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Critical review of the application of SWAT in the upper Nile Basin countries.doc 28页
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Critical review of the application of SWAT in the upper Nile Basin countries
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Hydrol.EarthSyst.Sci.Discuss.,9,,2012
www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/9//
doi:10.5194/hessd-9-
Hydrology and
EarthSystem
?Author(s)2012.CCAttribution3.0License.
Discussions
Thisdiscussionpaperis/hasbeenunderreviewforthejournalHydrologyandEarthSystem
Sciences(HESS).Pleaserefertothecorresponding?nalpaperinHESSifavailable.
Criticalreviewofthe
applicationofSWAT
intheupperNile
Basincountries
A.vanGriensvenetal.
CriticalreviewoftheapplicationofSWAT
intheupperNileBasincountries
Conclusions
Introduction
References
A.vanGriensven
,P.Ndomba ,S.Yalew
,andF.Kilonzo1,2,4
UNESCO-IHEInstituteofWaterEducation,P.O.Box3015,Delft,TheNetherlands
VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,Pleinlaan2,1050Brussels,Belgium
3UniversityofDaresSalaam,P.O.BOX35131,DaresSalaam,Tanzania
4KenyattaUniversity,P.O.BOX43844,Nairobi,Kenya
Received:15February2012–Accepted:19February2012–Published:20March2012
Correspondenceto:A.vanGriensven(a.vangriensven@unesco-ihe.org)
PublishedbyCopernicusPublicationsonbehalfoftheEuropeanGeosciencesUnion.
FullScreen/Esc
Printer-friendlyVersion
InteractiveDiscussion
TheSoilandWaterAssessmentTool(SWAT)isahydrologicalsimulationtoolthatis
widelyappliedwithintheNilebasin.Uptodate,morethan20peerreviewedpapersde-
scribetheuseofSWATforavarietyofproblemsintheupperNilebasincountries,such
aserosionmodeling,
landusemodeling, climatechangeimpactmodelingandwater
resourcesmanagement. Themajorityofthestudiesareclusteredinthetropicalhigh-
landsinEthiopiaandaroundLakeVictoria.ThepopularityofSWATisattributedtothe
factthatthetoolisfreelyavailableandthatitisreadilyapplicablethroughthedevelop-
mentofGeographicInformationSystem(GIS)basedinterfacesanditseasylinkageto
Criticalreviewofthe
applicationofSWAT
intheupperNile
Basincountries
10 sensitivity,calibrationanduncertaintyanalysistools.Theonlineandfreeavailabilityof
basicGISdatath
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The&Journal&of&Nutrition(月刊),创刊于1928年,出版国家为美国。杂志发表同行评议的原创研究论文,涵盖人类和其他动物物种的实验营养的各个方面;&特别文章,如突出营养科学家的评论和传记;&以及有关营养问题的问题,意见和评论。经常发布补充文件,以提供特别关注的话题的扩展讨论。
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special articles such as reviews and biographies of prominent
and issues, opinions, and commentaries on controversial issues in nutrition. Supplements are frequently published to provide extended discussion of topics of special interest.&&Teresa A. Davis, Ph.D. is Editor-in-Chief of JN. photo of Teresa A. DavisWith the assistance and recommendation of Associate Editors (selected for their expertise in specific nutrition disciplines), the Editor-in-Chief accepts or rejects submitted manuscripts. Submitted manuscripts must comply with JN's Instructions for Authors.&The premier journal in its field, JN has been in circulation since 1928.& JN is an official monthly publication of the American Society for Nutrition (ASN). Membership in ASN includes a subscription to the online version of JN.& JN publishes original research reported by authors in over 50 countries and is distributed worldwide to more than 1000 institutions, in addition to personal subscribers and ASN members. To provide expert evaluation of the various segments of the broad spectrum of nutrition research, the editorial office is assisted by scientists who serve as Associate Editors, editorial board members, and ad hoc reviewers chosen for their nutritional science expertise. They provide constructive evaluation and fair and rapid editorial processing. The frequency of citations to articles published in JN by scientists, clinicians, and others increases each year.&JN focuses on the review of manuscripts that address human, animal, cellular, and molecular nutrition. JN is especially interested in publishing manuscripts that advance the understanding of nutritional mechanisms in human populations, in animals, in relevant model organisms, in appropriate primary cells or cell culture models, and/or at the molecular level. Manuscripts addressing interactions of nutrition with genetics, physiological regulation, health outcomes, and behavioral outcomes are generally well suited for review by JN. Because the pages that can be published annually are limited, suitability is an important consideration in the review process. To facilitate review, the Editor-in-Chief previews all submitted manuscripts and independently or in consultation with an Associate Editor, decides if a manuscript is appropriate for review by members of JN's editorial board and/or ad hoc reviewers. Manuscripts outside of the scope of JN are returned without the delay of a full review, generally within a week of submission. Authors may contact the Editor-in-Chief in advance to inquire about the potential suitability of their research topic for review.&Manuscript submissions and inquiries are encouraged. Manuscript style and formatting are described in the &Instructions for Authors& under &Manuscript Preparation&. Manuscript submissions should be made using JN online manuscript submission system. Direct inquiries to jnsubmit@nutrition.org.&Manuscript PreparationThe Journal of Nutrition (JN/J Nutr) is limited in the number of pages that can be published each year, and article length is a consideration in the editorial process. Manuscripts up to 5000 words maximum from Introduction through Discussion, will be considered. Maximum word count does not include the Title Page, Abstract, Acknowledgments, Author Contributions, References, Figure Legends, or Tables. Authors are encouraged to be clear and concise. Papers must be completely double spaced. Number the lines continuously (not per page) beginning with the abstract and ending before the references, tables, and figures. Number pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner of each page, beginning with the title page.& Manuscript submissions that are not formatted correctly may be returned to authors. For a succinct list of formatting requirements, please see the Quick Formatting List.& Foreign authors are advised to have their manuscripts reviewed by a colleague who is fluent in English.&JN encourages authors to provide the names, fields of interest, addresses, telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail addresses of 4–6 unbiased and qualified potential expert reviewers who do not have a conflict of interest.&1. Title pageThe title page must include:&&&& a. A title that is composed as a single declarative statement and focused on the results presented in the manuscript. The title should include the animals, participants, or cells studied.& Please do not use a colon or semicolon in the title. Keep the title as generally applicable as possible. It usually is not necessary to include the exact study location or a specific study name in the title, because this information can be included in the abstract.&&&& b. The names of all authors (first name, middle initial, last name) as well as their departmental and institutional addresses. Indicate which authors are associated with which institutions with numbered footnotes. Identify a corresponding author and provide a mailing address, telephone number, fax number, and email address.&&&& c. A list of all authors' last names exactly as they should appear for PubMed indexing. Please consider this carefully, in particular for authors with names that include hyphens and prefixes. Punctuation and spacing are generally disregarded when indexing, and the name will usually be indexed under the first letter to appear in the name. ASN will not replace files to correct author names once published.&&&& d. The word count for the entire manuscript (introduction through discussion).&&&& e. The number of figures [to print, not Online Supporting Material (OSM)].&&&& f. The number of tables (to print, not OSM).&&&& g. OSM submitted. See Online Supporting Material for more information.&&&& h. A running title of 50 or fewer characters and spaces.&&&& i. Footnotes to the title disclosing: (i) the existence of OSM, (ii) a list of abbreviations and their definitions for all abbreviations used in the text if there are 3 (iii) all sources
(iv) Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure—List any existing financial arrangements between an author and a company whose product figures prominently in the submitted manuscript or between the author and any company or organization sponsoring the research reported in the submitted manuscript. If an author has no conflicts of interest, list the author's name, followed by &no conflicts of interest.& For detailed guidelines on possible conflicts of interest, see the ASN Journals Conflict of Interest Guidelines (7).&2. Abstract pageA properly constructed and informative abstract is helpful for the initial editorial review of the submitted manuscript. Research articles must include a structured abstract that contains no more than 300 words, is written in complete sentences, includes information pertinent to any clinical trial registry in which a trial is registered, and uses the following headings:&&&&& Background. Provide 1 or 2 sentences that explain the context of the study.&&&& Objective. State the precise objective, the specific hypothesis to be tested, or both.&&&& Methods. Describe the study design, including the use of cells, animal models, or human subjects.&&&& Identify specific methods and procedures.&&&& Results. Report the most important findings, including key data and results of statistical analyses.&&&& Conclusions. Summarize in 1 or 2 sentences the primary outcomes of the study, including their potential&&&& importance (avoid generalizations). Include the participants, animals, or cells studied.&Review articles, special articles, and reports should include an unstructured abstract (no more than 300 words) that states the purpose of the article and emphasizes the major concepts and conclusions. Any abbreviations used in the abstract should be defined in the abstract at first mention.&Below the abstract, provide and identify 5–10 keywords or short phrases, including the subject group, that will help to increase the discoverabilit do not use adjectives. Terms that are fundamental to your manuscript but are not included in your manuscript title or abstract are especially important to include to increase discoverability by indexing services such as PubMed.&Please note that during manuscript submission, you will be asked to supply keywords to assist the editors in locating suitable reviewers for your manuscript. Keywords for reviewer searches should include the terms most fundamental to your manuscript, and may differ from your list of keywords for publication.&3. IntroductionDescribe clearly the background to the research conducted and the specific objectives. This should not be a comprehensive review of the literature, however. State the specific objective or hypothesis of the study.&4. MethodsDocumentation of methods and materials used should be sufficient to permit replication of the research. Describe clearly the experimental design including the control and experimental groups.& State the source of specialized materials, diets, chemicals, and instruments and other equipment, with model or catalog numbers, where appropriate. Specify kits, analyzers, and commercial laboratories used. Cite references for methods whenever possible and briefly explain any modifications made.&Human and animal research. Reports of human studies must include a statement that the protocol was approved by the appropriate institutional committee or that it complied with the Helsinki Declaration as revised in 1983. Registration is required for all clinical trials that began after July 1, 2010. When preparing reports of randomized, clinical trials, refer to the checklist published in the CONSORT Statement (8). Include a CONSORT flow diagram as a manuscript figure summarizing participant flow with the sizes (n) of initial (recruited, enrolled) and final groups. Indicate in both the abstract and the manuscript text whether the outcomes reported are primary or secondary outcomes of the study. For systematic reviews and meta-analyses, refer to the PRISMA checklist and include a PRISMA flow diagram as a figure in the manuscript (9). CONSORT and PRISMA checklists can be uploaded as supplemental material for the benefit of reviewers and editors.&Research on animals should include a statement that the protocol was approved by the appropriate committee or complied with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (10). Compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines is encouraged and the checklist can be uploaded as supplemental material (11). Describe how animals were euthanized. Describe control and experimental animals or participants, giving age, weight, sex, race, and for animals, breed or strain. Include the supplier of experimental animals.&Diets. Composition of control and experimental diets must be presented. When a diet composition is published for the first time in JN, provide complete information on all components in a table. If previously described in JN or The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, a reference may be used. State specifically any modifications made to the published diet compositions. The proximate composition of closed formula diets should be given as amounts of protein, energy, fat, and fiber. Express components as g/kg diet. Vitamin and mineral mixture compositions should be included using JN units and nomenclature. For a discussion of the formulation of purified animal diets, refer to Baker (12) and to a series of ASN publications (13–16). The experimental diets should differ from the control diets only in the nutrient(s) being investigated. Nonpurified diets generally should not be u animals fed these diets should be included for reference only and their data should not be included in statistical analysis.&Statistical methods. Describe all statistical tests utilized and indicate the probability level (P) at which differences were considered significant. If data are presented in the text, state what they represent (e.g., mean ± SEM). Indicate whether data were transformed before analysis. Specify any statistical computer programs used.&Present the results of the statistical analysis of data in the body of each table and on figures per se. Use letters or symbols to indicate sig define these in a table footnote or the figure legend. Provide the appropriate statistics of variability with an estimate of the error variance (SD or SEM) of group means. Standard ANOVA methodology assumes a homogeneous variance. If error variance is tested and found to be heterogeneous, transform data before ANOVA, or use nonparametric tests. For a discussion of variability calculations and curve-fitting procedures, see Baker (12).&If non-significant P values are reported, use only 2 digits past the decimal (e.g., P=0.15). Present significant P values to a maximum of 4 using fewer is acceptable. Present coefficients to a maximum of 2 decimal places (e.g., r=0.87, R2=0.16, etc.).&5. ResultsReport the results of the study without repeating the methodology, Introduction, or content in the Discussion section. Do not duplicate data from tables or figures in the text.&6. DiscussionIn the Discussion, explain the importance of the findings, putting them into the context of the existing literature. Clearly state the overall conclusions.&7. AcknowledgmentsTechnical assistance and advice may be acknowledged in a section at the end of the text. Only named individuals should be included in this section. Authors are responsible for obtaining written permission from everyone providing a personal communication or acknowledged by name in the manuscript and for providing to the Editor a copy of the permission, if requested.&Statement of authors’ contributions to manuscript. Authors must indicate their contribution(s) to the manuscript in the Acknowledgments section. Use the relevant descriptors listed below unless the author performed a function that clearly is not covered by one of these. All manuscripts, including reviews, must indicate who is responsible for design, writing, and final content and must include a statement affirming that all authors have read and approved the manuscript. The initials of all authors must be included. &1.designed research (project conception, development of overall research plan, and study oversight)2.conducted research (hands-on conduct of the experiments and data collection).3.provided essential reagents, or provided essential materials (applies to authors who contributed by providing animals, constructs, databases, etc., necessary for the research).4.analyzed data or performed statistical analysis.5.wrote paper (only authors who made a major contribution).6.had primary responsibility for final content.7.other (use only if categories abov describe briefly).8.All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. For single-authored research papers and reviews, please state: The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript.Please do not include &obtained funding.& The initials of authors who received grants may be included in the footnote on the title page regarding Support.&An example is: A. X., R. F. G., and P. G. Y. R. F. G. and Q. C. P. T. and A. X., P. G. Y. and Q. C. wrote the paper. P. G. Y. had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.& &8. ReferencesConsecutively number references, including web citations, in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Number references cited for the first time in tables or figure legends in order, based on the first citation of the table or figure in the text. Identify references in the text, tables, and legends for figures by Arabic numbers in parentheses.&Only published papers and accepted papers that are &in press& may be included in the References section. &In press& papers must be submitted as supplemental files in PDF format at the time of manuscript submission. Personal communications from others and unpublished data of the authors, including submitted manuscripts, should appear parenthetically in the text. Include the full name and affiliation of the person providing a personal communication.&JN reference format is consistent with the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommended format for bibliographic citations (17) with the following exception: list the names of all authors, unless there are more than ten, in which case list the first ten plus &et al.& The ICMJE states, &as an option, if a journal carries continuous pagination throughout a volume (as many medical journals do) the month and issue number may be omitted.& JN follows this optional style. If you are using software such as EndNote or Reference Manager that inserts this additional material, it will be automatically deleted during production of accepted manuscripts. Abbreviate journal names according to the National Library of Medicine (NLM) journal abbreviations list (18).&Authors may add the DOI (&digital object identifier& number unique to the publication) to a reference for articles in press. It should be included immediately after the citation in the References. An example is:&Kimokoti RW, Judd SE, Shikany JM, Newby PK. Metabolically healthy obesity is not associated with food intake in White or Black Men. J Nutr 2015 Sep 30 (E DOI: doi:10.3945/jn.115.221283).&Examples of citations to sources on the internet and to books can be found in the References in JN's Instructions for Authors. Monographs can be cited in the following format:&Gibson RS, Ferguson EL. An interactive 24-hour recall for assessing the adequacy of iron and zinc intakes in developing countries. HarvestPlus Technical Monograph 8: Washington, DC and Cali, Colombia: International Food Policy Research Institute and International Center for Tropical Agriculture. 2008.&There is no limit on the number
cite recent literature comprehensively. Begin the list of references on a new page. Note that there should be no line numbers on the row with the &References& heading or throughout the References section.
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