乎应该使用一般过去时,但是“在房间里”这个状态是在" 开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的,所以应该用过去完成时。 7. 过去将来时(would/ should do) 用法:表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。 例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天拜访 我的朋友。) 注意事项:由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的,所以其注意事项可以参考过去 时和将来时的相关注意事项。 8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)用法:A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。 例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10 分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。) B) 如果 when, while 这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时, 则另一个句 子常用过去进行时。 例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头 发。)。 注意事项:其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时 9. 一般将来时 用法:A) 基本结构是 will / shall do。 例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift. (我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。) B) 有些动词,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay 等,用于一般进行时,并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用,可以表 示将来时。 例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May. (我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到 5 月。) C) 表示“打算去……,要……”时,可用 be going to do。 例:This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。) D) 表示“即将、正要”时,可用 be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。 例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you. (别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。) E) "be to do"的 5 种用法: a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。) b) 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于 should, must, ought to, have to),表示一种命令、 规劝性语气。 例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes. (孩子们,你们必须上床睡觉,不准吵闹。我们的客人 5 分钟之内就要到了。) c) 能或不能发生的事情(接近 can, may) 例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢?) d) 不可避免将要发生的事情,后来将要发生的事情。 例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended B. will be attended to C. is attended D. is attended to will be attended to 关键的一点是: attend 表示“处理, 解决”时是不及物动词, 必须与 to 连用。 另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是 B。 e) 用于条件从句“如果……想,设想”(接近 if ……want to,或 if ……should) 例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided. A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been答案是 A) is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必须作出更大努力来增加农业 产量。” F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是 be on the point of doing。 例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points. (教练想要放弃这场比赛了,因为对方已经射进了 7 个球。)例:I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on答案是 D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“当他 的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。” 注意事项: 在以 if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless 等连词以及具有连 词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时代替将来 时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。 例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到 明年你回来的时候,他的身体已经好多了。) 10. 将来进行时(will be doing) 用法:强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。 例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time. (别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时穿一件红色的 T 恤衫和一条白色的短裙。) 注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可 参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。 11. 将来完成时(will have done) 用法:表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是发生在某个 将来时间,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴 的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关,变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。 例: The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lasted C) would last B) will have lasted D) has lasted本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是:“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中 by the time it ends 表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻,因此要用将来完成时。答案是 B) will havelasted。如果选 A),因为情态动词 must 后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情 的一种肯定推测,而本句的时间状语是 by the time it ends 而非 by the time it ended,所以犯了 时态不呼应的错误。Would 虽可以表示推测或可能性,但 would last 不能表示延续到将来某一时 刻的动作,所以 C) would last 错误。因为 D) has lasted 是现在完成时,表示到现在为止已经完 成的动作,不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以也不正确。 注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可 以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。 12)将来完成进行时:shall have been doing ,will have been doing 例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了 3 年了。)(被动语态) 13)过去完成进行时:had been doing 例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我 10 岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟 表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。) (此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复 进行。)(被动语态) 14) 过去将来进行时:should be doing , would be doing 例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July. (政府承诺说第二年 7 月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。) (此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间,所以最好用将来进行时。)(此句为被动语态) 15) 过去将来完成时:should have done , would have done 例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong. (我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。)(此句为被动 语态) 16) 过去将来完成进行时:should have been doing , would have been doing例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. (他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了 3 年了。)英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换: 一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用 别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与 之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一 般过去时”的句型,请看: A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中,at 加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如 at work(在工作),at school(上 学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看: Peter is at work,but Mike is at play. Peter is working,but Mike is playing. 三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中 go,come,leave,start,arrive 等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将 要发生的动作。如:I am coming,Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看: The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换 “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事;将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书 面语中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词 shall。在口语中,所有人称都可以用 will。请看: We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.

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