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Opening of Prelude no. 1 in C major (BWV 846) from J. S. Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.   
Two harmonizations of ""
Note the slower harmonic rhythm.   
Note the faster harmonic rhythm.   
In , harmonic rhythm, also known as harmonic tempo is the rate at which the
change (or ) in a musical composition, in relation to the rate of notes. Thus a passage in
with a stream of
and chord changes every
has a slow harmonic rhythm and a fast surface or "musical" rhythm (16 notes per chord change), while a piece with a trickle of
and chord changes twice a measure has a fast harmonic rhythm and a slow surface rhythm (1 note per chord change). Harmonic rhythm may be described as strong or weak.
According to
harmonic rhythm is, "the
of each different chord...in a succession of chords." According to Joseph Swain (2002 p. 4) harmonic rhythm, "is simply that perception of
that depends on changes in aspects of ." According to
(1944), "the rhythmic life contributed to music by means of the underlying changes of harmony. The pattern of the harmonic rhythm of a given piece of music, derived by noting the
changes as they occur, reveals important and distinctive features affecting the
Strong harmonic rhythm is characterized by strong root progressions and emphasis of root positions, weak
bass motion, strong rhythmic placement in the measure (especially downbeat), and relatively longer duration.
"The 'fastness' or 'slowness' of harmonic rhythm is not absolute, but relative,"[] and thus analysts compare the overall pace of harmonic rhythm from one piece to another, or the amount of variation of harmonic rhythm within a piece. For example, a key stylistic difference between
is that the latter exhibits much more variety of harmonic rhythm, even though the harmony itself is less complex.
The piece shown above, the Prelude no. 1 in C major    (BWV 846) from 's , illustrates a steady harmonic rhythm of one
change per measure, although the melodic rhythm is much faster.
Porter, Steven (1987). Harmonization of the Chorale, p.9.  .
"", Britannica.com. Accessed June 2013.
Russo, William (1997). Jazz Composition and Orchestration, p.42. University of Chicago.  .
Piston, Walter (1944). Cited in Swain, Joseph P. (2002). Harmonic Rhythm: Analysis and Interpretation,[].  .
Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music, p.377. Harvard.  .
Trogan, Roland (2013). The Circle and the Diamond, p.8. Xlibris.  .
"", Bach-Cantatas.com. Examples of different harmonic rhythms from Bach given. Accessed June 2013.
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