GROWTH AND YIELDING OF JONAGOLD AND LIGOL APPLE TREES ON M.9 AND P 22 SUBCLONES, AND SOME OTHER POLISH ROOTSTOCKS - PDF
Start display at page:
Download "GROWTH AND YIELDING OF JONAGOLD AND LIGOL APPLE TREES ON M.9 AND P 22 SUBCLONES, AND SOME OTHER POLISH ROOTSTOCKS"
Transcription
1 SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. SODININKYST&E IR DARÞININKYST&E (3) GROWTH AND YIELDING OF JONAGOLD AND LIGOL APPLE TREES ON M.9 AND P 22 SUBCLONES, AND SOME OTHER POLISH ROOTSTOCKS Alojzy CZYNCZYK, Pawel BIELICKI, Barbara BARTOSIEWICZ Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture 96- Skierniewice, Pomologiczna str. 8, Poland.
The effect of subclones of M.9 (M.9T 337, Pajam, RN 29), P 22 (P 22/K, P 22/A, P 22/J), and some new Polish rootstocks (P 59, P 6, P 6 and P 62) on the growth and yielding of Jonagold and Ligol apple trees was studied in a field experiment over a period of years. The vigour of both cultivars on subclones M.9 was very close to that on the standard rootstock M.9 EMLA, but trees on Pajam were the smallest. Trees Jonagold grafted on the new Polish rootstock P 62 were significantly less vigorous than those on M.9 EMLA. Tree vigour of both cultivars on the subclones of P 22 was similar to that on the standard rootstock P 22. Jonagold trees grafted on P 6 were significantly smaller than the standard trees on P 22. The smallest trees of both cultivars were obtained on P 59. In the group of semi-dwarfing rootstocks, the smallest trees were on P 6 and the largest on P 4. Yields were more or less proportional to tree size. Among the subclones of P 22, the highest cumulative yields for both cultivars were obtained on P 22/A. The highest cumulative yields for both cultivars on the M.9 subclones were obtained on M.9T 337 and, in the semi-dwarfing group, for Jonagold trees on P 6 and Ligol trees on P 4. The values of the yield efficiency index for the subclones of M.9 were similar to those for M.9 EMLA, and among the subclones of P 22 the values of this index were similar to those for the standard P 22 rootstock. The highest yield efficiency index among the semi-dwarfing rootstocks was obtained for P 6. In 24, the fruit quality parameters, such as size, weight and the percentage of fruits with a blush on more than 5% of the skin surface, were very good for both cultivars on most of the rootstocks and similar to the quality parameters of the fruits on the standard rootstocks. Jonagold apples of a significantly smaller size were obtained on P 59. Key words: apples, rootstocks, subclone, growth, yielding efficiency, fruit quality. Introduction. One of the most efficient ways of obtaining early yielding of apple trees in modern orchards is to plant dwarf trees (Czynczyk, 995 and 2; Mika, 995). Such trees can be obtained by using dwarfing rootstocks for their production. There is, however, no universal rootstock for all kinds of soil, climatic conditions or various apple cultivars. On light soils (the predominant type of soil in Poland), these requirements are satisfied grafting trees on semi-dwarfing rootstocks 732 such as M.26, P 4 and P 6 (Bielicki et al., 999; Czynczyk, 995; Czynczyk and Piskor, 2; Skrzy&ski and Poniedzia&ek, 999). However, trees grafted on these rootstocks often grow too strongly (vigorously) on more fertile soils. Rootstock M.9, the most commonly used rootstock in the countries of Western Europe, is also recommended for growing in Polish conditions (Czynczyk et al., 2). However, growing of trees on this rootstock is associated with some dangers. For example, the root system of trees growing on M.9 could be damaged by low temperatures during winters without snow. Trees on P 22, on the other hand, are more winter hardy, but they need more fertile soil, irrigation and very well thinned fruitlets to produce good quality fruits. So far the usefulness of the subclones of the M.9 and P 22 rootstocks growing the more economically important apple cultivars in Poland ( Jonagold and Ligol ) has not been tested over a longer period of time. Can trees grafted on the subclones of M.9 and P 22, and growing on light soils, bear fruits of good quality in older age? The aim of the study presented here was to determine the orchard performance of Jonagold and Ligol apple cultivars grafted on different rootstocks, mainly on subclones of the two rootstocks, M.9 and P 22. In this trial, we determined their adaptability to the variable conditions of Poland s climate, paying particular attention to tree health and vigour, crop abundance and fruit quality in older age. Materials and methods. The trial began in the autumn of 994 at the Experimental Orchard of the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in D&browice, central Poland. One-year-old maidens grafted on subclones of M.9 and P 22 rootstocks, and also on the dwarfing rootstocks: P 4, P 59, P 6, and P 6, P 62 recently bred by the Institute of Pomology and Floriculture (Zagaja et al., 99; Jakubowski, 999). All rootstocks were classified into three groups. The first group consisted of trees on P 59, P 6 and P 22 (as standard) and its three subclones: P 22/K (mother plants propagated in vitro, rootstock intermediate in character), P 22/A (an adult subclone with poor rooting ability, without spines in stoolbeds) and P 22/J (juvenile subclone with very good rooting ability, a few spines and significantly higher number of layers in stoolbeds (List of cultivars, 977). The second group consisted of various subclones of M.9 and P 62, whilst the third group included semi-dwarfing rootstocks: P 4, P 6 and M.26 (Table ). The control function was performed by trees grafted on the P 22, M.9 EMLA and M.26 rootstocks commonly used in the production of apple trees in Poland. The orchard was located on a sandy loam podsolic soil underlaid by loam. Experimental trees were planted according to a randomized block design with 3 sub-blocks for each cultivar, in 4 replications and 3 trees per plot. Trees were trained in the slender spindle bush system. The following observations and measurements were recorded: health status of trees, trunk circumference, yield size and fruit quality. The results were statistically analyzed using the variance analysis method. To assess the significance of the differences between means, Duncan s t-test was used at the 5% level of significance. The significance of the differences was assessed separately for the rootstock sub-blocks, which represented the specific groups of rootstocks (Table 2). 743 Table. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), yield, yield efficiency and quality of fruits of cv. Jonagold grown on subclones of M.9 and P 22, and some Polish-bred rootstocks lentel&. Jonagold veisl&s obel& su M.9 ir P 22 subklonais ir kai kuriais lenki&kos kilm&s poskiepiais kamieno skerspj&vio plotas (KSP), derlius, produktyvumas ir vaisi& kokyb& Rootstocks Poskiepiai P 22* P 22/K P 22/A P 22/J P 59 P 6 M.9 EMLA* M.9 T337 M.9 Pajam M.9 RN 29 P 62 M.26* P 4 P 6 Number of lost trees from 2 plants Þuvusi& med&i& skai&ius i& 2 sodinuk& TCSA in 24 KSP 24 m., cm c 52.2 c 59. c 54.9 c 6.4 a 39.7 b 76. b 78. b 7. b 77.7 b 55.4 a 99.2 b 8.3 c 8.7 a Total yield, (kg/tree) Suminis derlius m., g/medis 45.4 b 49.5 b 62.4 b 56.6 b 7.2 a 42.6 b 79.9 ab 93.2 b 77.6 ab 6. a 5.6 a 79.3 a 9.5 ab 2. b Yield efficiency (kg/cm 2 TCSA) Produktyvumas, kg/cm 2 KSP 2.7 a 3. ab 2.9 ab 2.9 ab 4.8 c 3.9 bc 2.5 ab 2.5 ab 2.7 b 2. a 2.8 b.9 a.7 a 2.6 b Weight of fruits vaisi& mas&, kg 25.3 b 27.3 b 27.3 b 26.9 b 6. a 27.6 b 28.7 ab 26.9 ab 3.4 b 26. a 25.5 a 24.7 a 24.9 a 24.8 a Amount of fruits with diameter &7 cm Vaisi&, kuri& skersmuo &7 cm, kiekis, % b b b b 45.4 a 99.8 b 96. ab 99. b b 99.3 b 9. a 97. a 98.4 a 99.8 a Amount of fruits with blush over &5% of skin Vaisi&, nusispalvinusi& &5%, kiekis, % 9.3 b 92.8 b 9.6 b 95.4 b 2.9 a 87.3 b 63.6 a 86.8 a 68.3 a 85.8 a 8.4 a 4.2 a 38. a 69.2 a * standard trees / standartiniai med&iai Averages followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at P=.5 (Duncan s multiple range test) / Tarp ta pa&ia raide pa&ym&t& vidurki& pagal Dunkano kriterij& (p=,5) esminio skirtumo n&ra. K stoolbeds established from in vitro propagated mother plants / augynai, suformuoti i& in vitro dauginam& motinini& augal& A adult subclone / subrend&s subklonas J juvenile subclone / juvenalinis subklonas Results and discussion. Tree health. During ten-year-long period of tree growth there was no loss of trees due to frost damage to the cultivar or root system. The highest number of trees of the cultivar Ligol were lost due to them falling over during periods of strong winds while carrying a heavy crop. Out of 2 trees planted, the following numbers were lost: on P 22/J 3 trees, on M.9 RN 29 3 trees, on P 22/K 2 trees, on M.9 EMLA 2 trees, on P 59 2 trees and on P 6 2 trees. These results show that strongly dwarfing rootstocks such as P 22 and its subclones, and P 59 and some subclones of M.9 had poorly developed root systems. The poor rooting ability of trees growing on very dwarfing rootstocks corresponds with the observations made by Webster (999), Webster and Hollands (999), and Wertheim (998). Six of 6 lost trees of the cultivar Ligol had on-stem infection 754 with Nectria canker. The bark and wood of Ligol trees is more sensitive to this disease than those of Jonagold trees. The higher yield efficiency index of the cultivar Ligol was also more favourable to the trees falling over because of a heavy fruit crop. Much smaller number of Jonagold trees were lost (accidentally only 5). Table 2. Trunk cross-sectional area, yield, yield efficiency and quality of fruits of cv. Ligol grown on subclones of M.9 and P 22, and some Polish-bred rootstocks 2 lentel&. Ligol veisl&s obel& su M.9 ir P 22 subklonais ir kai kuriais lenki&kos kilm&s poskiepiais kamieno skerspj&vio plotas, derlius, produktyvumas ir vaisi& kokyb& Rootstocks Poskiepiai Number of lost trees from 2 plants Þuvusi& med&i& skai&ius i& 2 sodinuk& TCSA in 24 (cm 2 ) KSP 24 m., cm 2 Total yield, (kg/tree) Suminis derlius m., kg/medis Yield efficiency (kg/cm 2 TCSA) Produktyvu mas, kg/cm 2 KSP Weight of fruits vaisi& mas&, kg Amount of fruits with diameter &7 cm Vaisi&, kuri& skersmuo &7 cm, kiekis, % a 97.5 a 92.8 a 9.6 a 93.5 a 9.9 a 97.2 ab b b 9.5 a 93.5 a 88.9 a Amount of fruits with blush over &5% of skin Vaisi&, nusispalvinusi& &5%, kiekis, % P 22* P 22/K P 22/A P 22/J P 59 M.9 EMLA* M.9 T337 M.9 Pajam M.9 RN 29 M.26* P 4 P bc 44.7 c 4.7 c 33.4 b 2.2 a 55.8 a 55. a 54.9 a 6. a 76.6 b 85. b 6. a 38.6 b 53.3 b 56.8 b 37.5 b 75.8 a 9.2 a 23. a 79.9 a 93.5 a 97.6 a 2. a 9. a 3.5 a 3.5 a 4. a 4.2 a 6.4 b 3.5 a 3.8 a 3.3 a 3.3 a 2.6 a 2.8 a 3.2 a 22.5 a 3.4 b 2.7 a 23. ab 25.9 ab 3.5 a 26.9 a 26.9 a 27.2 a 27.4 a 3.5 a 24.2 a 96. a 84.8 a 88.3 a 97.9 a 97.2 a 79.2 a 86.8 a a 92.2 a 87.3 a 95.7 a 94.3 a * standard trees / standartiniai med&iai Explanation see in Table / Paai&kinimus &r. lentel&je Tree vigour. After ten years, the least vigorous growth was shown by those trees of both cultivars that were growing on P 59 and P 6. Trees growing on the subclones of P 22 were similar in size to the trees growing on the standard rootstock P 22. However, Jonagold trees on P 22/A were the biggest, and Ligol trees on P 22/J were the smallest when compared with the trees growing on the traditionally propagated P 22. After seven years the relation between the size of tenyear old trees on the subclones of P 22 was almost the same as that previously noted by Czynczyk et al. (24). The trees of Jonagold on P 6 were significantly smaller than the trees growing on the traditionally propagated rootstock P 22. Within the group of the standard dwarfing rootstocks, Jonagold and Ligol trees on the subclones of M.9 were similar in size. The most vigorously growing trees were obtained on the M.9T 337 subclone, whereas the smallest trees of Jonagold were 765 obtained on the newly bred P 62 rootstock they were significantly smaller than the trees grown on M.9 EMLA. Small differences found in the group of the M.9 subclones are in line with the reports by Kurlus and Ugolik (999), Engel (999) and Sadowski et al. (24). Within the group of semi-dwarf trees, both Jonagold and Ligol trees grew more vigorously on P 4 in comparison with the trees on M.26. The trees on P 6 of both cultivars were significantly smaller than the trees growing on M.26 the standard rootstock. The obtained results relating to the vigour of dwarf and semi-dwarf trees correspond with the results presented by Bielicki et al. (999), Czynczyk et al. (24), Czynczyk and Bartosiewicz (23), and Jadczuk (2). Y i e l d. All the trees of two apple cultivars began bearing fruit in the second year after planting. Yield per tree in the following years corresponded to the size of the tree. Higher yields were usually obtained from larger trees. After ten years, within the group of the least vigorously growing trees, the total yields for both cultivars on the subclones of P 22 were similar in size to the total yields obtained from the control trees on P 22. The lowest total yield was obtained from the smallest trees on P 59. A lower yield for Jonagold, in comparison with the yield from all the trees on the subclones of P 22, was also obtained from the trees growing on the new P 6 rootstock. In the group of dwarf trees, the total yields for both cultivars were similar in size to the total yields obtained from the standard trees growing on M.9 EMLA. The obtained results relating to the total yield of Jonagold and Ligol cultivars growing on the dwarfing rootstocks followed a trend similar to those presented earlier by Jakubowski (999), Bielicki et al. (999) and Czynczyk et al. (24). Within the group of semi-dwarf trees, the total yields for both cultivars were similar in size to the cumulative yields obtained from trees on M.26, with the exception of the yields obtained for Jonagold trees on P 6. The cumulative yield for Jonagold trees on P 6 was significantly higher in comparison with the yield obtained from trees on M.26. Yield data related to the rootstocks in this experiment correspond with those presented previously by Bielicki et al. (999) and Czynczyk et al. (24). The total yield efficiencies (in kg per cm 2 of trunk cross-sectional area) within the group of trees growing on the subclones of P 22 were higher than the yield efficiencies obtained from standard trees on P 22. Jonagold and Ligol trees on P 59 had significantly higher yield efficiency index. Jonagold trees growing on P 6 also had higher yield efficiency index than the standard trees on P 22. Within the group of dwarf trees on M.9 EMLA and its subclones, the numerical values of the yield efficiency index were very similar. Similar values of the yield efficiency index had also Jonagold trees on the new P 62 rootstock. In the group of semi-dwarf trees of both cultivars, the highest yield efficiency index was obtained for trees on the P 6 rootstock. The results concerning the yield efficiency index for the different rootstocks are in agreement with the data presented earlier by Czynczyk and Bartosiewicz (23), Czynczyk and Bielicki (22) and Czynczyk et al. (24). The size and weight of fruits of both cultivars were similar for all the rootstocks with the exception of Jonagold trees on P 59. In 24, Jonagold trees on this rootstock produced significantly smaller fruits. Fruitlets on Jonagold trees growing on P 59 have to be thinned more carefully. In 24, Jonagold apples obtained from trees on P 59 also 776 had the smallest red blush on their surface. Winter and summer pruning of Jonagold trees on P 59 have to be done very carefully. Conclusions.. The subclones P 22/A and P 22/J showed growth vigour very similar to P 22 (standard). The P 22/K rootstock obtained from stoolbeds established from in vitro propagated mother plants contributed to the growth vigour of Jonagold trees similar to that of the trees growing on P 22 (standard). Trees on the new rootstock P 6 were also similar in size to the trees on P 22 (standard). The smallest trees of both cultivars were obtained on P Growth vigour of subclones of M.9 rootstock (M.9 T 337, M.9 Pajam and M.9 RN 29) was similar to the standard M.9 EMLA. However, both cultivars on the M.9 Pajam subclone showed the weakest growth. Trees of the cultivar Jonagold on the new rootstock P 62 were significantly smaller than the trees on M.9 EMLA and all the other subclones of M Within the group of semi-dwarf trees, both Jonagold and Ligol trees grew less vigorously on P 6 and more vigorously on P 4 in comparison with the trees on M The total yields obtained from trees growing on the subclones of M.9 and P 22 were similar to the total yields from trees growing on M.9 EMLA and P 22 the standard rootstocks. Jonagold trees growing on the semi-dwarfing rootstocks P 4 and P 6 produced higher total yields than trees on the standard rootstock M.26. The highest yield efficiency within the group of the very dwarfing rootstocks was achieved by trees on P 59 followed by those on P 6, whereas among the subclones of M.9 the most efficient were Jonagold trees on M.9 Pajam. 5. Tested subclones of M.9 and P 22, and new rootstocks with varying vigour produced no significant effect on the size, weight or colouring of apples, with the exception of Jonagold trees growing on P 59. More attention has to be paid to very careful winter and summer pruning and the thinning of fruitlets when growing Jonagold on P 59. Gauta Parengta spausdinti References. Bielicki P., Czynczyk A. and B a r t o s i e w i c z B. Effects of new polish rootstocks and some M.9 clones on growth cropping and fruit quality of three apple cultivars. Proceedings of the International Seminar Apple Rootstocks for intensive Orchards (Warsaw-Ursyn&w, Poland, ) P Czynczyk A. New apple rootstocks from the Polish breeding program International Dwarf Fruit Tree Association, Pennsylvania. Compact Fruit Tree Vol. 28. P C z y n c z y k A. The growth and fruiting of two apple cultivars replanted over the old apple orchard at various densities. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 2. (). P7 4. C z y n c z y k A. and Piskor E. Effect of P 22 rootstocks propagated in vitro and traditionally on growth and fruiting of two apple cultivars. Folia Hort. 2. 2/. P Czynczyk A., Bartosiewicz B. Results of a nine-year study of the effect of semigrowing rootstocks on the growth and yielding of the Ligol apple. Folia Hort. Ann /, 23. P Czynczyk A., Bielicki P. Ten-year results of growing the apple cultivar Ligol in Poland. Hort. Veget. Grow (4). P Czynczyk A., Bielicki P., Bartosiewicz B. Testing New Dwarfing Apple Rootstocks from Polish and Foreign Breeding Programmes. Acta Hort P Czynczyk A., Bielicki P., Bartosiewicz B. Influence of subclones of M.9 and P 22 and new Polish-bred rootstocks on growth and yields of Jonagold and Ligol apple trees. Acta Hort P Engel A. Effect of different M.9 subclones and M.9 cross-breed rootstocks on growth, yield and fruit quality of three apple cultivars. Proceedings of the International Seminar Apple Rootstocks for intensive Orchards (Warsaw-Ursyn&w, Poland, ) P J adczuk E. Growth and bearing of Jonagold apple trees on eight rootstocks. Acta Hort p.. Jakubowski T. Preliminary evaluation of new rootstocks clones. Proc. of the Eucarpia. Symp. of Fruit Breeding and Genetics. Acta Hort P Kurlus R. and U golik M. Effect of 3 rootstocks on growth and yielding of Sampion apple trees. Proc. Int. Seminar Apple Rootstocks for Intensive Orchards (Warsaw-Ursyn&w, Poland, ) P L i s t of cultivars of fruit trees and berry plants. Res. Center for Cultivar Testing. S³upia Wielka, Poland, M i k a A. Nowoczesny sad karowy. Hortpress. Warszawa, S adowski A., Dziuban R. and Jab&o&ski K. Growth and Cropping of Three Apple Cultivars on Different Rootstocks over a 7-year Period. Acta Hort P Skrzy&ski J., Poniedzia&ek W. Growth and cropping of Jonagold apple trees on six different rootstocks: M.9, M.26, P 2, P 4, P 22 and P 6. Proceedings of the International Seminar Apple Rootstocks for intensive Orchards. Warsaw-Ursyn&w, Poland, W ebster A.D. Dwarfing rootstocks for apple: past, present and future. Proceedings of the International Seminar Apple Rootstocks for intensive Orchards (Warsaw-Ursyn&w, Poland, ) P W ebster A. D. and Hollands M. S. Orchard comparison of Cox s Orange Pippin grown on selections of the apple rootstock M.9. J. Hort. Sci.& Biotech (4). P W ertheim S. J. Rootstock Guide. Fruit Research Station Wilhelminadorp the Netherlands. The Netherlands, Z agaja S. W., Jakubowski T., Przyby&a A. P 6 a new vegetative apple rootstock. Fruit Sci. Rep (). P8 SODININKYST&E IR DARÞININKYST&E. MOKSLO DARBAI (3) JONAGOLD IR LIGOL VEISLI&O OBEL&O AUGIMAS IR DER&EJIMAS SU M.9, P 22 SUBKLONAIS IR KAI KURIAIS LENKIÐKAIS POSKIEPIAIS A. Czynczyk, P. Bielicki, B. Bartosiewicz Santrauka Sode met& buvo tirta M.9 subklon&: M.9T 337, Pajam, RN 29, P 22 subklon&: P 22/K, P 22/A, P 22/J, ir kai kuri& nauj& lenki&k& poskiepi& (P 59, P 6, P 6 ir P 62) &taka Jonagold ir Ligol veisli& obel& augimui ir der&jimui. Abiej& veisli& vaismed&i& su M.9 subklonais augumas buvo labai artimas augumui su standartiniu poskiepiu M.9 EMLA, bet vaismed&iai su Pajam buvo ma&iausi. Jonagold vaismed&iai su nauju lenki&ku P 62 poskiepiu augo daug l&&iau negu su M.9 EMLA. Abiej& veisli& vaismed&i& augumas su P 22 subklonais buvo pana&us kaip su standartiniu poskiepiu P 22. Jonagold vaismed&iai su P 6 poskiepiu buvo i& esm&s &emesni u& vaismed&ius su P 22. Ma&iausi abiej& veisli& vaismed&iai buvo su P 59 poskiepiu. Pusiau &ema&gi& poskiepi& grup&je &emiausi vaismed&iai buvo su P 6, did&iausi su P 4 poskiepiu. Derlius buvo beveik proporcingas vaismed&io dyd&iui. I& P 22 subklon& did&iausi abiej& veisli& derliai gauti su P 22/A, i& M.9 subklon& su M.9T 337, pusiau &ema&gi& Jonagold vaismed&i& grup&je su P 6, Ligol su P 4. M.9 subklon& produktyvumas buvo pana&us & M.9 EMLA, o i& P 22 subklon& &io rodiklio reik&m&s buvo pana&ios & standartinio P 22 poskiepio. I& pusiau &ema&gi& poskiepi& produktyviausi buvo vaismed&iai su P metais abiej& veisli& su dauguma tirt& poskiepi& vaisi& kokyb&s rodikliai (dydis, mas& ir vaisi&, kuri& &iev& paraudusi daugiau kaip 5%, procentas) nesiskyr&. Kur kas ma&esni Jonagold obuoliai i&augo tik su P 59. Reik&miniai &od&iai: obelys, poskiepiai, subklonas, augimas, produktyvumas, vaisi& kokyb&. 8
SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. SODININKYST? IR DAR?ININKYST?. ). 124 132. INFLUENCE OF PLANTING SCHEMES AND CROWN FORMS
Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research Vol. 18(1)
GROWTH AND YIELD OF KORDIA SWEET CHERRY TREES WITH VARIOUS ROOTSTOCK AND INTERSTEM COMBINATIONS P a w el Bielicki a nd E l ?b ieta
D. Kviklys et al. (216) : 81 88 The effect of rootstock on apple tree bearing stability in a cooler climate Darius Kviklys, Alina ?eidait?, Juozas Lanauskas, Nobertas Uselis, Giedr? Samuolien? Institute
Selection of Prunus spinosa as a dwarfing rootstock for high density plum orchards Frank Maas, Jacinta Balkhoven & Pieter van der Steeg Aims of rootstock selection program Rootstock for plum giving a tree
Agronomy Research 1, 37 44, 2003 First results of a dwarfing plum rootstocks trial H. J?nes 1 and A. Pae 2 1 Polli Horticultural Institute of the Estonian Agricultural University, 69104 Karksi-Nuia, Viljandimaa,
1 Quote:... the optimum tree number has to be somewhere in between 3,000 and 4,500 trees/ha (1200 to 1800 trees/acre).... European Trends in Apple Tree Density, Rootstocks and Tree Training Johan Nicola?
Fruit Tree Budding A Brief Guide to Creating Your Own Fruit Tree Introduction This report is based on a workshop held August 22, 2012 covering the basics of tree propagation, with a focus on the process
High-Density Orchard Systems: Field-testing advanced selections from the Geneva apple rootstock breeding program Bryan Butler* University of Maryland Extension Anna Wallis* Christopher S. Walsh, Emily
Training Systems This is the integration of tree arrangement, planting density, support systems and training schemes. There is no one planting system to suit all situations. Factors such as soil, cultivar,
Managing High-Density Apple Trees for High Yield and Fruit Quality Terence L. Robinson, Department of Horticultural Sciences New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University Geneva, NY
A1959 Training and pruning apple trees T.R. Roper Apples are the most common fruit tree planted in Wisconsin. In addition to providing fruit, apple trees can be a pleasing addition to the home landscape.
A3561 ROOTSTOCKS FOR FRUIT TREES IN WISCONSIN TO OBTAIN fruit that is true to type, fruit trees INORDER are propagated by budding or grafting sections of known cultivars (scions) onto special rootstocks.
Pruning Citrus Trees Citrus trees to allow light penetra to prevent crowding of main scaffold branches and to remove
to remove or shorten
Growing tips Choosing what to grow shape and size Choosing rootstocks When you buy a fruit tree from the garden centre or nursery, it will consist of your chosen variety grafted (artificially bonded) on
Growing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations Amy Iezzoni Dept. of Horticulture Michigan State University Jim Nugent District Horticulturist MSU Extension The fruit industry in Michigan has generations
HOW TO PRUNE YOUNG & BEARING APPLE TREES Table of Contents Introduction...1 Fruit Tree Types...1 Site Selection...1 Planting...1 Variety Selection...2 Pruning...2 Pest Control...4 Contact Information...6
More Productive and Profitable Peach Planting Systems Stephen A. Hoying 1, Terence L. Robinson 2, and Robert L. Anderson 2 1 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cornell s Hudson Valley Laboratory Highland,
1 INTRODUCTION Managing avocado tree balance by pruning Alvaro Vidiella, NZ Avocado October 2014 The best practice guidelines presented in this document are a summary of the knowledge currently available
P runing & Orchard Renewal Richard G. St-Pierre, Ph.D. (January 2006) The Basics Of Pruning & Orchard Renewal Pruning is defined as the art and science of cutting away a portion of a plant to improve its
United Arab Emirates University Date Palm Development Research Unit Dept. Date Palm Tissue Culture Laboratory (DPTCL) Guidelines and Tips for the Cultivation of Tissue Culture-Derived Date Palm Trees Introduction
95 FOLIA HORTICULTURAE Ann. 16/2,
Health status of 25 year old sweet cherry trees with different interstock Zygmunt S. Grzyb, El?bieta Rozpara, Stanis?aw Berczyński Research Institute of Pomology
Pruning trees and lawn care New Plymouth District Council manages a number of community orchards, trees, lawns and gardens in the district. Our Parks staff have prepared this information so you can apply
Questions to be discussed in the working groups and answered: On behalf of MTT Hori Saila Karhu, Tuuli Haikonen, Hilma Kinnanen
1) How can the Nordic bio-economy transformation
OVERVIEW OF WALNUT CULTURE IN CHINA Z. Baojun, G. Yonghong Economic Forestry Inst. of Liaoning, 116031, Dalian, China Abstract China is one of the leading countries in the world in walnut production. The
Irrigation It is important that any intensive pear orchard has a secure supply of good quality irrigation water. Water plays a key role in all stages of pear tree growth and development. Irrigation management
========================================================== Assessing the Winter Hardiness of Perennial Cereal Rye Relative To Winter Cereals Traditionally Grown in Western Canada. T. Lennox 1, A. Iwaasa
Biodegradable Polymer Mulches in Bell Pepper Production John Warner 1, John Zandstra 2 Plastic mulches (polyethylene) are used in pepper production to warm the soil, to advance harvest maturity, and to
Growing lemons in Australia- a production manual - Readers Note This document is part of a larger publication. The remaining parts and full version of the publication can be found at: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/citrus/lemon-manual
Growing Apples in Nova Scotia Larry Lutz Scotian Gold Cooperative Limited Lutz Family Farm
The Past How It All Began First fruit trees in North America were planted by Samuel De Champlain at Annapolis
Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research Vol. 13,
EVALUATION OF SEVERAL APRICOT CULTIVARS AND CLONES IN THE LOWER SILESIA CLIMATIC CONDITIONS PART II: VIGOR, HEALTH AND MORTALITY M a
Agriculture and Natural Resources Pruning Fruit Trees Extension Horticulture Arkansas Is Our Campus Visit our web site at: http://www.uaex.edu Fruit trees should be pruned every year to maintain their
Project Number: TF 17 Project Title: Plums: To determine the performance of 6 new plum varieties Project Leader: Tim Biddlecombe Farm Advisory Services Team Ltd. Brogdale Farm Brogdale Road Faversham Kent
BIOCHAR as a soil amendment Tasmanian Team members: Sally Bound, Marcus Hardie, Alieta Eyles, Garth Oliver, Steve Paterson, Justin Direen, Dugald Close NZ Team members: Brent Clothier, Steve Green, Markus
International safflower production an overview John Gilbert Adams Vegetable Oils PO Box 799, Arbuckle, California, 95915, USA Abstract Safflower is most certainly a crop with unexploited potential and
Chapter 34 Diseases and Their Control In This Chapter Keywords Diseases After learning the information in this chapter, you will be able to: 1. List the causes of disease symptoms. 2. Describe how fungi,
Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA6133 Two-Scaffold Perpendicular V A New Training System for Arkansas Peach and Nectarine Orchards M. Elena Garcia Introduction and Impact Associate Professor - Fruits
Fruit Tree Canopy Management A Brief Guide to Pruning, Training and Tree Growth Introduction This report is based on a workshop held June 13, 2012 covering the basics of Fruit Tree Canopy Management. This
ARNOLDIA A continuation of the BULLETIN OF POPULAR INFORMATION of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University VOLUME 10 NOVEMBER 10, 1950 NUMBER 12 DWARF TREES THE growing interest in horticulture has led
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(27), pp. , 5 July, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb ISSN 10 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper The effects
Nitrogen Fertility Requirements for Commonly Grown Potato Varieties in Saskatchewan Effective fertility management is critical to profitable production of potatoes. Potatoes are highly responsive to N
4. Advanced orchard systems lead to top yields for New Zealand apples At 44 tonnes per hectare New Zealand ranks first equal with the Netherlands when it comes to apple yields (2001-03 data). France is
Grafting and Budding Page 1 of 19 Index 1 Introduction 2 Why Graft or Bud 3 What can be Budded or Grafted 4 When is the Right Time 5 What Tools are Required 6 Scions and Bud Sticks 7 Rootstocks 8 Grafting
Micropropagation of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) What is plant propagation? The reproduction or increasing in number of plants. Can be done in one of two ways. Sexual. Asexual. Sexual Propagation Pollen
Agronomy Research 1, 75 83, 23 Profitability of different technologies of berry cultivation T. Lille 1, K. Karp 1 and R. V?rnik 2 1 Institute of Horticulture, Estonian Agricultural University, Kreutzwaldi
Blueberry Variety Releases from The University of Georgia D. Scott NeSmith Dept. of Horticulture 1109 Experiment Street Griffin, GA 30223 The University of Georgia Blueberry Breeding Program is aggressively
Apricot Tree Prunus armeniaca Up to 25-30 tall x 15-20 wide or partial shade 10 degrees F. General: The Apricot Tree is a subspecies of the peach and dates back 3,000 years to northeastern China. Apricots
Education Center & Info LIne practical solutions to everyday questions Toll free Info Line 1-877-398-4769 M-F 9 AM - 2 PM Grafting Apple & Pear Trees in the Home Orchard Most fruit trees, including apple
Cytospora Canker: A Hard Nut to Crack Ramesh Pokharel My research and extension program is aimed at & Solving practical fruit production problems & Increased producer profitability & Strengthening the
Fruit Tree Production A Brief Guide to Growing Your Own Fruit in the City 1 Introduction This report is based on a workshop held June 13, 2012 covering the basics of Fruit Tree Production. The reports
Decline of plum trees, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, as a serious threat for plum production in the Netherlands Marcel Wenneker 1) & Jaap Janse 2) 1) Applied Plant Research, Randwijk, The Netherlands
GLADSTONE ROAD AGRICULTURAL CENTRE CROP RESEARCH REPORT NO. 3 EVALUATION OF TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANTING MATERIAL FOR SWEET POTATO PRODUCTION Kenneth VA Richardson Department of Agriculture Nassau,
KINGMAN IS GROWING! COLUMN Identification and Prevention of Frost or Freeze Damage By Linda Reddick, Kingman Area Master Gardener Again this year we have been experiencing some very cold weather, with
Chapter D9. Irrigation scheduling PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER To explain how to plan and schedule your irrigation program CHAPTER CONTENTS factors affecting irrigation intervals influence of soil water using
Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(3) : 367-373, September 2010 PERFORMANCE OF HEAT TOLERANT TOMATO HYBRID LINES UNDER HOT, HUMID CONDITIONS M. S. ALAM 1, N. SULTANA 2, S. AHMAD 3 M.M. HOSSAIN
University of California Cooperative Extension Central Coast & South Region Center for Landscape and Urban Horticulture Pruning Trees Pruning Trees at Planting Landscape trees should not be pruned at planting
A Quick Start Guide to Establishing a Vineyard in Oregon Patty Skinkis, Ph.D. When thinking of starting a vineyard, many questions come to mind: Would my land be suitable for growing grapes? What types
PROPAGATION OF ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN Natural dispersal of Albisia julibri.ssin seeds take place during late fall and into winter. Pods, which develop in clusters, are firmly attached to the tree and require
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SCIENCE in Bydgoszcz, Poland Wheat in Poland Cereals are cultivated on 7859 kha, in which 22,9% is covered by wheat. Winter wheat monoculture in Poland Monoculture effects
INTRODUCTION The 3-year upper primary syllabus development was guided by the RNPE, 1994, which called for the review of the Primary curriculum. It followed the introduction of lower primary Environmental
Assessing the Value of Pecan Trees by Dan Childs, Job Springer, Charles Rohla and Steve Upson It is the intent of this publication to provide methodology that appraisers, tax preparers and other interested
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF OLIVE GROWING IN ISRAEL 1.1. Introduction Figure 1. Location of Israel (Source: UN) About 8 percent of Israel's population lives in rural areas, mostly in villages in two unique
Crop Insurance in Australia Steven Green Managing Director, Dr. Olena Sosenko Technical Manager Agenda Overview of Australian Agriculture Australian Risks profile Structure of Crop Insurance Market Government
Experiences with Support Systems for the Tall Spindle Apple Planting System Stephen A. Hoying Department of Horticulture Hudson Valley Lab, Cornell University Highland, NY This research supported in part
A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication Oregon State University University of Idaho Washington State University PNW 619 S eptember 2010 Sweet cherry rootstocks for the Pacific Northwest Lynn E. Long
Department of Horticultural Science Horticulture Information Leaflet 8202 Revised 1/95 -- Author Reviewed 4/98 BUNCH GRAPES IN THE HOME GARDEN E. B. Poling, Extension Horticultural Specialist Distributed
Introduction to Plant Propagation Glenn T. Sako Assistant County Extension Agent CTAHR, UHM Purposes for Plant Propagation Multiply the number of a species Perpetuate a species Maintain the youthfulness
NEW ACARICIDES IN CONTROLLING THE STRAWBERRY MITE 335 BIOLOGICAL LETT. ): 335 340 Available online at http://www.biollett.amu.edu.pl Efficiency of new-generation acaricides in controlling the
PUBLICATION 8048 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Agriculture and Natural Resources http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu Fruit Trees: Planting and Care of Young Trees JIM CARSON and GARY SHIMIZU, University of California
Forestry Terms Acre A land area of 43,560 square feet, approximately 209 ft. by 209 ft. Allowable cut The volume of wood that can be cut during a given period without exceeding the forest s net growth.
The effect of flax seed inoculation by Azospirillum brasilense on flax yield and its quality N. Mikhailouskaya Research Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Minsk, Belarus ABSTRACT Field experiment
Training and Pruning Fruit Trees North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service North Carolina State University Training and Pruning Fruit Trees 2 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Training and
Saskatchewan Fruit Growers 2012 Adopt Project Growth Tray System for Growing Strawberries Inside and Outside Grow Tunnels Final Report December,2012 Project #-
Producer- Murray Gray, Aylsham SK.
California Avocado Society 1941 Yearbook 26: 66-74 The ph of Soils in Avocado Orchards A. R. C. Haas University of California, Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, Calif. The determination of ph (1) in
COMPORTAREA UNOR SOIURI DE PRUN ?N CONDI?IILE ZONELOR DE CULTUR? PLOVDIV SI PITESTI BEHAVIOUR OF SOME PLUM CULTIVARS IN PLOVDIV AND PITESTI AREAS Valentina Bozhkova 1, Madalina Butac 2 1 Fruit Growing
Field-Scale Fungicide Trial Summary IHARF Box 156 Indian Head, SK. S0G 2K0 Ph: (306) 695-4200 www.iharf.ca Introduction and Methodology Each year, IHARF manages land not being utilized for small plot research
International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): , ISSN (Print):
Volume 2 Issue 7 ? July. 2013 ? PP.20-29 Effect of irrigation regimes and low tunnel heights on
E-612 2-13 Texas Fruit and Nut Production lums, Nectarines, Apricots Cherries, Almonds and Prunus hybrids Larry Stein, Jim Kamas, and Monte Nesbitt Extension Fruit Specialists, The Texas A&M University
CITRUS PRUNING Pruning techniques for tree health pest Pruning techniques for tree health, pest control, fruit production and size control Tree Shapes Citrus trees are generally pruned to a central leader
Ground cover, root zone restriction and rootstock effects on vegetative growth, crop yield components, and fruit composition of Cabernet Sauvignon Tremain Hatch Tremain Hatch Virginia Tech Agenda Background/hypothesis
SUMMARY The doctorate thesis & The researches regarding the productivity of some wheat cultivars and the quality of bread manufacture in the ecological conditions from Dobrogea is based on the researches
First announcement INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE Vaccinium ssp. and less known small fruits: perspectives of development and health benefits Skierniewice, June 15-17, 2011 Research Institute of Pomology
PUBLICATION 8057 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu CHUCK INGELS, University of California Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor, Environmental
OCTOBER 2009 PRIMEFACT 890 Common diseases of nectarines L. Ullio Cleanfresh Project, Intensive Industries, Sydney Markets Bacterial canker Bacterial canker is considered a major disease of stone fruit
Page 1 of 6 Fertilizing Stone Fruit (Peaches, Plums, Nectarines, Apricots, Cherries) and Pears Author: Christoph Kessel - Horticulture Crop Nutrition/OMAF Creation Date: Not Available Last Reviewed: 6
Research Report: High Tunnel Pepper Variety Trial, 2015 By Becky Sideman, Extension Professor and Specialist, with technical assistance from Kaitlyn Orde and Talia Levy. Written January, 2016. Our Objective:
Biological control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) by Cladosporium cladosporioides H39 Jürgen K?hl, Christian Scheer, Imre Holb, Sylwester Masny & Wilma Molhoek IPM INNOVATION IN EUROPE Poznan, 14-16
VIRUS ASSAY OF SEEDS FROM SELECTED MONTMORENCY CHERRY TREES' J. A. GEORGE AND T. R. DAVIDSON Research Station, Canada Department of Agriculture, Vineland Station, Ontario Received March 17, 1966 ABSTRACT
PLANTING DESIGN FOR MECHANIZATION OF COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN INDIA The productivity of coffee farms depends largely on the availability and judicious use of farm facilities and infrastructure by the coffee
PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, AND MINOR ELEMENT FERTILIZATION 31 Carolyn DeMoranville Cranberry Experiment Station University of Massachusetts The order of topics in the title reflects the relative amounts of
Hydrangea The genus Hydrangea has about 30 commonly recognized species. However, for the purpose of this overview, we will consider the three most popular types. Hydrangea paniculata, Hydrangea arborescens
ANADOLU, J. of AARI 7 (1)
MARA EXPERIENCES ON TRANSFER OF MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT OF CHICKPEA IN TURKEY Nevin A?IKG?Z Aegean Agricultural Research Institute POB. 9 Menemen,
Growing Berries in Kansas Rebecca McMahon Horticulture Agent Sedgwick County Extension Types of Fruit Strawberries Raspberries Blackberries Blueberries? Small Fruit in the Landscape Hedges Small Fruit
Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Application in Greenhouse Climatization Bekir TURGUT, Halime PAKSOY, ?aziye BOZDA?, Hunay EVL?YA, Kaz?m ABAK, H. Yildiz DASGAN ?ukurova University 01130 Balcal? Adana-Turkey
FORMATIVE PRUNING OF BUSH TREES Formative pruning is essential and should be carried out in the dormant season, November- March. Its purpose is to produce a well-balanced tree with a strong branch framework
FORESTED VEGETATION Type of strategy Protect General cold adaptation upland and approach subalpine forests by restoring forests at lower Specific adaptation action Thin dry forests to densities low enough
THE TEA RESEARCH FOUNDATION OF CENTRAL AFRICA: ONE OF THE SABINA NODES A. S. Kumwenda, PhD Director TRFCA INTRODUCTION TRFCA, Not for profit, established in 1966 Service provider in tea R & D to Tea growers
Agdex # 174/11 CROPS IRETA Publications No. 2/88 Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Planting Material AUTHOR: Jill E. Wilson, Senior Fellow in Tropical Crop Production, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science,
Building Better Trellis Systems for Nova Scotia Orchards Introduction Nova Scotia apple growers were using tree support system as early as the 1970 s but on very limited bases. It was not until the 1990
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Ion Ionescu de la Brad of Ia?i FACULTY of HORTICULTURE Doctorate field: Horticulture Specialization: Fruit Growing Ing. C?ULE? Raluca- Petronela
Brambles: General M. Elena Garcia Professor/ Extension Fruit and Nut Specialist Blackberry and Raspberry Family: Rosaceae Genus: Rubus L. Roman: ruber =red Subgenera: Rubus (formerly Eubatusblackberries
By using this website, you agree with our use of cookies to functioning of the site. More info in our
&&Necessary cookie
Accept&&&&