KC8与乙醇与浓硫酸反应反应

乙醇为什么可以和NA反应_百度作业帮
乙醇为什么可以和NA反应
乙醇为什么可以和NA反应
Na具有极强的还原性,可以还原乙醇上的羟基
CH2CH3OH和Na反映方程2Na + 2CH3CH2OH = 2CH3CH2ONa +H2↑原理是乙醇羟基的氢氧断键,钠连羟基的氧,2个氢反映生成氢气
乙醇可以极微弱的电离出H+,从而与Na反应乙醇钠是离子构成的
2Na + 2CH3CH2OH = 2CH3CH2ONa +H2↑乙醇的羟基可电离出氢离子,与钠反应
由于烷基的作用
您可能关注的推广回答者:无水乙醇_百度百科
关闭特色百科用户权威合作手机百科
收藏 查看&无水乙醇
无色。有味。易。极易从空气中吸收水分,能与水和、等多种以任意比例互溶。能与水形成(含水4.43%),共沸点78.15℃。相对密度(d204)0.789。熔点-114.1℃。沸点78.5℃。折光率(n20D)1.361。闭杯时(在规定结构的容器中加热挥发出可燃气体与液面附近的空气混合,达到一定浓度时可被火星点燃时的温度)13℃。易燃。与能形成爆炸性,极限3.5%~18.0%(体积)外文名ethyl alcohol absolute别&&&&名无水酒精、绝对、绝对分子式C?H?O化学品类别有机物——醇——一元醇储&&&&存密封阴凉干燥保存CAS号64-17-5EINECS号200-578-6
与:无色液体,有酒香。
(℃):-114.1
相对密度(水=1):0.79
(℃):78.3
相对蒸气(空气=1):1.59
(kPa):5.33(19℃)
(kJ/mol):1365.5
(℃):243.1
(MPa):6.38
/水的对数值:0.32
闪点(℃):12
爆炸上限%(V/V):19.0
引燃温度(℃):363
爆炸下限%(V/V):3.3
溶解性:与水混溶,可混溶于醚、氯仿、甘油等多数[1]
无水乙醇在浓硫酸条件下迅速加热升至170℃,生成乙烯,浓硫酸作为脱水剂、催化剂。
无水乙醇与氢溴酸在加热条件下反应,生成溴乙烷和水。
无水乙醇在浓硫酸条件下加热至140℃,生成乙醚和水。
无水乙醇与羧酸在浓硫酸存在下加热,可生成对应的酯类化合物。[2]
无水乙醇与金属钠反应,生成乙醇钠和氢气。
乙醇与酸性溶液或酸性重溶液反应,可被氧化为乙酸。
红外光谱图[3]
谱峰列表序号
峰位(cm-1)
半峰宽(cm-1)
[3]质谱图[4]是重要的有机溶剂,广泛用于医药、涂料、卫生用品、化妆品、油脂等各个方法,占乙醇总耗量的50%左右。乙醇是重要的基本化工原料,用于制造乙醛、乙二烯、乙胺、乙酸乙酯、乙酸、氯乙烷等等,并衍生出医药、染料、涂料、香料、合成橡胶、洗涤剂、农药等产品的许多中间体,其制品多达300种以上,乙醇作为化工产品中间体的用途正在逐步下降,许多产品例如乙醛、乙酸、乙基乙醇已不再采用乙醇作原料而用其他原料代替。75%的乙醇水溶液具有强杀菌能力,是常用的消毒剂。经过专门精制的乙醇也可用于制造饮料。与甲醇类似,乙醇可作能源使用。有的国家已开始单独用乙醇作汽车燃料或掺到汽油(10%以上)中使用以节约汽油。健康危害:该品为中枢神经系统抑制剂。首先引起兴奋,随后抑制。急性中毒:急性中毒多发生于口服。一般可分为兴奋、催眠、麻醉、窒息四阶段。患者进入第三或第四阶段,出现意识丧失、瞳孔扩大、呼吸不规律、休克、心力循环衰竭及呼吸停止。慢性影响:在生产中长期接触高浓度该品可引起鼻、眼、粘膜刺激症状,以及头痛、头晕、疲乏、易激动、震颤、恶心等。长期酗洒可引起多发性神经病、慢性胃炎、脂肪肝、肝硬化、心肌损害及器质性精神病等。皮肤长期接触可引起干燥、脱屑、皲裂和皮炎。
燃爆危险:该品易燃,具刺激性。[1]皮肤接触:脱去污染的衣着,用流动清水冲洗。
眼睛接触:提起眼睑,用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。
吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。就医。
食入:饮足量温水,催吐。就医。[1]危险特性:易燃,其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物,遇明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸。与氧化剂接触发生化学反应或引起燃烧。在火场中,受热的容器有爆炸危险。其蒸气比空气重,能在较低处扩散到相当远的地方,遇火源会着火回燃。
灭火方法:尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。喷水保持火场容器冷却,直至灭火结束。
灭火剂:抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。[1]应急处理:迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区,并进行隔离,严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器,穿防静电工作服。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。
小量泄漏:用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗,洗水稀释后放入废水系统。
大量泄漏:构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖,降低蒸气灾害。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内,回收或运至废物处理场所处置。[1]
操作处置与储存
操作注意事项:密闭操作,全面通风。操作人员必须经过专门培训,严格遵守操作规程。建议操作人员佩戴过滤式防毒面具(半面罩),穿防静电工作服。远离火种、热源,工作场所严禁吸烟。使用防爆型的通风系统和设备。防止蒸气泄漏到工作场所空气中。避免与氧化剂、酸类、碱金属、胺类接触。灌装时应控制流速,且有接地装置,防止静电积聚。配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。倒空的容器可能残留有害物。
储存注意事项:储存于阴凉、通风的库房。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过30℃。保持容器密封。应与氧化剂、酸类、碱金属、胺类等分开存放,切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。[1]毒性作用试验数据编号
人类——男性
22500 mg/kg/4W-I
内分泌毒性——其他变化
血液毒性——其他变化
人类——婴儿
11712 μL/kg
行为毒性general anesthetic
心脏毒性Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction)
肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
人类——女性
1200 mg/kg/3H
内分泌毒性Endocrine - changess in gonadotropins
内分泌毒性——其他变化
血液毒性——其他变化
人类——男性
3371 μL/kg
行为毒性altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex)
行为毒性excitement
行为毒性coma
人类——儿童
肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
肝毒性Liver - fatty liver degeneration
血液毒性——其他变化
人类——儿童
14400 mg/kg/30M-I
行为毒性coma
肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
人类——男性
行为毒性changes in psychophysiological tests
1400 mg/kg
行为毒性sleep
行为毒性headache
胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
人类——男性
胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - alteration in gastric secretion
胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - other changes
人类——男性
1430 μg/kg
行为毒性changes in motor activity (specific assay)
行为毒性ataxia
行为毒性antipsychotic
人类——女性
256 mg/kg/12W
行为毒性hallucinations, distorted perceptions
内分泌毒性Endocrine - effect on menstrual cycle
人类——婴儿
19440 mg/kg
行为毒性convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
行为毒性coma
营养和代谢系统毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease
啮齿动物——大鼠
7060 mg/kg
肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
啮齿动物——大鼠
20000 ppm/10H
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——大鼠
3600 μg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——大鼠
1440 mg/kg
肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
啮齿动物——大鼠
肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - chronic pulmonary edema
肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
啮齿动物——小鼠
3450 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——小鼠
39 gm/m?/4H
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——小鼠
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——小鼠
8285 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——小鼠
1973 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
哺乳动物——狗
5500 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
哺乳动物——狗
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
哺乳动物——狗
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
哺乳动物——狗
1600 mg/kg
行为毒性ataxia
肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea
哺乳动物——猫
胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - gastritis
肝毒性Liver - hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse
肾、输尿管和膀胱毒性Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - interstitial nephritis
哺乳动物——猫
3945 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——兔
6300 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——兔
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——兔
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——兔
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——兔
2374 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——豚鼠
5560 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——豚鼠
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——豚鼠
3414 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
啮齿动物——仓鼠
5068 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
鸟类——鸽子
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
鸟类——鸡
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
鸟类——鸡
8216 mg/kg
血管毒性Vascular - other changes
两栖动物——蛙
7100 mg/kg
详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值
两栖动物——蛙
周围神经毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic paralysis with or without sensory change
行为毒性somnolence (general depressed activity)
哺乳动物——未报告
4300 mg/kg
行为毒性somnolence (general depressed activity)
行为毒性convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
行为毒性changes in motor activity (specific assay)
啮齿动物——大鼠
1825 mg/kg/1Y-C
肝毒性Liver - fatty liver degeneration
肝毒性Liver - changes in liver weight
营养和代谢系统毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
啮齿动物——大鼠
19 mg/kg/21D-C
生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)
啮齿动物——大鼠
280 mg/kg/5W-I
心脏毒性Cardiac - changes in heart weight
血液毒性Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
慢性病相关毒性Related to Chronic Data - changes in testicular weight
啮齿动物——大鼠
851 mg/kg/10W-C
生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)
生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - dehydrogenases
啮齿动物——大鼠
7 mL/kg/7D-I
肝毒性Liver - other changes
生化毒性Biochemical - Effect on specific coenzyme - B vitamins including folate
啮齿动物——大鼠
6300 mg/kg/9W-I
肝毒性Liver - other changes
肝毒性Liver - changes in liver weight
生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - other transferases
哺乳动物——狗
560 mL/kg/10W-C
大脑毒性Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes
心脏毒性Cardiac - other changes
肝毒性Liver - other changes
灵长目动物——猴
210 mg/kg/5W-I
肝毒性Liver - fatty liver degeneration
啮齿动物——兔
啮齿动物——兔
啮齿动物——兔
啮齿动物——兔
500 mg/24H
啮齿动物——兔
  细菌——鼠伤寒沙门氏菌
    58
  细菌—— 大肠杆菌
    59
  细菌——大肠杆菌
    60
昆虫——果蝇
    61
  酵母菌——酿酒酵母
    62
  酵母菌——酿酒酵母
850 mmol/L
    63
  Mold -构巢曲霉
    64
  Mold -构巢曲霉
    65
  Mold -构巢曲霉
    66
  昆虫——蝗虫
500 mmol/L
    67
  人淋巴细胞
220 mmol/L
    68
  人淋巴细胞
    69
  人成纤维细胞
    70
  人的白细胞
1 pph/72H (Continuous)
    71
  人淋巴细胞
500 ppm/72H (Continuous)
    72
啮齿动物——大鼠
    73
啮齿动物——大鼠
250 mg/kg/16D (Continuous)
    74
啮齿动物——大鼠
    75
啮齿动物——大鼠
    76
啮齿动物——小鼠
1240 mg/kg/2D
    77
啮齿动物——小鼠
    78
啮齿动物——小鼠
420 mg/kg/3W
    79
啮齿动物——小鼠
    80
啮齿动物——小鼠
3720 mg/kg/3D
    81
啮齿动物——小鼠
1500 mg/kg/50D
    82
  啮齿动物——仓鼠卵巢
    83
  啮齿动物——仓鼠胚胎
    84
  啮齿动物——仓鼠卵巢
160 mmol/L
    85
  啮齿动物——仓鼠卵巢
    86
  哺乳动物——狗淋巴细胞
400 umol/L
    87
Tumorigenic
啮齿动物——小鼠
320 mg/kg/50W-I
致癌性Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
肝毒性Liver - tumors
血液毒性Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease
Tumorigenic
  啮齿动物——小鼠
120 mg/kg/18W-I
致癌性Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - tumors
肝毒性Liver - tumors
Tumorigenic
啮齿动物——小鼠
400 mg/kg/57W-I
致癌性Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - tumors
人类——女性
41 mg/kg,female 41 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - Apgar score (human only)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other neonatal measures or effects
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - drug dependence
人类——女性
250 mg/kg,female 37 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo
人类——女性
8 mg/kg,female 32 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - Apgar score (human only)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other neonatal measures or effects
人类——女性
200 mg/kg,female 5 day(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sp # females pregnant per # females mated)
啮齿动物——大鼠
78 mg/kg,female 7~19 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
啮齿动物——大鼠
4 mg/kg,female 13 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material)
啮齿动物——大鼠
322 mg/kg,male 35 day(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct
啮齿动物——大鼠
12 mg/kg,female 9~12 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
啮齿动物——大鼠
132 mg/kg,female 1~22 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
啮齿动物——大鼠
24 mg/kg,female 14~16 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities
啮齿动物——大鼠
354 mg/kg,lactating female 10 day(s) post-birth
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
啮齿动物——大鼠
4 mg/kg,female 6~15 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
啮齿动物——大鼠
35295 mg/kg,female 1~15 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sp # females pregnant per # females mated)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - pre-implantation mortality (e.g. reduction in number of total number of implants per corpora lutea)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
啮齿动物——大鼠
44 mg/kg,female 7~17 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
啮齿动物——大鼠
20000 ppm/7H,female 1~22 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities
啮齿动物——大鼠
15 mg/kg,female 8~13 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical
啮齿动物——大鼠
2240 mg/kg,female 9~12 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
啮齿动物——大鼠
600 mg/kg,female 8~15 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
啮齿动物——大鼠
600 mg/kg,female 8~15 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
啮齿动物——大鼠
600 mg/kg,female 8~15 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
啮齿动物——大鼠
3600 mg/kg,female 7~8 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
啮齿动物——大鼠
4 mg/kg,female 6~7 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
啮齿动物——大鼠
3 mg/kg,female 6~7 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
啮齿动物——大鼠
4 mg/kg,female 6~7 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities
啮齿动物——大鼠
5 mg/kg,female 1 day(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility
啮齿动物——大鼠
60 mg/kg,female 9~14 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
啮齿动物——大鼠
400 mg/kg,male 1 day(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - male fertility index (e.g. # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)
啮齿动物——大鼠
2400 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
啮齿动物——大鼠
642 mg/kg,female 1~21 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
啮齿动物——大鼠
373 mg/kg,lactating female 23 day(s) post-birth
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical
啮齿动物——小鼠
162 mg/kg,female 11~19 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
啮齿动物——小鼠
21 mg/kg,female 1~21 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
啮齿动物——小鼠
5800 mg/kg,female 7 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
啮齿动物——小鼠
75600 mg/kg,female 5~11 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
啮齿动物——小鼠
5500 mg/kg,female 9 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
啮齿动物——小鼠
1680 mg/kg,male 70 day(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
啮齿动物——小鼠
5800 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
啮齿动物——小鼠
5800 mg/kg,female 7 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
啮齿动物——小鼠
5622 μg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
啮齿动物——小鼠
4 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material)
啮齿动物——小鼠
4300 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
哺乳动物——狗
21600 mg/kg,female 1~60 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
哺乳动物——狗
260 mg/kg,female 1~62 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)
哺乳动物——狗
221 mg/kg,female 1~47 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - abortion
哺乳动物——狗
100 mg/kg,male 1 day(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct
灵长目动物——猴
78 mg/kg,female 4~23 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - abortion
灵长目动物——猴
400 mg/kg,female 2~21 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
灵长目动物——猴
206 mg/kg,female 90 day(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Maternal Effects - menstrual cycle changes or disorders
灵长目动物——猴
32400 mg/kg,female 2~19 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
灵长目动物——猴
43200 mg/kg,female 1~24 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
啮齿动物——兔
3945 mg/kg,female 1 day(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sp # females pregnant per # females mated)
啮齿动物——兔
3750 mg/kg,female 1 day(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility
啮齿动物——兔
15 mg/kg,female 15~29 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo
哺乳动物——猪
2648 mg/kg,female 78 week(s) pre-mating
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
啮齿动物——豚鼠
90 mg/kg,female 1~68 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
啮齿动物——豚鼠
240 mg/kg,female 2~61 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
啮齿动物——豚鼠
264 mg/kg,female 2~67 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical
啮齿动物——豚鼠
72 mg/kg,female 45~62 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
哺乳动物——非野生动物
94 mg/kg,female 14~21 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
哺乳动物——非野生动物
40 mg/kg,female 14~17 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
哺乳动物——非野生动物
1 mg/kg,female 18 week(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - respiratory system
哺乳动物——未报告
31500 mg/kg,female 15~35 day(s) after conception
生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
  [5-61]20世纪30年代以前,发酵法是乙醇的唯一工业生产方法。随着石油化工的迅速发展,合成法乙醇的产量越来越大。但合成法乙醇中夹杂的异构高碳醇,对人的高级神经中枢的麻痹作用,不适宜用作饮料、食品、医药及香料等。因此,即使在石油化工发达的国家,发酵法乙醇仍然占有一定的比例。
【发酵法】
将富含淀粉的农产品如谷类、薯类等或野生植物果实经水洗、粉碎后,进行加压蒸煮,使淀粉糊化,再加入适量的水,冷却至60℃左右加入淀粉酶,使淀粉依次水解为麦芽糖和葡萄糖。然后加入酶母菌进行发酵制得乙醇。
【水合法】
以乙烯和水为原料,通过加成反应制取。水合法分为间接水合法和直接水合法两种。间接水合法也称硫酸酯法,反应分两步进行。先把95~98%的硫酸和50~60%的乙烯按2:1(重量比)在塔式反应器吸收反应,60~80℃、0.78~1.96MPa条件下生成硫酸酯。第二步是将硫酸酯在水解塔中,于80~100℃、0.2~0.29MPa压力下水解而得乙醇,同时生成副产物乙醚。烯直接与水反应生成乙醇。直接水合法即一步法。由乙烯和水在磷酸催化剂存在下高温加压水合制得。本法流程简单、腐蚀性小,不需特殊钢材,副产乙醚量少,但要求乙烯纯度高,耗电量大。无论用发酵法或乙烯水合法,制得的乙醇通常都是乙醇和水的共沸物,即浓度为95%的工业乙醇。市售的无水乙醇一般只能达到99.5%纯度,在许多反应中需用纯度更高的无水乙醇,经常需自己制备。通常工业用的95.5%的乙醇不能直接用蒸馏法制取无水乙醇,因95.5%乙醇和4.5%的水形成恒沸点混合物。要把水除去,第一步是加入氧化钙(生石灰)煮沸回流,使乙醇中的水与生石灰作用生成氢氧化钙,然后再将无水乙醇蒸出。这样得到无水乙醇,纯度最高约99.5%。纯度更高的无水乙醇可用金属镁或金属钠进行处理。
新手上路我有疑问投诉建议参考资料 查看

我要回帖

更多关于 乙醇与溴水反应 的文章

 

随机推荐