2018年12月大学英语六级词汇看图记忆：officer
　　officer n.官员，军官，警官，船长 vt. 指挥　　例句：The young army officer was promoted to the rank captain.　　这个年轻军官被提升为上尉。　　official n.官员，公务员 adj. 公务的，官方的，正式的　　例句：Carl happens to have the official statistics with him.　　卡尔碰巧身边有官方的统计数字。　　minister n.部长，大臣　　例句：The minister has indicated that he may resign next year.　　该大臣已示意他明年可能辞职。　　ministry n.(政府的)部门　　例句：The standard shall be approved by the Ministry of Finance beforebeing
carried out.　　标准在实施前应由财政部核定。　　Senator n.参议员　　例句：The senator welcomes whoever is willing to assist him.　　那位参议欢迎任何一位乐意支持他的人。　　senate n.参议院，上院　　例句：This proposal was approved by both the House and the Senate.　　这一建议得到了参众两院的批准。　　ambassador n.大使　　例句：He was appointed ambassador to France, which is his dream position.　　他被任命为驻法国大使，这是他理想的职务。　　embassy n.大使及其随员，大使的派遣，大使馆　　例句：A crowd had already collected outside the embassy gates, waiting tohave
their visaapproved.　　使馆大门外已经聚集了一群人，等候着他们的签证获得通过。
六级阅读部分解析（第一套）Section A本文选自WIRED杂志网站一篇名为Palau creates world's sixth largest marine sanctuary的文章。文章介绍了太平洋岛国Palau因禁渔禁矿采而成为了全球第六大海洋生物&避难所&。文章难度不大，但挖空涉及较多形容词，考察了考生一定的词汇量累积。其中有一些常见搭配，如commercial fishing 商业捕鱼、an exclusive economic zone专属经济区、an independent nation独立主权国家等。Section B本文选自Techcrunch科技网站一篇名为The 4 Reasons You're Addicted to Technology的文章。文章为议论文，如题讨论了四种原因人们为何会&科技上瘾&：第一是科技企业要你上瘾，从而增加点击量能索要更高的广告费；第二是你的老板要你上瘾从而无时无刻都在工作状态；第三是你的朋友会感染你上瘾因为聚会时看手机的习惯会传染；第四是你自己难改拖延的习惯，在工作时使用手机和电脑。文章难度适中，词汇难度不高但某些段落较长，需要提高一定阅读速度。话题比较符合考生实际生活，考生在做题时应先提取文章后跟题干的关键词，再返回原文中进行快速扫读，例如第38题中关键词belching对应段落I。Section CPassage One本篇文章节选自外媒；此篇文章讲述了可口可乐在材料上的发展史中较为有趣的几件代表性事件。此篇文章在六级阅读中，算较难理解和做题的篇章，因为文章行文思路比较西化，且长难句也较多。此篇文章中46题容易错选为B选项，因为第一段的多处关键词都和B选项匹配，所以此题对文章的理解需求很高；B选项之所以是错误的，是因为文中所说的可口可乐一开始的发明其实是用&cocaine的成份替代了alcohol，从而使其可以发行&，所以可口可乐中并不含有酒精。Passage Two本文选自National Real Estate Investor网站上一篇名为The Rise of the 18-Hour City的文章。文章介绍了一种介于小城镇和大都市之间的新型城市模式：&18小时制&城市运转模式，改变了美国城市二元化的格局。原先一些在工作日下班时间就被&抛弃&的城镇因此重新焕发了商业生机，拉动了现代化住宅的建设。与此同时，18小时制而非24小时制的城市模式也保全了这些城镇的宁静，没有像纽约等大都市那般吵闹。本文难度中等，文章后题目主要考查事实细节，要注意选项中复述文章原文的同义替换，如第55题中better job opportunities对应本文中stable employment for residents。并且注意根据出题的顺序原则依次做题.
原文：洞庭湖位于湖南省东北部，面积很大，但湖水很浅。洞庭湖是长江的蓄洪池，湖的大小很大程度上取决于季节变化。湖北和湖南两省因其与湖的相对位置而得名，湖北意为&湖的北边&，而湖南则为&湖的南边&。洞庭湖作为龙舟赛的发源地，在中国文化中享有盛名。据说龙舟赛始于洞庭湖东岸。为的是搜寻楚国爱国诗人屈原的遗体。龙舟赛与洞庭湖及周边的美景，每年都吸引着成千上万来自全国和世界各地的游客。解析：这段话共有七个句子。【第一句】洞庭湖位于湖南省东北部，面积很大，但湖水很浅。这句话描述洞庭湖的概况。可以放在一句话中翻译，将&面积很大，但湖水很浅作状语&，但如果不知如何写，可简化拆成两句话翻译。 其中主语洞庭湖译为Dongting Lake，核心谓语为位于，是be located in/be situated in。&面积&在英语中无完全对应译文，但在这，指的是湖泊大小，故可翻为size。描述湖水&浅&常用形容词shallow, 如想不到这一单词，也可翻为not deep。故这句话可翻为：Dongting Lake is located in the northeast of Hunan Province. It is big in size, but the water is not very deep.更高级的翻译是：Enormous in its size, yet extremely shallow in its depth, Dongting Lake is located in northeastern Hunan province.【第二句】洞庭湖是长江的蓄洪池，湖的大小很大程度上取决于季节变化。这句话是进一步说明洞庭湖的面积问题。这个句子可以翻译成两个简单句，但是也可以把其中暗藏的因果关系翻译出来，形成一个复杂句。蓄洪池，标准的英文翻译是flood basin，但是如果不知道这个词汇的话，可以用简单的单词通过解释把这个词翻译出来。另外，取决于，这个词组的翻译是depend on。故这句话可翻为：Dongting Lake stores the floods of the Yangtze River. The size of the lake depends largely on the change of seasons.更高级的翻译是：Owing to the fact that Dongting Lake is a flood basin of the Yangtze River, the area that the lake covers depends on the season.【第三句】湖北和湖南两省因其与湖的相对位置而得名，湖北意为&湖的北边&，而湖南则为&湖的南边&。这个句子是介绍与洞庭湖相关的两个省份的情况。&因 & 得名&的英文是be name after，而如果这个词组反应不出来的话，也可以用简单的说法来替代，&名字来自于 &&。而在翻译湖南湖北名字的意思这两个并列的短句的时候，可以在后面句子里省略be动词。故这句话可翻为：The names of Hubei and Hunan Province come from their relative locations to the lake.更高级的翻译是：The provinces of Hubei and Hunan are named after their relative locations to the lake: Hubei means "North of the Lake" and Hunan, "South of the Lake".【第四句】洞庭湖作为龙舟赛的发源地，在中国文化中享有盛名。这句话的难点在于发源地的翻译，place of origin，而如果没法给出准确的翻译的话，也可以用birthplace进行替代。所谓&享有盛名&，也就是&非常有名&的意思，进行一个简单的转化之后，就会好翻很多。故这句话可翻为：As the birthplace of dragon boat races, Dongting Lake is very famous in Chinese culture.更高级的翻译是：Dongting Lake is celebrated in Chinese culture as the place of origin of dragon boat racing.【第五句】据说龙舟赛始于洞庭湖东岸。【第六句】为的是搜寻楚国爱国诗人屈原的遗体。据说，可以被翻译为it is said that。而东岸，则是需要一个稍微有点难度的单词，shore，表示湖的岸。当然，如果不知道这个单词的话，也能用eastern side of the lake表示湖的东边，毕竟龙舟赛只可能在水里进行，不可能在陆地上进行。第五句和第六句在翻译的时候可以组合成一个句子，因为第六句实际上是省略了和前一句一样的主语，&龙舟赛&。爱国，patriotic。这个单词稍难，如果用country-loving，虽然不如patriotic精确，但是在语法上也没错故这两句话可翻为：It is said that dragon boat races started on the eastern side of the lake, in order to look for the body of Qu Yuan, a country-loving poet in the state of Chu.更高级的翻译是：Dragon boat racing is said to have begun on the eastern shores of Dongting Lake as a search for the body of Qu Yuan, a patriotic Chu poet.【第七句】龙舟赛与洞庭湖及周边的美景，每年都吸引着成千上万来自全国和世界各地的游客。这句话的主语是词组龙舟赛与&美景，而谓语是吸引着。故整句话可翻为：Dragon boat races and the beautiful scenery around Dongting Lake attract thousands of tourists from all over China and the world every year.更高级的翻译是：Dragon boat racing and Dongting Lake, with the gorgeous scenery around it, attract thousands of tourists across China and the globe every year.全文翻译【过关版】Dongting Lake is located in the northeast of Hunan Province. It is big in size, but the water is not deep. Dongting Lake stores the floods of the Yangtze River. The size of the lake depends largely on the change of seasons. The name of Hubei and Hunan Province come from their relative locations to the lake. Hubei means &the north of the lake&, while Hunan means &the south of the lake&. As the birthplace of dragon boat races, Dongting Lake is very famous in Chinese culture. It is said that dragon boat races started on the eastern side of the lake, in order to look for the body of Qu Yuan, a country-loving poet in the state of Chu. Dragon boat races and the beautiful scenery around Dongting Lake attract thousands of tourists from all over China and the world every year.【高分版】Enormous in its size, yet extremely shallow in its depth, Dongting Lake is located in northeastern Hunan province. Owing to the fact that Dongting Lake is a flood basin of the Yangtze River, the area that the lake covers depends on the season. The provinces of Hubei and Hunan are named after their relative locations to the lake: Hubei means "North of the Lake" and Hunan, "South of the Lake". Dongting Lake is celebrated in Chinese culture as the place of origin of dragon boat racing. Dragon boat racing is said to have begun on the eastern shores of Dongting Lake as a search for the body of Qu Yuan, a patriotic Chu poet. Dragon boat racing and Dongting Lake, with the gorgeous scenery around it, attract thousands of tourists across China and the globe every year.
原文：青海湖位于海拔3205米，青海省省会西宁以西约100公里处。是中国最大的咸水湖，面积4317平方公里，最深处25.5米，有23条河注入湖中，其中大部分是季节性的。百分之八十的湖水源于五条主要河流。青海湖位于跨越亚洲的几条候鸟迁徙路线的交叉处。许多鸟类把青海湖作为迁徙过程中的暂息地，湖的西侧是著名的&鸟岛&，吸引着来自世界各地的观鸟者。每年夏天，游客们也来这里观看国际自行车比赛。解析：【第一句】青海湖位于海拔3205米，青海省省会西宁以西约100公里处。整句话主语为青海湖，译为Qinghai Lake，而谓语的位于，是指青海湖位置，用be located in/situated in 来翻，但注意，位于并非指海拔高低，而是方位，故意群为位于&以西，译为is located/situated about 100 km west of&。海拔的名词为altitude，故海拔3205米，可作状语，译为at the altitude of 3,205 metres。但若童鞋不知单词altitude，也可以用sea level替换，译为3,205 metres above sea level。故整句话可译为：Qinghai Lake is 3,205 metres above sea level. It is about 100 km to the west of Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province.高端版的译文为：Qinghai Lake is situated about 100 kilometres west of Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province, at the altitude of 3,205 metres.【第二句】是中国最大的咸水湖，面积4317平方公里，最深处25.5米，有23条河注入湖中，其中大部分是季节性的。句子主语还是青海湖。前半句意群为湖水面积和深浅，而后半句为有河流注入湖中。故翻译时可拆分为两句话。第1句，谓语是&咸水湖，咸水湖译为salt lake或saline lake，面积&实则表示湖水的表面面积，可作状语置于句首，故译为with a surface area of 4,317 square kilometres，但这里也可简化，将它拆成一个新的句子，译为its size is 4317 km²。同理，后面最深处&也可拆开成一个新的句子，译为The deepest point of the lake is 25.5 metres或its maximum depth is 25.5 metres。第2句分析后，主语为23条河，而注入为谓语，也可理解为流入，可译为flow into，或更精确的empty into（河川注入），季节性为seasonal，而整句话的两个分句可用and或定语从句将其连接。故整句话可译为：It is the largest salt lake. Its size is 4317 km². The deepest point of the lake is 25.5 metres. 23 rivers flow into the lake, and most of the rivers are seasonal.高端版的译文为：With a surface area of 4,317 square kilometres, Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China and its maximum depth is 25.5 metres. Twenty-three rivers and streams empty into Qinghai Lake, most of which are seasonal.【第三句】百分之八十的湖水源于五条主要河流。这句话的谓语为源于可表示湖水从何而来，故可用come from，但也可以倒过来，五条河流提供了百分之八十的湖水，也可用provide。湖水既可以说water in the lake，也可以用更精确的influx(n.汇集，流入)，表示这些湖水是从别的河流汇聚而成。故整句话可译为：80% of the water in the lake comes from 5 main rivers.高端版的译文为：Five major rivers provide 80% of total influx.【第四句】青海湖位于跨越亚洲的几条候鸟迁徙路线的交叉处。这句话的核心结构为青海湖位于&交叉处，划线部分为交叉处的修饰定语。交叉处可译为crossroads或crossing point，位于交叉处，be (located) at the crossroads，跨越亚洲的，可用介词短语across Asia作后置定语，候鸟迁徙为bird migration，路线可用path 或route。故整句话可译为：Qinghai Lake is at the crossing point of several bird migration paths across Asia.高端版的译文为：The lake is located at the crossroads of several bird migration routes across Asia.【第五句】许多鸟类把青海湖作为迁徙过程中的暂息地，湖的西侧是著名的&鸟岛&，吸引着来自世界各地的观鸟者。这句话可拆为两句话翻译：许多鸟类把青海湖作为迁徙过程中的暂息地，//湖的西侧是著名的&鸟岛&，吸引着来自世界各地的观鸟者。第1句，主语许多鸟类，直译为species，但不知该词时也可用birds，谓语把&作为&暂息地，可译文use&as an intermediate(中间的) stop或take & as a place to rest，其中暂息地可理解为在迁徙过程中停下来或停下休息的地方。后半句中的迁徙过程中的用介词短语during the migration作后置定语。第2句有两个动作，西侧是&和吸引，但英语句子只有一个谓语，故可将吸引译为attracting现在分词作状语，观鸟者为birdwatchers，鸟岛为Bird Islands（青海湖的鸟岛分为东西两岛）。故整句话可译为：Many birds take Qinghai Lake as a place to rest during their migration. To the west of the lake, are the famous &Bird Islands&, attracting birdwatchers from all over the world.高端版的译文为：Many species use Qinghai Lake as an intermediate stop during migration. On the western side of the lake lie the renowned &Bird Islands&, attracting bird-watchers from different parts of the world.【第六句】每年夏天，游客们也来这里观看国际自行车比赛。该句为简单句，其中(青海湖)国际自行车比赛，官网译法自行车用的时cycling，若不知该单词，也可以用bicycle/bike替换，官方译法比赛为race，这里也可以用competition。故整句话可译为：Every summer, visitors also come here to watch the international bicycle racing competition.高端版的译文为：Every summer, visitors also come here to watch the international cycling race.【过关版】Qinghai Lake is 3205 meters above sea level. It is about 100 km to the west of Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province. It is the largest lake with salty water. Its size is 4317 km². The deepest point of the lake is 25.5 meters. 23 rivers flow into the lake. Most of the rivers are seasonal. 80% of the water of the lake comes from 5 main rivers. Qinghai Lake is at the crossing point of several bird migration paths. Many birds take Qinghai Lake as a place to rest when they are migrating. To the west of the lake, is the famous &Bird Island&, attracting birdwatchers from all over the world. Every summer, visitors also come here to watch international bicycle racing competitions.【高分版】Qinghai Lake is situated about about 100 kilometres west of the capital city of Qinghai province, Xining, at the altitude of 3,205 metres. With a surface area of 4,317 square kilometres, Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China and its maximum depth is 25.5 meters. Twenty-three rivers and streams empty into Qinghai Lake, most of which are seasonal. Five permanent streams provide 80% of total influx. The lake is located at the crossroads of several bird migration routes across Asia. Many species use Qinghai Lake as an intermediate stop during migration. On the western side of the lake lies the renowned &Bird Islands&, which attract bird-watchers from different parts of the world. Every summer, tourists also come here to watch the international cycling race.
参考答案：Passage two51答案 A) They were divided into residential and business areas.52答案 B) They have seen a rise in property prices.53答案 D) look deserted in the evenings54答案 C) More comfortable life and greater upward mobility55答案 B) More chances for promotion
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections：In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage though carefully before making your choice. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.In the past 12 months, Nigeria has suffered from a shrinking economy, a sliding currency, and a prolonged fuel shortage. Now, Africa&s largest economy is facing a food crisis as major tomato fields have been destroyed by an insect, leading to a nationwide shortage and escalating prices.The insect, Tutaabsoluta, has destroyed 80% of farms in Kaduna, Nigeria&s largest tomato-producing state, leading the government there to declare a state of __26__.The insect, also known as the tomato leaf miner, devastates crops by __27__ on fruits and digging into and moving through stalks. It 28 incredibly quickly, breeding up to 12 generations per year if conditions are favorable. It is believed to have 29 in South America in the early 1900s, and later spread to Europe before crossing over to sub-Saharan America.In Nigeria, where tomatoes are a staple of local diets, the insect&s effects are devastating. Retail prices for a 30 of tomatoes at local markets have risen from $0.50 to $2.50. Farmers are reporting steep losses and a new $20 million tomato-paste factory has 31 production due to the shortages.Given the moth&s ability also to attack crops like pepper and potatoes, Audu Ogbeh, Nigeria&s minister of agriculture, has warned that the pest may &create serious problems for food 32 &in the country. Ogbeh says experts are investigating how to control the pest&s damage and prevent its spread, which has gone largely 33 until now.Despite being the continent&s second-largest producer of tomatoes, Nigeria is 34 on $1 billion worth of tomato-paste imports every year, as around 75% of the local harvest goes to waste thanks to a lack of proper storage facilities. A further 35 in local supplies is yet another unwelcome setback to the industry.答案26. C) emergency27. D) feeding28. K) reproduces29. I) originated30. G) handful31. F) halted32. L) security33. N) unchecked34. A) dependent35. J) reductionSection BDirection: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Data sharing: An open mind on open data.[A] It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a &crisis& in science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. Furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends.[B] The open-date shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. On the one hand, the drive to share is gathering official steam. Since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back policies that support increased public access to research. On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share data, and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems. As more journals and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers.[C] One key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becoming scientifically vulnerable. They must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration proposal from those who are wary of&or unfamiliar with & open science. And they must learn how to capitalize on the movement&s benefits, such as opportunities for more citations and a way to build a reputation without the need for conventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals.[D] Some fields have embraced open data more than others. Researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings of irreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocal supporter of the drive for more-open science. A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in reproducible & for example, by affixing an &open-data& badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. According to social psychologist Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological Science, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015.[E] Funders, too, are increasingly adopting as open-data policy. Several strongly encourage, and some require, a data-management plan that makes data available. The US National Science Foundation is among these. Some philanthropic (慈善的) funders, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington, and the Wellcome Trust in London, also mandate open data from their grant recipients.[F] But many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science, are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private. Graduate students and postdocs, who often are working on their lab head&s grant, may have no choice if their supervisor or another senior colleague opposes sharing.[G] Some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a career. &Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped （被抢先）,& says New York University astronomer David Hogg. Those fears may be a factor in a lingering hesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it.[H] Researchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose when sharing hard-won data. &With my institution and teaching load, I don&t have postdocs and grad students,& says Terry McGlynn, a tropical biologist at California State University, Dominguez Hills, &The stakes are higher for me to share data because it&s a bigger fraction of what&s happening in my lab.&[I] Researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view. Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository （储存库）, answering questions and handing complaints can take many hours.[J] The time investment can present other problems. In some cases, says data scientist Karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues&many of whom head selection and promotion committees&might ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies. &I&ve heard this recently & that embracing the idea of open data and code makes traditional academics uncomfortable.& says Ram, &The concern seems to be that open advocates don&t spend their time being as productive as possible.&[K] An open-science stance can also add complexity to a collaboration. Kate Ratliff, who studies social attitudes at the University of Florida, Gainesville, says that it can seem as if there are two camps in a field & those who care about open science and those who don&t. &There&s a new area to navigate & &Are you cool with the fact that I&ll want to make the data open?& & when talking with somebody about an interesting research idea,& she says.[L] Despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. For example, when information is uploaded to a repository, a digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned. Scientists can use a DOI to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citations & one each for the data and software, in addition to the paper itself. And although some say that citations for software or data have little currency in academia, they can have other benefits.[M]Many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp will protect scientists from being scooped. &This is the sweet spot between sharing and getting credit for it, while discouraging plagiarism（剽窃）,&says Ivo Grigorov, a project coordinator at the National Institute of Aquatic Resources Research Secretariat in Charlottenlund, Denmark. Hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think, &The two cases I&m familiar with didn&t involve open data or code.& he says.[N]Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the playing field by gaining better access to crucial data. Ross Mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at the University of Cambridge, UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because his fossil-based research depends on access to others& data. He says that more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a common practice of shutting out early-career scientists& requests for data.[O]Communication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says. Concerns about open science should be discussed at the outset of a study. &Whenever you start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectations for who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them,& he says.[P]In the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early-career researcher to gain recognition & a crucial component of success. &The thing you are searching for is reputation,& says Titus Brown, a genomics（基因组学） researcher at the University of California, Davis. &To get grants and jobs, you have to be relevant and achieve some level of public recognition. Anything you do that advances you presence & especially in a larger sphere, outside the communities you know & is a net win.&36. Astronomer David Hogg doesn&t think scooping is as serious a problem as generally thought.37. Some researchers are hesitant to make their data public for fear that others might publish something similar before them.38. Some psychology journals have offered incentives to encourage authors to share their data.39. There is a growing demand in the science community that research data be open to the public.40. Sharing data offers early-career researchers the chance to build a certain level of reputation.41. Data sharing enables scientists to publish each step of their research work, thus leading to more citations.42. Scientists hold different opinions about the extent and timing of data sharing.43. Potential problems related to data sharing should be made known to and discussed by all participants at the beginning of a joint research project.44. Sharing data and handling data-related issues can be time-consuming.45. Junior researchers may have no say when it comes to sharing data.答案[M] 36. Astronomer David Hogg doesn&t think scooping is as serious a problem as generally thought.[G] 37. Some researchers are hesitant to make their data public for fear that others might publish something similar before them.[D] 38. Some psychology journals have offered incentives to encourage authors to share their data.[A] 39. There is a growing demand in the science community that research data be open to the public.[P] 40. Sharing data offers early-career researchers the chance to build a certain level of reputation.[L] 41. Data sharing enables scientists to publish each step of their research work, thus leading to more citations.[B] 42. Scientists hold different opinions about the extent and timing of data sharing.[O] 43. Potential problems related to data sharing should be made known to and discussed by all participants at the beginning of a joint research project.[I] 44. Sharing data and handling data-related issues can be time-consuming.[F] 45. Junior researchers may have no say when it comes to sharing data.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.In the beginning of the movie I, Robot, a robot has to decide whom to save after two cars plunge into the water&Del Spooner or a child. Even though Spooner screams &Save her! Save her!& the robot rescues him because it calculates that he has a 45 percent chance of survival compared to Sarah&s 11 percent. The robot&s decision and its calculated approach raise an important question: would humans make the same choice? And which choice would we want our robotic counterparts to make?Isaac Asimov evaded the whole notion of morality in devising his three laws of robotics, which hold that 1. Robots cannot harm humans or allow hu 2, Robots must obey humans, except where the order would conflict with law 1; and 3. Robots must act in self-preservation, unless doing so conflicts with laws 1 or 2. These laws are programmed into Asimov&s robots&they don&t have to think, judge, or value. They don&t have to like humans or believe that hurting them is wrong or bad. They simply don&t do it.The robot who rescues Spooner&s life in I, Robot follows Asimov& robots cannot harm humanity (as opposed to individual humans) or allow humanity to come to harm&an expansion of the first law that allows robots to determine what&s in the greater good. Under the first law, a robot could not harm a dangerous gunman, but under the zeroth law, a robot could kill the gunman to save others.Whether it&s possible to program a robot with safeguards such as Asimov&s laws is debatable. A word such as &harm& is vague (what about emotional harm? Is replacing a human employee harm?), and abstract concepts present coding problems. The robots in Asimov&s fiction expose complications and loopholes in the three laws, and even when the laws work, robots still have to assess situations.Assessing situations can be complicated. A robot has to identify the players, conditions, and possible outcomes for various scenarios. It&s doubtful that a computer program can do that & at least, not without some undesirable results. A roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory programmed a robot to save human proxies (替身) called &H-bots& from danger. When one H-bot headed for danger, the robot successfully pushed it out of the way. But when two H-bots became imperiled, the robot choked 42 percent of the time, unable to decide which to save and letting them both &die.& The experiment highlights the importance of morality: without it, how can a robot decide whom to save or what&s best for humanity, especially if it can&t calculate survival odds?46. What questions does the example in the movie raise?A) Whether robots can reach better decisions.B) Whether robots follow Asimov&s zeroth law.C) How robots may make bad judgements.D) How robots should be programmed.47. What does the author think of Asimov&s three laws of robotics?A) They are apparently divorced from reality.B) They did not follow the coding system of robotics.C) They laid a solid foundation for robotics.D) They did not take moral issues into consideration.48. What does the author say about Asimov&s robots?A) They know what is good or bad for human beings.B) They are programmed not to hurt human beings.C) They perform duties in their owners& best interest.D) They stop working when a moral issue is involved.49. What does the author want to say by mentioning the world &harm& in Asimov&s laws?A) Abstract concepts are hard to program.B) It is hard for robots to make decisions.C) Robots may do harm in certain situations.D) Asimov&s laws use too many vague terms.50. What has the roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory found in his experiment?A) Robots can be made as intelligent as human beings some day.B) Robots can have moral issues encoded into their programs.C) Robots can have trouble making decisions in complex scenarios.D) Robots can be programmed to perceive potential perils.答案46. A) Whether robots can reach better decisions47. D) They did not take moral issues into consideration.48. C) They perform duties in their owners' best interest.49. A) Abstract concepts are hard to program.50. C) Robots can have trouble making decisions in complex scenarios.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Our world now moves so fast that we seldom stop to see just how far we have come in just a few years. The latest iPhone 6s, for example, has a dual-core processor and fits nicely into your pocket. By comparison, you would expect to find a technological specification like this on your standard laptop in an office anywhere in the world.It&s no wonder that new applications for the Internet of Things are moving ahead fast when almost every new device we buy has a plug on the end of it or a wireless connection to the internet. Soon, our current smartphone lifestyle will expand to create our own smart home lifestyle too.All researched agree that close to 25 billion devices, things and sensors will be connected by 2020 which incidentally is also the moment that Millennials（千禧一代） are expected to make up 75 percent of our overall workforce, and the fully connected home will become a reality for large numbers of people worldwide.However, this is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg as smart buildings and even cities increasingly become the norm as leaders and business owners begin to wake up to the massive savings that technology can deliver through connected sensors and new forms of automation coupled with intelligent energy and facilities management.Online security cameras, intelligent lighting and a wealth of sensors that control both temperature and air quality are offering an unprecedented level of control, efficiency, and improvements to what were once classed necessary costs when running a business or managing a large building.We can expect that the ever-growing list of devices, systems and environments remains connected, always online and talking to each other. The big benefit will not only be in the housing of this enormous and rapidly growing amount of data, but will also be in the ability to run real time data analytics to extract actionable and ongoing knowledge.The biggest and most exciting challenge of this technology is how to creatively leverage this ever-growing amount data do deliver cost savings, improvements and tangible benefits to both businesses and citizens of these smart cities.The good news is that most of this technology is already invented. Let&s face it, it wasn&t too long ago that the idea of working from anywhere and at anytime was some form of a distant utopian（乌托邦式的） dream, and yet now we can perform almost any office-based task from any location in the world as long as we have access to the internet.It&s time to wake up to the fact that making smart buildings, cities and homes will dramatically improve our quality of life in the years ahead.51. What does the example of iPhone 6s serve to show?A) The huge capacity of the smartphones people now use.B) The widespread use of smartphones all over the world.C) The huge impact of new technology on people&s everyday life.D) The rapid technological progress in a very short period of time.52. What can we expect to see by the year 2020?A) Apps for the Internet of Things.B) The popularization of smart homes.C) The emergence of Millennials.D) Total globalization of the world.53. What will business owners do when they become aware of the benefits of the Internet of Things?A) Employ fewer workers in their operations.B) Gain automatic control of their businesses.C) Invest in more smart buildings and cities.D) Embrace whatever new technology there is.54. What is the most exciting challenge when we possess more and more data?A) How to turn it to profitable use.B) How to do real time data analysis.C) How to link the actionable systems.D) How to devise new ways to store it.55. What does the author think about working from anywhere and at anytime?A) It is feasible with a connection to the internet.B) It will thrive in smart buildings, cities and homes.C) It is still a distant utopian dream for ordinary workers.D) It will deliver tangible benefits to both boss and worker.答案51. D) The rapid technological progress in a very short period of time.52. B) The popularization of smart homes.53. B) Gain automatic control of their businesses.54. A) How to turn it to profitable use.55. A) It is feasible with a connection to the internet.
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