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IKEA (; Swedish: ) is a
group of companies that designs and sells
(such as , chairs and ), appliances, small motor vehicles and home accessories. As of January 2008, it is the world's largest furniture retailer. Founded in
in 1943 by then-17-year-old , who was listed as one of the world's richest people in 2013, the company's name is an
that consists of the initials of Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd (the farm where he grew up), and
(his hometown in , south Sweden). The company is known for its
designs for various types of appliances and furniture, and its
work is often associated with an
simplicity. In addition, the firm is known for its attention to cost control, operational details, and continuous product development, corporate attributes that allowed IKEA to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent over the decade to 2010 during a period of global expansion. The IKEA group has a complex corporate structure and is controlled by several foundations based in the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein.
As of August 2015, IKEA owns and operates 373 stores in 47 countries. In fiscal year
billion worth of goods were sold, a total that represented a 7.7 percent increase over 2009. The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and is the closest representation of the entire IKEA range. There were over 470 million visitors to IKEA's websites in the year from September 2007 to September 2008. The company is responsible for approximately 1% of world commercial-product wood consumption, making it one of the largest users of wood in the retail sector.
Main article:
Map of IKEA stores around the world
  Current market locations
  Future market locations
  No current or planned market locations
The first IKEA store, located in
in Sweden, not far from where the founder was born.
The world's largest IKEA store located near the
The world's second largest IKEA store, situated at
in , Sweden. This IKEA store was opened in 1965.
IKEA store in , China.
IKEA store in , United States.
IKEA store at
in , Japan, one of the very few IKEA stores with direct
Entrance to an IKEA store at the 4th floor of
in , Hong Kong.
An IKEA 4.5 Museum display at the outer precinct of the
in , Japan.
founded IKEA in 1943 as a mostly mail-order sales business. It began to sell furniture five years later. The first M?bel-IK?A store was opened in , , in 1958, while the first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969). The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside
opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974).
Amid a high level of success, the company's West German executives accidentally opened a store in
in 1973 instead of . Later that decade, stores opened in other parts of the world, such as Japan (1974), Australia and Hong Kong (1975), Canada (1976), and Singapore (1978).[] IKEA further expanded in the 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Canada (1982), Belgium (1984), the United States (1985), the United Kingdom (1987), Italy (1989).[] The company then expanded into more countries in the 1990s and 2000s. Germany, with 50 stores, is IKEA's biggest market, followed by the United States, with 42 stores. At the end of the 2009 financial year, the IKEA group operated 267 stores in 25 countries. The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in , Dominican Republic. As of July 2013, the company's presence in
remains minimal.
The world's five largest IKEA stores are:
, , : 59,000 m2 (640,000 sq ft)
Stockholm , Sweden: 55,200 m2 (594,000 sq ft)
, China: 55,032 m2 (592,360 sq ft)
Beicai, China: 49,400 m2 (532,000 sq ft)
, China: 49,117 m2 (528,690 sq ft)
The largest store in the
is located in , , Australia with a total area of 39,000 m2 (420,000 sq ft). The biggest store in North America is located in , in the province of Quebec, Canada. The store was opened in 1986 in the Ville-St-Laurent area, and was completely renovated and expanded in . Built in 1986, the store's initial area was 22,062 m2 (237,470 sq ft), while the renovated store now measures 43,636 m2 (469,690 sq ft).
In 2014, IKEA opened its first warehouse in Croatia, near . Due to problems with building permissions, the construction was postponed to 28 August 2013. Eventually, the warehouse opened its doors on 21 August 2014. The shopping centre in
with a total area of 38,000 m2 is one of the 5 biggest in Europe and among the 10 biggest IKEA stores in the world. In 2013, IKEA opened its first shopping centre in ,
that is the biggest furniture-selling mall in the .
In March 2013, IKEA opened its first outlet in Qatar, after a delay of several months. Like others in the , the Doha outlet is operated by the . In August 2013, the first store in the Baltic States was opened in the
region of Lithuania. Construction of the 26,500 sq ft (2,500 m2) store commenced in 2011 and the store employs over 200 people.
In July 2014 IKEA announced it would open its first store in India in the city of Hyderabad, where the local government has committed to fast track all the required paperwork and permits, as it is seeking to attract foreign investment. The new IKEA is expected to open in 2015.
In December 2014, the world's largest IKEA store at 59,000 square meters (640,000 square feet), bigger than the previously largest store in Sweden, opened near the
, located at the heart of 's . A second store will open in , with a third one planned in , . IKEA plans to have 5 stores in the country by 2020.
IKEA Restaurant
The Ikea Marketplace
The Warehouse
Older IKEA stores are usually blue buildings with yellow accents (also Sweden's ) and few windows. They are often designed in a one-way layout, leading customers counter clockwise along what IKEA calls "the long natural way" designed to encourage the customer to see the store in its entirety (as opposed to a traditional retail store, which allows a customer to go directly to the section where the desired goods and services are displayed). There are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom. Newer IKEA stores, like the one in , Germany, make more use of glass, both for aesthetics and functionality. Skylights are also now common in the self- natural lighting reduces energy costs, improves worker morale and gives a better impression of the products.
The sequence first involves going through furniture showrooms making note of selected items. The customer then collects a
and proceeds to an open-shelf "Market Hall" warehouse for smaller items, then visits the "Self Serve" furniture warehouse to collect previously noted showroom products in
form. Sometimes, they are directed to collect products from an external warehouse on the same site or at a site nearby after purchase. Finally, customers pay for their products at a cash register.
Today, most stores follow the same layout of having the showroom upstairs with the marketplace and self-service warehouse downstairs. Some stores are single level, while others have separate warehouses to allow more stock to be kept on-site. Single-level stores are found predominantly in areas where the cost of land would be less than the cost of building a 2-level store, such as the , Germany and , Sweden locations. Some stores have dual-level warehouses with machine-controlled silos to allow large quantities of stock to be accessed throughout the selling day.
Most IKEA stores offer an "as-is" area at the end of the warehouse, just before the cash registers. Returned, damaged and formerly showcased products are displayed here and sold with a significant discount, but also with a no-returns policy. Most IKEA stores communicate the IKEA policy on environmental issues in this part of the store. The area, which is painted red, is named according to local customs, in the United Kingdom this is referred to as "Bargain Corner", in Sweden "FYND" (Bargains) and in Denmark, "Rodebutikken" (Rummage boutique).
In Hong Kong, where shop space is limited and costly, IKEA has opened three outlets across the city, most of which have the one-way layout. They are part of shopping malls, and while being tiny compared to common store design, are huge by Hong Kong standards.
The vast majority of IKEA stores are located outside of city centres, primarily because of land cost and traffic access. Several smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in the past (the "midi" concept in the early '90s, which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with 9,300 m2 (100,000 sq ft), or a "boutique" shop in Manhattan). A new format for a full-size, city centre store was introduced with the opening of the
(United Kingdom) store, situated in
in 2006. Another store, in
opened in December 2007. The store has seven floors and a different flow from other Ikea stores. IKEA's
store which opened in February 2009 is also in the city centre and built in an urban style similar to the Coventry store. IKEA built these stores in response to UK government restrictions blocking retail establishment outside city centres.
Another feature of IKEA stores is their long opening hours. Many stores are in operation 24 hours a day with restocking and maintenance being carried out throughout the night. Public opening hours tend to be much longer than most other retailers, with stores open well into the evening in many countries. In the UK, almost all stores are open past 8pm and open around 9am to 10am. IKEA
stores have some of the longest opening hours worldwide being open from 10am to midnight, 7 days a week. Some IKEA stores are not open on Sundays due to local laws.
The IKEA stores are also known for the free , whereby some people consider it as a sport to collect as many of these
as they can during their visit.
Every store includes a restaurant serving traditional , including potatoes with , cream sauce and , although there are variations. In , Malaysia, the usual boiled potatoes have been replaced with . Besides these Swedish foods,
and drinks are also sold, along with a few varieties of the local cuisine, and beverages such as
juice. Also items such as
(princess cake) are sold as desserts. Stores in
food with a high degree of rabbinical supervision. The kosher restaurants are separated into
falafel and non-dairy ice cream are available at the exit. IKEA stores in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates serve
at the exit café as well as beef hot dogs, while in United Kingdom, a
hot dog is available in the exit café.
In many locations, the IKEA restaurants open daily before the rest of the store and serve an inexpensive breakfast. In Canada, this breakfast includes eggs, sausage and hash browns and various add-ons like bacon and pancakes at additional cost. In the United States, the local variation serves scrambled eggs, bacon, country potatoes and a choice of
sticks. In the Netherlands, it consists of a , a small , butter or margarine, jam, a slice of cheese, a boiled egg and coffee or tea. In Australia, it consists of a hash brown, bacon, scrambled eggs, a sausage and a tomato, with a vegetarian option with baked beans which omits the sausage and bacon. In Germany, this breakfast consists of two bread rolls, one slice of smoked salmon, one slice of cheese, one slice of salami, two portions of butter, one portion of jam, and coffee. Alcoholic drinks, like their ?l Ljus beer, are available in some locations. Refills of coffee, tea, and soft drinks are, as is traditional in Sweden, free of charge within store premises, even in countries where this is uncommon. In Austria, IKEA restaurants offer a free refill policy for soft drinks, a practice that is otherwise unknown in the country.
Every store also has a Swedish Food Market that, until 2011, sold branded Swedish prepared specialist foods, such as meatballs, packages of , , various biscuits and crackers, and salmon and . Later IKEA replaced most of the branded foods and extended its product range with the introduction of the IKEA food label. The new label has a variety of items including chocolates, meatballs, jams, pancakes, salmon, along with various drinks. All IKEA food products are based on Swedish recipes and traditions. The majority of the food production still takes place in Sweden by small, medium and large manufacturers, like , which make its meatballs.
Every store has a , named
(Swedish for small lands; it is also the Swedish province where Kamprad was born). Parents drop off their children at a gate to the playground, and pick them up after they arrive at another entrance. In some stores, parents are given free
by the on-site staff, which the staff can use to summon parents whose children need them e in others, staff summon parents through announcements over the in-store public address system.
Rather than being sold pre-assembled, much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be . The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging the volume of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. This is also practical for many of the chain's European customers, where public transport is commonly used, because the flat-pack methods allow for easier transport via public transportation.
IKEA contends that it has been a pioneering force in sustainable approaches to mass .[]. Kamprad calls this "democratic design," meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to
and design (see also ). In response to the explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st centuries, the company implements , capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of
("MDF"), also called "particle board." It is an engineered wood fibre glued under heat and pressure to create a building material of superior strength which is resistant to warp. IKEA uses cabinet-grade and furniture-grade MDF in all of its MDF products, such as PAX wardrobes and kitchen cupboards. IKEA also uses wood, plastic, and other materials for furniture and other products. The intended result is flexible, adaptable home furnishings, scalable both to smaller homes and dwellings as well as large houses.
Not all furniture is stocked at the store level, such as particular sofa colours needing to be shipped from a warehouse to the customer's home (for a delivery charge). The item can also be shipped from the warehouse to the store. Some stores charge an extra fee for this service, but not all.[]
Houses and flats[]
IKEA has also expanded its product base to include flat-pack houses, in an effort to cut prices involved in a first-time buyer's home. (This the American retailer
sold houses under the Craftsman brand in a similar fashion (shipped flat pack with instructions to allow the homeowner to assemble it themselves) by mail order as far back as the 1920s; the products were so well constructed that as of 2014 there are original 1920s Craftsman houses still in use), The IKEA product, named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with . Now working in the Nordic countries and in the UK, sites confirmed in England include London, , , ,
At the end of September 2013, the company announced that solar panel packages, so-called "residential kits", for houses will be sold at 17 UK stores by mid-2014. The decision followed a successful pilot project at the Lakeside IKEA store, whereby one
was sold almost every day. The solar
are manufactured by
a German-based subsidiary of the Chinese company . By the end of 2014, IKEA began to sell Solibro's solar residential kits in the Netherlands and in Switzerland.
IKEA owns and operates a network of shopping centers .
Main article:
On 8 August 2008, IKEA UK launched , a , running on .
Although IKEA household products and furniture are designed in Sweden, they are largely manufactured in developing countries to keep costs down. China accounts for about 2 1/2
times as much supply as Sweden. For most of its products, the final assembly is performed by the end-user (consumer).
Swedwood, an IKEA subsidiary, handles production of all of the company's wood-based products, with the largest Swedwood factory located in Southern Poland. According to the subsidiary, over 16,000 employees across 50 sites in 10 countries manufacture the 100 million pieces of furniture that IKEA sells annually. IKEA furniture uses the hardwood alternative
and Hultsfred, a factory in southern Sweden, is the company's sole supplier.
IKEA products are identified by one-word (rarely two-word) names. Most of the names are Scandinavian in origin. Although there are some exceptions, most product names are based on a special naming system developed by IKEA.
Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs: Swedish placenames (for example: )
Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture: Norwegian place names
Dining tables and chairs: Finnish place names
Bookcase ranges: Occupations
Bathroom articles: Scandinavian lakes, rivers and bays
Kitchens: grammatical terms, sometimes also other names
Chairs, desks: men's names
Fabrics, curtains: women's names
Garden furniture: Swedish islands
Carpets: Danish place names
Lighting: terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, nautical terms
Bedlinen, bed covers, pillows/cushions: flowers, plants, precious stones
Children's items: mammals, birds, adjectives
Curtain accessories: mathematical and geometrical terms
Kitchen utensils: foreign words, spices, herbs, fish, mushrooms, fruits or berries, functional descriptions
Boxes, wall decoration, pictures and frames, clocks: colloquial expressions, also Swedish place names
For example, DUKTIG (meaning: clever, well-behaved) is a line of children's toys, OSLO is a name of a bed,
(a Swedish masculine name) is a popular bookcase, DINERA (meaning: (to) dine) for tableware, KASSETT (meaning: cassette) for media storage. One range of office furniture is named EFFEKTIV (meaning: efficient, effective), SK?RPT (meaning: sharp or clever) is a line of kitchen knives.
A notable exception is the IVAR shelving system, which dates back to the early 1970s. This item is named after the item's designer.
Some of IKEA's Swedish product names have
in other languages, sometimes resulting in the names being withdrawn in certain countries. Notable examples for English include the "Jerker" computer desk (discontinued several years ago as of 2013), "Fukta" plant spray, "Fartfull" workbench, and "Lyckhem" (meaning bliss). Kitchen legs are called FAKTUM (called AKURUM in the United States). The latest addition is the new "Askholmen" outdoor suite. Similar blunders happen with other multinational companies. See also:
Company founder Kamprad, who is , found that naming the furniture with proper names and words, rather than a product code, made the names easier to remember.
IKEA uses a sales technique called "bulla bulla" in which a bunch of items are purposefully jumbled in bins, to create the impression of volume, and therefore, inexpensiveness.
Main article:
IKEA publishes an annual , first published in Swedish in 1951. IKEA published 197 million catalogues in 2010, in twenty languages and sixty-one editions. It is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant, consuming 70% of the company's annual marketing budget.
The catalogue is distributed both in stores and by mail, with most of it being produced by IKEA Communications AB in IKEA's hometown of , Sweden where IKEA operates the largest photo studio in northern Europe at 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft). The catalogue itself is printed on chlorine-free paper of 10–15% post-consumer waste, and prints approximately 175 million copies worldwide annually, more than 3 times as much as the .
According to Canadian broadcaster, , "IKEA's publications have developed an almost cult-like following online. Readers have found all kinds of strange tidbits, including mysterious cat pictures, apparent Mickey Mouse references and weird books wedged into the many shelves that clutter the catalogues."
The 2013 catalogue is smartphone compatible, containing videos and photo galleries that can be accessed via an app by scanning the catalogue's pages, while the 2014 catalog incorporates an augmented reality app that projects an item into a real-time photograph image of the user's room. The augmented reality app also provides an indication of the scale of IKEA objects in relation to the user's living environment.
IKEA Family card, issued in Canada, ca. 2012
In common with some other retailers, IKEA launched a
called "". The card is free of charge and can be used to obtain discounts on a special range of products found in each IKEA store. It is available worldwide. In conjunction with the card, IKEA also publishes and sells a printed quarterly magazine titled IKEA Family Live which supplements the card and catalogue. The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the United Kingdom was launched in February 2007. It is expected to have a subscription of over 500,000.
IKEA Family, as other loyalty cards, allows for lower prices. The main, generally unusual difference is that it allows for free
(from Monday to Friday at most locations) at Ikea restaurant.
Main articles: ,
IKEA in , Greece
IKEA Anagnina in , Italy
IKEA in , Saudi Arabia
IKEA Twin Cities in , USA
IKEA is owned and operated by a complicated array of
corporations. The corporate structure is divided into two main parts: operations and franchising. Most of IKEA's operations, including the management of the majority of its stores, the design and manufacture of its furniture, and purchasing and supply functions are overseen by INGKA Holding, a private, for-profit Dutch company. Of the IKEA stores in 43 countries, 303 are run by the INGKA Holding. The remaining 47 stores are run by franchisees outside of the INGKA Holding, with the exception of IKEA Delft which is not franchised.
INGKA Holding is not an independent company, but is wholly owned by the , which Kamprad established in 1982 in the Netherlands as a tax-exempt, not-for-profit . The Ingka Foundation is controlled by a five-member executive committee that is chaired by Kamprad and includes his wife and attorney.
While most IKEA stores operate under the direct purview of Ingka Holding and the Ingka Foundation, the IKEA trademark and concept is owned by an entirely separate Dutch company Inter IKEA Systems. Every IKEA store, including those run by Ingka Holding, pays a
of 3% of revenue to Inter IKEA Systems. The ownership of Inter IKEA Systems is exceedingly complicated and not publicly known. Inter IKEA Systems is owned by Inter IKEA Holding, a company registered in Luxembourg. Inter IKEA Holding, in turn, belongs to an identically named company in the former
that is run by a trust company based in . In 2009 the company in
was liquidated and the company responsible for this liquidation traces back to the
in Liechtenstein. Ingvar Kamprad has confirmed that this foundation owns Inter IKEA Holding S.A. in Luxembourg and is controlled by the Kamprad family. The IKEA food concessions that operate in IKEA stores are still directly owned by the Kamprad family and represent a major part of the family's income.[]
In Australia, IKEA is operated by two companies. Stores located on the East Coast including ,
are owned by . Stores elsewhere in the country including
are owned by Cebas Pty Ltd. Like elsewhere, all stores are operated under a franchise agreement with Inter IKEA Systems.
In June 2013, Ingvar Kamprad resigned from the board of Inter IKEA Holding SA and his youngest son Mathias Kamprad replaced Per Ludvigsson as the chairman of the holding company. Following his decision to step down, the 87-year-old founder explained, "I see this as a good time for me to leave the board of Inter IKEA Group. By that we are also taking another step in the generation shift that has been ongoing for some years." Mathias and his two older brothers, who also have leadership roles at IKEA, work on the corporation's overall vision and long-term strategy.
The net profit of IKEA Group (which does not include Inter IKEA systems) in fiscal year 2009 (after paying franchise fees to Inter IKEA systems) was EUR2.538 billion on sales of EUR21.846 billion. Because INGKA Holding is owned by the nonprofit INGKA Foundation, none of this profit is taxed. The foundation's nonprofit status also means that the Kamprad family cannot reap these profits directly, but the Kamprads do collect a portion of IKEA sales profits through the franchising relationship between INGKA Holding and Inter IKEA Systems.
Inter IKEA Systems collected EUR631 million of
in 2004, but reported pre-tax profits of only EUR225 million in 2004. One of the major pre-tax expenses that Inter IKEA systems reported was EUR590 million of "other operating charges". IKEA has refused to explain these charges, but Inter IKEA Systems appears to make large payments to I.I. Holding, another Luxembourg-registered group that, according to , "is almost certain to be controlled by the Kamprad family." I.I. Holding made a profit of EUR328 million in 2004.
In 2004, the Inter IKEA group of companies and I.I. Holding reported combined profits of EUR553m and paid EUR19m in taxes, or approximately 3.5 percent. In 2013 the Daily Mail media publication reported that the IKEA subsidiary Swedwood had grown between 20-25% per year since its inception in 1991.
The Berne Declaration, a non-profit organisation in
that promotes corporate responsibility, has formally criticised IKEA for its tax avoidance strategies. In 2007, the Berne Declaration nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye "awards", which highlight corporate irresponsibility and are announced during the
in , Switzerland.
In a company statement emailed on 14 October 2013, Ikea's full-year sales rose 3.1 percent due in part to growth in Russia and China. Ikea's revenue total rose to US$37.9 billion (27.9 billion euros), with significant growth also recorded in North America.
Along with helping IKEA make non-taxable profit, IKEA's complicated corporate structure allows Kamprad to maintain tight control over the operations of Ingka Holding, and thus the operation of most IKEA stores. The Ingka Foundation's five-person executive committee is chaired by Kamprad. It appoints the board of Ingka Holding, approves any changes to Ingka Holding's bylaws, and has the right to preempt new share issues. If a member of the executive committee quits or dies, the other four members appoint his or her replacement.
In Kamprad's absence the foundation's bylaws include specific provisions requiring it to continue operating the Ingka Holding group and specifying that shares can be sold only to another foundation with the same objectives as the Ingka Foundation.
is officially dedicated to promoting "innovations in architecture and interior design." With an estimated net worth of $36 billion, the foundation is unofficially the world's largest charitable organization, ahead of the much better known , which has a net worth of approximately $33 billion. However, most of the Group's profit is the foundation expects to spend EUR45 million on
in 2010 (compare the Gates Foundation, which made gifts of more than $1.5 billion in 2005.)
IKEA is involved in several international charitable causes, particularly in partnership with , including:
In the wake of the , IKEA Australia agreed to match dollar for dollar co-workers' donations and donated all sales of the IKEA Blue Bag to the cause.
After the , IKEA gave 500,000 blankets to the relief effort in the region.
IKEA has provided furniture for over 100 "bridge schools" in .
in China, IKEA Beijing sold an alligator toy for 40
(US$5.83, EUR3.70) with all income going to the children in the earthquake struck area.
IKEA also supports
to restore forests and reduce pollution.
In June 2014, IKEA announced that it would be raising its minimum wage in the United States. The company raised the US minimum wage average to $10.76, but the actual minimum wage in each city will fluctuate depending on that city's living costs. Employees at the IKEA in Emeryville, CA will receive the highest wage of $14.44 per hour and workers in Pittsburgh and West Chester, OH will receive the lowest wage at $8.69 per hour.
In September 2005, IKEA Social Initiative was formed to manage the company's social involvements on a global level. IKEA Social Initiative is headed by Marianne Barner.
The main partners of IKEA Social Initiative are
On 23 February 2009, at the
event in New York,
announced that IKEA Social Initiative has become the agency's largest corporate partner, with total commitments of more than US$180 million.
Examples of involvements:
IKEA through IKEA Social Initiative contribute EUR1 to UNICEF and Save the Children from each soft toy sold during the holiday seasons, raising a total of EUR16.7 million so far. In 2013, an IKEA soft toy, , created a storm and sold out in Hong Kong and in Southern China because it had been misnamed in Chinese.
IKEA Social Initiative provided soft toys to children in Burma after .
Starting in June 2009, for every Sunnan solar-powered lamp sold in IKEA stores worldwide, IKEA Social Initiative will donate one Sunnan with the help of UNICEF.
In September 2011, the IKEA Foundation pledged to donate $62 million to help Somali refugees in .
According to The Economist, however, IKEA's charitable giving is meager, "barely a rounding error in the foundation's assets."
In 2009, Sweden's largest television station, SVT, revealed that IKEA's money—the three per cent collection from each store—does not actually go to a charitable foundation in the Netherlands, as IKEA has said. Inter IKEA is owned by a foundation in , called Interogo, which has amassed twelve billion dollars, and is controlled by the Kamprad family.
After initial environmental issues like the highly publicized
scandals in the early 1980s and 1992, IKEA took a proactive stance on environmental issues and tried to prevent future incidents through a variety of measures. In 1990, IKEA invited , founder of , to address its board of directors. Robert's system conditions for sustainability provided a
to improving the company's environmental performance. In 1990, IKEA adopted the Natural Step framework as the basis for its environmental plan. This led to the development of an Environmental Action Plan, which was adopted in 1992. The plan focused on structural change, allowing IKEA to "maximize the impact of resources invested and reduce the energy necessary to address isolated issues." The environmental measures taken include the following:
(PVC) in wallpapers, home textiles, shower curtains, lampshades and furniture—PVC has been eliminated from packaging and is being phased ou
minimizing the use of
in its products,
eliminating acid-
producing a model of chair (OGLA) made from 100%
introducing a series of air-inflatable furniture products into the product line. Such products reduce the use of raw materials for framing and stuffing and reduce transportation weight and volume to about 15% of that of co
reducing the use of
limiting the use of substances such as , lead, , ,
using wood from responsibly managed forests that r
using only recyclable materials for flat packaging and "pure" (non-mixed) materials for packaging to assist in recycling.
introducing rental bicycles with trailers for customers in Denmark.
In 2000 IKEA introduced its code of conduct for suppliers, called the IKEA way of purchasing.... shortened to IWAY. Today IWAY is a totally integrated part of IKEA's purchasing model. IWAY covers social, safety and environmental questions. Today IKEA has around 60 IWAY auditors that performs hundreds of supplier audits every year. The main purpose with IWAY is to make sure that the IKEA suppliers follows the law in each country where they are based. Most IKEA suppliers fulfill the law today with exceptions for some special issues, one being excessive working hours in Asia, in countries such as China and India.
More recently, IKEA has stopped providing plastic bags to customers, but offers reusable bags for sale. The IKEA restaurants also only offer reusable plates, knives, forks, spoons, etc. Toilets in some IKEA WC-rooms have been outfitted with . IKEA has recycling bins for
(CFLs), energy saving bulbs and batteries. In 2001 IKEA was one of the first companies to operate its own cross-border goods trains through several countries in Europe.
In August 2008, IKEA also announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech, a EUR50 million venture capital fund. Located in
(a university town in Sweden), it will invest in 8–10 companies in the coming five years with focus on , alternative light sources, product materials, energy efficiency and water saving and purification. The aim is to commercialise green technologies for sale in IKEA stores within 3–4 years.
To make IKEA a more sustainable company, a product life cycle was created. For the idea stage, products should be flat-packed so that more items ca products should also be easier to dismantle and recycle. Raw materials are used, and since wood and cotton are two of IKEA's most important manufacturing products, the company works with environmentally friendly forests and cotton, whereby the excessive use of chemicals and water is avoided.[]
Manufacturing is third in the life cycle and includes IWAY, IKEA's code of conduct for manufactures and suppliers that formulates and enforces requirements for working conditions, social and environmental standards, and what suppliers can expect from IKEA in return. Marketing is another part of IKEA's life cycle and a portion of the paper used for its catalogues is sourced from responsibly managed forests. The catalogue is also smaller, so that less paper is required, less waste is produced and more catalogues can be shipped per load.[]
IKEA stores recycle waste and many run on renewable energy with the use of energy-saving bulbs and sensors. All employees are trained in environmental and social responsibility, while public transit is one of the priorities when the location of stores is considered. Also, the coffee served at IKEA stores is .[]
The last stage of the life cycle is the end of life. Most IKEA stores recycle light bulbs and drained batteries, and the company is also exploring the recycling of sofas and other home furnishing products. According to IKEA's 2012 "Sustainability Report", 23% of all wood that the company uses meets the standards of the , and the report states that IKEA aims to double this percentage by 2017. The report also states that IKEA does not accept illegally logged wood and supports 13
(WWF) projects.
On 17 February 2011, IKEA announced its plans to develop a wind farm in Dalarna County, Sweden, furthering its goal of using only renewable energy to fuel its operations. As of June 2012, 17 United States (US) IKEA stores are powered by solar panels, with 22 additional installations in progress.
In 2011, the company examined its wood consumption and noticed that almost half of its global pine and spruce consumption was for the fabrication of . The company consequently started a transition to the use of paper pallets and the "Optiledge system". The OptiLedge product is totally recyclable, made from 100% virgin high-impact
polypropylene (PP). The system is a "unit load alternative to the use of a pallet. The system consists of the OptiLedge (usually used in pairs), aligned and strapped to the bottom carton to form a base layer upon which to stack more product. Corner boards are used when strapping to minimize the potential for package compression." The conversion began in Germany and Japan, before its introduction into the rest of Europe and North America. The system has been marketed to other companies, and IKEA has formed the OptiLedge company to manage and sell the product.
IKEA has expanded its sustainability plan in the UK to include electric car charge points for customers at all locations by the end of 2013. The effort will include
and promise to deliver an 80% charge in 30 minutes.
In February 2014, IKEA in the UK announced that from 2016 they will only sell energy-efficient , lamps and light fixtures. LED lightbulbs uses as much as only 15% of the power of a regular .
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IKEA's goals of sustainability and environmental design in its merchandise have sometimes been at odds with the impact a new IKEA store can have on a community. In particular, the size of proposed IKEA stores has often seen significant opposition from members of such communities. The following are a list of issues which have received negative media attention, both regarding the size of IKEA's stores and other controversies:
As a teenager, IKEA founder
was directly involved in the pro-
(Nysvenska R?relsen) until at least 1948, causing tensions when IKEA began opening stores in ,[] although one source has claimed that the movement was not pro-Nazi. Kamprad devotes two chapters to his time in Nysvenska R?relsen in his book, Leading By Design: The IKEA Story and, in a 1994 letter to IKEA employees, called his affiliation with the organisation the "greatest mistake of my life." After the revelations came to light, he pledged ?1 billion to charity.
In September 2004, when IKEA offered a limited number of free $150 vouchers at the opening of a new store in , Saudi Arabia, three people were crushed to death in a stampede that followed the store's opening.
IKEA has demolished historic buildings, in at least one case for a parking area. (At the , US, store there is an interactive digital display which tells the history of a tavern which used to exist where the store is currently located.)
IKEA was refused planning permission for a future store in the UK in 2004 (to be based in , near Manchester) by the . It applied for
but lost in 2005. However, it later received permission to build a store within the Manchester area a few miles from the originally planned site in . An estimated ?10,000 was spent on traffic policing, and even more on rerouting traffic from the
around Ashton.
In 2004, there was controversy about an Irish law restricting the maximum size of a retail outlet to 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft). IKEA's plan to build a much larger store in
caused the law to be put up for debate. The law was changed to remove the size limit for retail outlets selling durable goods in designated areas. The Minister for the Environment was criticised for allegedly changing the law to suit one company and other agencies protested the law change as damaging to small businesses while the government defended its decision stating that the move was a positive one for Irish consumers. IKEA Dublin has since opened on 27 July 2009.
After viewing the 100-foot-tall (30 m) sign of an IKEA under construction near , Randy Leonard, the city commissioner in charge of sign permits in , , placed a moratorium on all pending and future sign permits in the area.
In 2007 several ancient tombs were destroyed while building an IKEA store in , southeastern China. Archaeologists asked whether the building company could stop working for some days to allow archaeologists to work on the site, but they did not receive the necessary permission.
In June 2007 the
complained about an artist's rendering of IKEA
that included both the
flag as two of the three flags in front of the store. After being labelled "an upmarket
hall" by the party, IKEA assured customers and co-workers that only the Swedish flag would be seen outside the actual store.
In a police investigation (2008) for corruption in Spain, there appears a conversation between a director of Ikea Expansion and an entrepreneur owner of the land selected to locate a store in Alicante. The Ikea director was pleased to meet with the "Spanish mafia"
Ikea has been criticised by
in Canada for charging up to twice as much in their Canadian stores as for the same items sold in their American stores, despite the
reaching parity with the .
Former Norwegian prime minister
has criticized IKEA for not depicting women assembling furniture in its instruction booklets. IKEA denied this claim in a statement.
In June 2007, The BRUNKRISSLA bedding notes said, "Brightens up your grad's dorm. Unlike a creepy gothic room-mate, who can be a bad influence." Members of the
took offence at the .
A researcher from the
pointed out that for years, IKEA has named their cheap
after Danish places, while the more expensive and luxurious furniture was named after Swedish places. The researcher, Klaus Kj?ller, who is well known for
statements, accused IKEA of .
In October 2012, IKEA was criticized for airbrushing women out of pictures in catalogues which were used in Saudi Arabia.
In 2008, IKEA sent an email to its British customers advising that "IKEA Shop Online is open everywhere", even though this only applied to . As of April 2013, Scottish residents are able to shop online, but not
residents.
In February 2013, IKEA announced it had pulled 17,000 portions of Swedish meatballs containing beef and pork from stores in Europe after testing in the Czech Republic found traces of horsemeat in the product. The company actually removed the Swedish meatballs from stores' shelves on 25 February 2013, but only made the announcement public after Swedish newspaper
uncovered what happened. In a March 2013 media report, an Ikea representative stated that the corporation had forced Familjen Dafgard, its main meatball supplier, to cease business with eight of its 15 suppliers and would reduce the number of purchasing countries. The discovered horsemeat was traced to a Polish abattoir.
In July 2015, IKEA, with the , through the company's Safer Homes Together advertising campaign, in the , the , and , issued a warning- not a recall- to customers to secure the Malm chests of drawers and wardrobes firmly to the wall using free kits distributed by the company, after two U.S. deaths of children in February and June 2014, in Pennsylvania and Washington, when the furniture pieces tipped over on them. There were three other deaths, from 1989, from other, similar appliance models tipping over. There were 14 incidents of Malm chests tipping over, resulting in four injuries.
In 2011, IKEA and its Swedwood affiliate came under criticism for its treatment of workers at a US factory in
and its decision to hire the law firm , which is often employed by companies to counter labor demands, to consult with IKEA on attempts to form a union at Danville.[]
In 2012, IKEA in France was accused by the independent newspaper
and the investigative website
of spying on its employees and clients by illegally accessing French police records. The head of risk management at IKEA feared his employees were
or potential .
In October 2012, Glendal Foods – a major supplier to IKEA Store Restaurants in Australia – was the subject of bullying allegations by about 50% of staff at the company and the . Claims included self-harm by a worker, retention of wages & a significant long-term pattern of staff-abuse and the complaints are under investigation by . IKEA Australia has not yet made a formal comment.
In 2014, documents were found at the
archives in
which indicated that Ikea's open purchase of Romanian lumber throughout the 1980s was part of a complex scheme (codenamed "Scandinavica") to fund the Securitate and allow the accumulation of foreign currency: the Romanian lumber company Tehnoforestexport would regularly overcharge Ikea, transfer the overpayments into private Securitate bank accounts, wait for
to accrue, and then reimburse Ikea the . Ikea has denied complicity in Scandinavica, but has begun an internal investigation to learn more.
During the 1980s, IKEA kept its costs down by using production facilities in . A portion of the workforce at those factories consisted of . This fact, revealed in a report by
commissioned by the company, resulted from intermingling of criminals and political dissidents in the state-owned production facilities IKEA contracted with, a practice which was generally known in West Germany. IKEA was one of a number of companies, including West German firms, which benefited from this practice. The investigation resulted from attempts by former political prisoners to obtain compensation. In November 2012, IKEA admitted being aware at the time of the possibility of use of
and failing to exercise sufficient control to identify and avoid it. A summary of the Ernst & Young report was released on 16 November 2012.
In 2009, IKEA changed the
used in its catalogue from
to , expressing a desire to unify its branding between print and web media. The controversy has been attributed to the perception of Verdana as a symbol of homogeneity in popular typography.
Time magazine and
ran articles on the controversy including a brief interview with an IKEA representative, focusing on the opinions of typographers and designers. Design and advertising industry-focused publications such as
joined the fray of online posts. The branding critic blog, Brand New, was one of those using the "Verdanagate" name. The Australian online daily news site
also published an article on the controversy.
ran an article asking "IKEA is changing its font to Verdana – causing outrage among typomaniacs. Should the rest of us care? Absolutely."
said the change to Verdana "is so offensive to many because it seems like a slap at the principles of design by a company that has been hailed for its adherence to them."
German-Turkish advertisement in
In 1994, IKEA ran a commercial in the United States widely thought to be the first to feature it aired for several weeks before being pulled out due to terrorist threats directed at IKEA stores. Other IKEA commercials appeal to the wider
community, one featuring a
In 2002, the inaugural television component of the "Unb?ring" campaign, titled , went on to win several awards, including a , Golds at the London International Awards and the ANDY Awards, and the Grand Prix at the , the most prestigious awards ceremony in the advertising community.
IKEA launched a UK-wide "Home is the Most Important Place in the World" advertising campaign in September 2007 using estate agent signs with the term "Not For Sale" written on them as part of the wider campaign. After the campaign appeared in the
the business news website www.mad.co.uk remarked that the IKEA campaign had amazing similarities with the marketing activity of UK home refurbishment company
who had launched its own Not For Sale advertising campaign two years prior and was awarded the Interbuild 2006 Construction Marketing Award for best campaign under ?25,000.
Onis's Not For Sale sign
A debate ensued between Fraser Patterson, Chief Executive of Onis and Andrew McGuinness, partner at
(BMB), the advertising and PR agency awarded the ?12m IKEA account. The essence of the debate was that BMB claimed to be unaware of Onis's campaign as Onis was not an advertising agency. Onis's argument was that its advertising could be seen in prominent landmarks throughout London, having been already accredited, showing concern about the impact IKEA's campaign would have on the originality of its own. BMB and IKEA subsequently agreed to provide Onis with a feature page on the IKEA campaign site linking through to Onis's website for a period of 1 year.
In 2008, IKEA paired up with the makers of video game
called IKEA Home Stuff, featuring many IKEA products. It was released on 24 June 2008 in
and 26 June 2008 in Europe. It is the second stuff pack with a major brand, the first being .
IKEA took over the title sponsorship of 's annual
in 2008, replacing , which filed for bankruptcy in August 2008.
In November 2008, a subway train decorated in IKEA style was introduced in , Russia. Four cars were turned into a mobile showroom of the Swedish design. The redesigned train, which features colourful seats and fancy curtains, carried passengers until 6 June 2009.
(the ticket-free system for the ) were for given with wallets sponsored by IKEA in 2008-09. IKEA also sponsored the .
The Isle of Wight ferry Red Osprey in her IKEA livery.
In January 2009, just before the new store opened in ,
was re-painted in an entirely yellow and blue livery to celebrate the opening of the new IKEA store in Southampton. This is the first time a Red Funnel ferry has been re-painted out of its own red and white colour scheme. It stayed in these colours for 12 months as part of a deal between Red Funnel and IKEA to provide home delivery services to the . It was repainted with Red Funnel's red and white livery when the deal ended in January 2010.
In March 2010, IKEA developed an event in four important Metro stations in , in which furniture collections are displayed in high-traffic spots, giving potential customers a chance to check out the brand's products. The Metro walls were also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors.
In September 2010, IKEA launched an advertisement for UK & Ireland called "Happy Inside" which had 100 cats lying on IKEA furniture in the flagship IKEA store in , London.
In April 2011, an advertising campaign was launched aiming at discovering whether men or women are messier in the home. Created by Mother, the campaign will begin with a TV advert shot in front of a live audience, featuring four stand-up comedians, two men and two women, debating which gender is messier. The idea behind the campaign is that domestic clutter leads to arguments, and thus to an unhappy home, a conflict that IKEA wants to show can be avoided with better storage. Viewers will be directed to a new Facebook page for the brand, where they are able to vote on who they believe is messier, and submit evidence using videos and photos through an app created especially for the campaign. Meanwhile, online display banners will allow other users the opportunity to vote, with online adverts promoting Ikea products demonstrating the problems confronting people, and offering solutions.
Anna Crona, marketing director at IKEA United Kingdom and Ireland, explained: "We are committed to understanding how our customers live life at home so we can provide solutions to make life happier. Everybody has storage needs in the home and by encouraging debate and providing solutions we will show that IKEA is relevant to everybody, no matter what your home is like or how much money you have." Press adverts will also support the campaign, as will a handbook entitled "Peace, Love and Storage", which will be available through the Facebook site.
In mid-August 2012, the company announced that it will establish a chain of 100 economy hotels in Europe but, unlike its few existing hotels in Scandinavia, they will not carry the IKEA name, nor will they use IKEA furniture and furnishings – they will be operated by an unnamed international group of hoteliers.
IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by Working Mothers magazine. It ranked 80 in Fortune's 200 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008, IKEA Canada LP was named one of "" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in
newsmagazine. Additionally, IKEA is the most popular store for college furnishings.
IKEA has more than 200 stores around the world. Among the countries that have double-digit IKEA stores are:
Netherlands
United Kingdom
United States
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