高频词，一定要记得哦！
英[?'ske?p]
美[?'ske?p; ?ske?p]
v. 逃跑；避免；逃避n. 逃跑；避免；逃避
They made no attempt to escape.
他们并未图谋逃跑.
The prisoners used the tunnel to escape from jail.
囚犯们利用这条地道越狱逃跑了。
Two were injured, but he escaped.
两人受了伤，但他幸免了。
Water escaped rapidly from the drainpipe.
水从排水管中迅速流出。
Gas escaping from a pipe.
煤气从管子泄漏出来。
He feigned death to escape capture.
他装死以逃避被俘。
He thinks he will never escape hard work.
他想他永远逃避不了辛苦的工作。
It was an actor whose name escapes me for the moment.
那个男演员的名字我一时想不起来了。
Blonde and slender, she was too striking to escape their attention.
金发细腰的她太引人注目了，他们很难不注意到她。
After her attentive survey of the wild slopes and hollow ravines a gesture of impatience escaped Eustacia.
游苔沙把荒凉的高坡和低狭的空谷都聚精会神地观察了一番之后，一种不耐烦的神态不知不觉地流露出来。
The jailbird cast about him for a way of escape.
囚犯在他周围寻找逃跑的途径。
He tried to think up a plan for escape.
他企图想出一个逃跑的计划。
Can you detect an escape of gas in this comer of the room?
你能觉察出这屋角有煤气漏出来吗?
He feigned death to escape capture.
他装死以逃避被俘。
As this exposure of his plot to escape, Paul was startled out of impassivity.
保罗听到他的逃避计划给挑明了，从冷漠状态中猛地惊醒过来。
Many drinkers plunge gladly into inebriation as an escape from reality.
很多饮酒者乐于陷入到醉酒状态中以逃避现实。
She reads love stories as an escape.
她读爱情小说解闷。
1.run away from confinement
The convicted murderer escaped from a high security prison
2.fail to experience
Fortunately, I missed the hurricane
3.escape potentially unp get away with a forbidden action
She gets away with murder!
I couldn't get out from under these responsibilities
4.be escape understanding by
What you are seeing in him eludes me
5.issue or leak, as from a small opening
Gas escaped into the bedroom
6.remove oneself from a familiar environment, usually for pleasure or diversion
We escaped to our summer house for a few days
The president of the company never manages to get away during the summer
7. take to one' cut and run
If you see this man, run!
The burglars escaped before the police showed up
1.the act of escaping physically
he made his escape from the mental hospital
the canary escaped from its cage
his flight was an indication of his guilt
2.an inclination to retreat from unpleasant realities through diversion or fantasy
romantic novels were her escape from the stress of daily life
his alcohol problem was a form of escapism
3.the unwanted discharge of a fluid from some container
they tried to stop the escape of gas from the damaged pipe
he had to clean up the leak
4.a valve in a container in which pressure can build up (as a steam boiler); it opens automatically when the pressure reaches a dangerous level
5.nonperformance of something distasteful (as by deceit or trickery) that you are supposed to do
his evasion of his clear duty was reprehensible
that escape from the consequences is possible but unattractive
6.an avoidance of danger or difficulty
that was a narrow escape
7.a means or way of escaping
hard work was his escape from worry
they installed a second hatch as an escape
their escape route
8.a plant originally cultivated but now growing wild
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1.They escaped by artifice.
他们设巧计而逃。
2.They succeeded in escaping.
他们成功地逃跑了。
3.None of the criminals escaped punishment.
罪犯—个也没有逃脱惩罚。
4.That escaped prisoner is still at large.
那个逃犯仍逍遥法外
5.To have a hair-Breadth escape
escape,avoid
这两个动词都有“躲避危险”之意。多指避开实际的威胁，暗示威胁或危险正在迫近。侧重有意识地躲避开要冒险或有危险的事物或情况。
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南通泰州扬州2012届高三5月第二次调研测试英语试题
2.​ ​T​h​e​ 02​ ​L​o​n​d​o​n​ ​B​o​o​k​ ​F​a​i​r​ ​o​p​e​n​e​d​ ​a​ ​w​i​n​d​o​w​ ​f​o​r​ ​f​o​r​e​i​g​n​e​r​s​ ​t​o​ ​t​a​k​e​ ​_​_​_​_​_​_​_​_​ ​c​l​o​s​e​r​ ​l​o​o​k​ ​a​t​ ​C​h​i​n​e​s​e​ ​c​u​l​t​u​r​e​ ​t​h​r​o​u​g​h​ ​_​_​_​_​_​_​_​_​ ​b​o​o​k​s​.​ ​
​
​A​.​ ​t​h​e​;​ ​不​填​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​B​.​ ​t​h​e​;​ ​t​h​e​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​C​.​ ​a​;​ ​不​填​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​D​.​ ​a​;​ ​t​h​e​
​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​D​.​ ​m​a​r​v​e​l​o​u​s​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​
3​.​ ​A​n​ ​e​m​e​r​g​e​n​c​y​ ​m​e​e​t​i​n​g​ ​w​i​l​l​ ​b​e​ ​h​e​l​d​ ​t​o​m​o​r​r​o​w​,​ ​a​t​ ​w​h​i​c​h​ ​t​h​e​ ​b​i​l​l​ ​_​_​_​_​_​_​_​_​ ​t​o​ ​p​a​s​s​.
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江​苏​省​南​通​、​泰​州​、​扬​州​苏​中​三​市02​届​高​三月​第​二​次​调​研​测​ ​(​英​语​)
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第十章 植物逆境生理
Plant stress physiology
赵会杰 主讲
干渴的大地
受 旱 的 稻 田
受 旱 的 麦 田
受 旱 严 重 作 物 焦 枯
洪 水 无 情
遭受冻害的麦苗
霜 冻 突 降
冻 害 麦 苗 令 人 痛 心
遭受冷害的油菜
受 干 热 风 危 害 的 麦 穗
本章重点：
1、环境胁迫及其对植物伤害机理 2、植物的抗寒性、抗热性、抗旱性、 抗涝性和抗盐性
本章难点：
植物抗逆性机理及提高抗逆性的 途径。
第一节 逆境生理概论
General introduction to stress physiology
◆逆境及其种类 ◆逆境对植物伤害
◆植物抗逆的生理基础
一、逆境的概念和种类
1、逆境的概念
所有对植物生命活动及生长发育不利的环 境条件，统称为逆境（stress environment)。
2、逆境种类 水分（干旱、涝渍）、 温度：[高温（热 害）、低温（寒害）]、盐碱、 环境污染
二、逆境对植物伤害的种类
1、直接伤害
2、间接伤害
3、次生性伤害
三、植物抗逆性与逆境生理学
1、抗逆性（stress resistance)
植物在长期系统发育过程中逐渐形成 的对逆境的适应和抵抗的能力。 抗逆性的三种表现形式： ●避逆性（stress escape) ●御逆性(stress avoidance) ●耐逆性(stress tolerance)
避逆性(stress escape)：
指植物通过对生育周期的调整来 避开逆境的干扰，在相对适宜的环境 中完成其生活史。 如：沙漠中的短命植物。
御逆性(stress avoidance)：
植物在生理上或结构上与逆境之 间形成某种屏障，从而避免逆境的伤 害。 这类植物通常具有根系发达，吸 水、吸肥能力强，物质运输阻力小， 结构特化，角质层较厚，有机物质的 合成快等特点。 如仙人掌
耐逆性(stress tolerance)：
植物可通过代谢反应阻止、降低活 修复逆境造成的伤害，维持正常生理活动。 如：渗透调节、活性氧清除、逆境蛋 白诱导。
忍耐干旱的植物种类-肉质汁光合茎的仙人掌；避旱种类植物-深根系甜豆科植物 和湿季沙漠之星（Monoptilon bellioides）。 植物体改变适应机制的包括植物的渗透调节诸如菠菜和忍耐冻害的寒带植物黑 云杉。
2、植物逆境生理学 Plant stress physiology
研究逆境对植物伤害的机理，以及植 物对不良环境抵抗和适应能力的科学，即 植物逆境生理学或植物康兴生理学。 研究目的： ◆了解植物抗逆机理 ◆提高植物抗逆能力
四、植物抗逆的生理基础
（一）生物膜的应变 在正常情况下，膜为液晶态。 膜中脂肪酸碳链越长，膜固化温 度越高。相同碳链长度时，不饱 和键数目越多，固化温度越低。
●膜脂饱和脂肪酸和抗旱性 呈密切正相关 ●膜脂不饱和脂肪酸直接增大 膜的流动性，提高抗冷性 ●膜脂中
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):588-99. Epub
2011 May 11.Alveolar type II cells escape stress failure caused by tonic stretch through transient focal adhesion disassembly.1, , , , , .1Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.AbstractMechanical ventilation-induced excessive stretch of alveoli is reported to induce cellular stress failure and subsequent lung injury, and is therefore an injurious factor to the lung. Avoiding cellular stress failure is crucial to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) treatment. In the present study, primary rat alveolar type II (ATII) cells were isolated to evaluate their viability and the mechanism of their survival under tonic stretch. By the annexin V/ PI staining and flow cytometry assay, we demonstrated that tonic stretch-induced cell death is an immediate injury of mechanical stress. In addition, immunofluorescence and immunoblots assay showed that the cells experienced an expansion-contraction-reexpansion process, accompanied by partial focal adhesion (FA) disassembly during contraction. Manipulation of integrin adherent affinity by altering bivalent cation levels in the culture medium and applying an integrin neutralizing antibody showed that facilitated adhesion affinity promoted cell death under tonic stretch, while lower level of adhesion protected the cells from stretch-induced stress failure. Finally, a simplified numerical model was established to reveal that adequate disassembly of FAs reduced the forces transmitting throughout the cell. Taken together, these results indicate that ATII cells escape stress failure caused by tonic stretch via active cell morphological remodeling, during which cells transiently disassemble FAs to unload mechanical forces.KEYWORDS:
cell mo cel focal
tonic stretchPMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC3101527 (A) Tonic stretch-induced ATII cell death over time (1 min, 5 min, 2 h, and 4h). Cytoplasm of viable cells was stained with calcein-AM (green), and nuclei of nonviable cells were stained with ethidium homodimer-1 (red). Bar = 200 μm. (B) Statistical analysis of stretch-induced cell death over time, the cell death rate did not increase after 5 min. Values were means ± SD (n=8). *P & 0.001 vs. unstretched cells (US); **P & 0.001 vs. S-1m. (C) Cells were stained with annexin V and PI, and analyzed by flow cytometry. AnnexinV-positive/PI-negative (lower right quadrant) represented the early apoptosis, annexinV-positive/PI-positive (upper right quadrant) represented the late apoptosis/necrosis. Apoptosis rate was not significantly different between US and stretch group (S-5m and S-2h). Values were means ± SD (n=8). (D) Tonic stretch-induced cell morphological remodeling was detected by SEM. During the stretch, cells experienced expansion (1 min), contraction (5 min), and reexpansion (2 h). Bar = 20 μm. (E) Stretch induced cell morphological remodeling. Immunofluorescence of representative cells at the time indicated for actin (red), unclear (blue), and FA marker VIN (green). Bar = 10 μm. (F) Quantitative analysis of FAs fluorescence intensity during the stretch showed that cells experienced rapid FAs disassembly and sequential reassembly. * P & 0.01 vs. US; ** P & 0.01 vs. S-5m. Values were means ± SD (n&60).Int J Biol Sci. ):588-599.(A) Immunofluorescence of representative cells with different adhesion properties at the time indicated (time on x-axis) for actin (red), unclear (blue), and FA marker VIN (green). Low Ca indicated cells treated with medium with low Ca2+ concentration (1:1 mix of normal Ca2+ DMEM and Ca2+-free DMEM). Mn indicated cells treated with 0.5 mM Mn2+ in addition to low Ca2+ medium. Inte2.5, inte5, inte10 indicated cells pretreated with different concentrations of β1 integrin-neutralizing antibody at 2.5 μg/ml, 5μg/ml, and 10μg/ml for 1h, respectively. Bar = 10 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity of FA in cells with different adhesion properties showed that low Ca2+ medium and β1 integrin-neutralizing antibody (5μg/ml, 10μg/ml) significantly increased FAs disassembly (# P & 0.01 vs. untreated cells). Mn treated cells significantly decreased FAs disassembly (## P & 0.01 vs. untreated cells). In addition, cells experienced detachment within 5 min after stretch (* P & 0.01 vs. US) and then expansion within 2 h after stretch (** P & 0.01 vs. US). Values were means ± SD (n&60). (C) SEM ultrastructural analysis of cells pretreated with latrunculin A (LatA) (2 μM for 1 h), low Ca2+ medium (low Ca), and the β1 integrin antibody (inte) (5 μg/ml for 1 h). In stretch induced cell contraction process long filaments appeared (marked by white arrow) around cell bodies in untreated cells, depolymerized in LatA cells, and enriched in low Ca or inte cells (marked by black arrow). Bar = 20 μm. (D) Western blots showing the levels of phosphorylated FAK and total FAK in different groups of cells. #P & 0.05 vs. * P & 0.05 vs. US; ** P & 0.05 vs. US. Values were means ± SD (n=4).Int J Biol Sci. ):588-599.(A) The viability of cells with different adhesion properties at the time indicated (time on x-axis). Bar = 100 μm. (B) Statistical analysis of cell death in different groups showed that partial cell detachment enhanced cell survival in tonic stretch, whereas strong cell adhesion increased cellular stress failure. * P & 0.001 vs. untreated a ** P & 0.001 vs. untreated S-5m; *** P & 0.001 vs. untreated S-2h; # P & 0.001 vs. S-5m. Values were means ± SD (n=8). (C) ATII cells with different adhesion properties were stained with annexin V and PI, and analyzed by flow cytometry at the time indicated (time on x-axis). (D) Statistical analysis of early apoptotic cells in different groups. * P & 0.05 vs. untreated cells at the each time point. Values were means ± SD (n=8).Int J Biol Sci. ):588-599.A continuum, viscoelastic, finite element simulation estimated the stress distribution within the cell. The cell model was applied to 37% △SA deformation at the beginning of the stretch, and then experienced a contraction process due to a random disassembly of the adhesion boundary. (A) The stress field within the cell with 60% FA site disassembly was concentrated in the immediate vicinity of the FA sites, leaving the bulk area of the cell with a low stress level. (B) For the cell with 30% FA site disassembly, a high level of distributed stress was seen throughout the majority area of the cell. (C) The average stress in the cell body showed that a disassembly of 60% of FA sites might protect the bulk area of the cell from high stress.Int J Biol Sci. ):588-599.The homogeneous standard linear solid (SLS) model. The whole cell is modeled as a homogeneous viscoelastic SLS.Int J Biol Sci. ):588-599.(A) Immunofluorescence image showing vinculin stained FAs (green) in a peripheral distribution around the cell. DAPI was used to visualize nuclei (blue). Bar=20 μm. (B) and (C). Boundary conditions used in the simulations. According to the image (A), a zero-displacement boundary condition was imposed on all of the elements peripheral to the cell body in unstretched cells (B). After stretching for 3 s, 60% of the zero-displacement elements were selected randomly to be switched to free boundary conditions (C) to mimic the disassembly of FA sites in low Ca2+-treated cells.Int J Biol Sci. ):588-599.By manipulating cell adhesion the ATII cells contact area change at acute time (1 min) of tonic stretch was assessed. Cell contact area was determined by tracing the cell boundaries based on the TRITC-phalloidin staining for individual cells, conversion to a binary image, inversion of the binary image, and quantified by ImagesJ software. Data indicated that contact area of low Ca treated cells at acute stretch time decreased compared with untreated or Mn treated cells (P & 0.05). Values were means ± SD (n&60).Int J Biol Sci. ):588-599.Publication TypesMeSH TermsFull Text SourcesMiscellaneous
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