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21. Language, society and culture
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＞＞＞阅读理解。 Language is always changing. In a society where ..
阅读理解。
&&&& Language is always changing. In a society where life continues year after year with few changes, the language does not change, either. The earliest known languages had difficult grammar but a small, limited vocabulary. Over the century, the grammar changed, and the vocabulary grew. For example, the English and Spanish people who came to America during the sixteenth century gave names to all new plants and animals they found. In this way, hundreds of new words were introduced into English and Spanish vocabularies. Today life is changing very fast, and language is changing fast too. &&&& There are several major language families in the world. Some scientists say there are nine main families, but other scientists divide them differently. The languages in each family are connected, and scientists think that they came from the same parent language About 3 percent of the people in the world speak languages that are not in these major families.
1. The early language had ______.
A. a lot of problems B. words and easy grammar C. words but no grammar D. grammar but not many words
2. In the next few hundred years we can expect language to ______.
A. stay exactly the same B. change a great deal C. change only a little D. add more words and drop some grammar
3. What this article shows is that ______.
A. languages change fast B. languages really don't want to change C. language changes with changes of society D. Spanish and English change
4. From this article we can see that ______.
A. language can change very slowly or very quickly B. if we don't change, then our language won't change, either C. we should give our plants new names D. English and Spanish are the only languages that have changes
题型：阅读理解难度：中档来源：福建省期中题
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“阅读理解。 Language is always changing. In a society where ..”主要考查你对&&历史文化类阅读&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
现在没空？点击收藏，以后再看。
因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
历史文化类阅读
什么是历史文化类阅读：
本类题型常用的方式是夹叙夹议。叙述的目的是为了议，所以要把握其议才是主要方面。阅读这类文章，先弄清其引入的话题，再弄清里面人物对其不同的看法，然后理解作者本身对话题的观点看法或思考。 历史文化类阅读技巧：
【题型说明】历史文化类阅读理解文章属高考常选材料之一。这类文章常涉及历史、文化、法制、宗教等方面的文学艺术、发明创造、文化遗产保护、宗教与文化、风俗与习惯、道德与法制、中外文学名著节选、等等。这类材料的命题点往往落在主旨大意题、事实细节题上。 【答题方法】在做这类阅读理解题时，我们应注意以下几个方面： 1、采用先题后文：先读题目，再带着问题读文章。这类阅读理解文章相对来说事实细节题稍多一点，如果带着问题读文章，有利于我们抓细节。 2、先做细节题。因为做完了局部性的事实细节题后，自然会加深我们对文章的理解，这样更有利于做主旨大意题。 3、重点敲定主旨题。主旨大意题提问的形式主要有两大类：一类是Main idea型；一类是Topic或Title型。在解答这类试题时应注意以下几点： a．读首句抓大意。文化教育类阅读理解文章多采用说明文、议论文体裁，而这类文章大都采用文章段落的中心，即主题句在文章开头。因此，要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需要研究文章的首句。 b．读尾句抓大意。有时这类文章的主题句安排在文章的结尾，作为对全篇的总结。 c．读首段抓大意。有些文章或段落的开头和结尾部分都有主题句。这种结构是为了突出主题思想而使用两次点题的写作方法。这两个主题句在句子结构和用词上有所不同，而且在内容上前句和后句也不重复。 d．从段落中抓大意。有些文章或段落的主题句在文章中，这种文章或段落往往以一句话或几句话引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。 e．归纳要点抓大意。有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，只是暗示性地体现主题。这就要求同学们在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或线索来概括总结主旨大意。
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Language, Discourse & Society E-Journal
By Kaitie O'Hare
Photo of Celine-Marie Pascale by Vanessa Robertson.
According to sociology professor Celine-Marie Pascale, language is more than just a tool we use to communicate with one another. To her and the members of the Language and Society Committee of the International Sociology Association (ISA), the world gains meaning through language.
“One person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter. The language we use both reflects and shapes the kind of world we create around us,” explains Pascale. “So if I tell you a homeless person was beaten up on the Mall, you hear that in a certain way, but if I tell you that someone who can’t afford housing was beaten up on the Mall, you hear that differently.”
By studying the way in which language is used, sociologists gain insight into culture, power, and inequality. To explore language, they may work in broad concepts and theories or empirically, with some scholars going so far as to count the number of seconds of pause between words.
Some of these sociology scholars are members of the Language and Society Committee, of which Pascale is currently serving as president. Her committee is one of 55 research committees within the 5,000-member International Sociologist Association that specialize in different sociological interests.
The approximately 150 international members of the Language and Society Committee use “a wide range of methods to make sense of how people make meaning—how we make some things really important in life and other things not important at all, how we marginalize some people and privilege others,” Pascale explains.
These concepts and more will be explored in a new e-journal, Language, Discourse & Society, edited by Professor Federico Farinia of the University of Modena and Reggio, Italy. Members of the Language & Society Committee agreed to create an e-journal for the field at the 2010 World Congress meeting in Sweden.
“There are not a lot of outlets for publishing articles that focus on sociologic analysis of language and representation, so it’s a much needed resource in the field,” Pascale says.
The long-awaited first issue will be available online in French, English, and Spanish and accessible to everyone, including researchers outside the realm of the ISA. Pascale says one of the advantages of creating an e-journal rather than a print journal is being able to share the content with a wider audience while cutting costs.
Pascale says that one of the most challenging aspects of creating an international e-journal from the ground up has been the process of selecting scholarly submissions. “A new journal is always a high-risk place for scholars to publish if you don’t have tenure. Everyone wants to publish in a journal with a very strong reputation. I think the first two years will determine if the journal’s able to succeed,” she says.
Pascale and her colleagues on the editorial board have garnered a substantial amount of strong academic work to meet their goal of publishing five to eight 20 to 30 page articles. Pascale says it’s hard to say which topics will be covered in the journal. In her own research, she’s come across articles on topics that she hopes could be covered in Language, Discourse & Society including hate speech in Sweden, conflict in Bulgaria over the airing of Turkish soap operas, and Chinese censorship on the Internet. “That’s just a small sampling of the kind of work that people are doing,” she says.
Highlighting the academic accomplishments of her peers will not only honor the work being done on language and society, but also encourage thoughtful discussions. “I hope that the journal becomes a home for very rich debates about both the theory and methods used to study language and about the content of those studies. We want it to become a vibrant, intellectual home for international scholars who are engaged in sociological analysis of systems of signification, how things become meaningful.”
While waiting for the first issue to be published, Pascale and other editors are patiently hoping their hard work over the years will prove as valuable as they’ve believed it to be for quite some time now.
“I wish I had a crystal ball. Of course I want it to be well received, but it’s hard to anticipate,” she says. “We’re doing everything we can to make this journal useful to people who work in the field. And if it truly is useful, then it will be well received.”