belarvs.minskcity中文翻译_百度知道
belarvs.minskcity中文翻译
belarus minsk city白俄罗斯明斯克市
双语对照 双语例句1The Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus upheld the Minsk City Court's judgement on 14 November 1997. 白俄罗斯共和国最高法院于日维持明斯克市法院的判决。
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出门在外也不愁From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see .
Location of Minsk, shown within the
Coordinates: :
Government
 o Mayor
Andrei Shorets
 o 
409.5 km2 (158.1 sq mi)
280.6 m (920.6 ft)
Population (2014)
 o 
 o Density
5,966/km2 (15,450/sq mi)
 o 
Postal Code
License plate
Minsk (: М?нск pronounced ; : Минск, , : Mińsk) is the capital and largest city of the , situated on the
rivers. It is the administrative centre of the
(CIS). As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of
() and Minsk
(district). In 2013, it had a population of 2,002,600.
The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century (1067), when it was noted as a provincial city within the . The settlement developed on the rivers. In 1242, Minsk became a part of the . It received
From 1569, it was a capital of the
in the . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793, as a consequence of the . From 1919 to 1991, after the Russian Revolution, Minsk was the capital of the
within the .
Minsk. A view of Svislach river
Minsk is located on the southeastern slope of the Minsk Hills, a region of rolling hills running from the southwest (upper reaches of the river ) to the northeast – that is, to Lukomskaye Lake in northwestern . The average altitude above
is 220 metres (720 ft). The physical geography of Minsk was shaped over the two . The , which flows across the city from the northwest to the southeast, is in the , an ancient river valley formed by water flowing from melting
at the end of the last Ice Age. There are six smaller rivers within the city limits, all part of the
Minsk is in the area of
typical of most of Belarus. Pinewood and mixed forests border the edge of the city, especially in the north and east. Some of the forests were preserved as parks (for instance, the ) as the city grew.
The city was initially built on the hills, which allowed for defensive fortifications, and the western parts of the city are the most hilly.
Minsk has a warm summer
(Koppen Dfb), owing to its location between the strong influence of the moist air of the
and the dry air of the
landmass. Its weather is unstable and tends to change often. The average January temperature is -4.5 °C (23.9 °F), while the average July temperature is 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). The lowest temperature was recorded on 17 January 1940, at -40 °C (-40 °F) and the warmest on 29 July 1936 at 35 °C, and on 3 August 2014 at 35 °C (95 °F). This results in frequent fogs, common in the autumn and spring. Minsk receives annual
of 690 millimetres (27 in), of which one third falls during the cold period (as snow and rain) and two thirds in the warm period. Throughout the year, most winds are westerly and northwesterly, bringing cool and moist air from the Atlantic. Similar climatic regimes are found in ,
and in , .
Climate data for Minsk ()
Record high °C (°F)
Average high °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Average low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
mm (inches)
Average rainy days
Average snowy days
Mean monthly
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net
Source #2: NOAA (sun, )
The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Centre of Radioactive and Environmental Control (: Рэспубл?канск? цэнтр радыяцыйнага кантролю ? ман?торынга прыроднага асяроддзя).
the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 . The change of gas as industrial fuel to
for financial reasons has worsened the ecological situation. However, the majority of overall air pollution is produced by cars. Belarusian traffic police DAI every year holds operation "Clean Air" to prevent the use of cars with extremely pollutive engines. Sometimes the maximum normative concentration of
in air is exceeded in . Other major contaminants are -VI and . Zavodski,
districts, which are situated in the southeastern part of Minsk, are the most polluted areas in the city.
Main articles:
The Saviour Church (1577) is part of an archaeological preservation in , 23 km (14 mi) northwest of Minsk.
The area of today's Minsk was settled by the
by the 9th century AD. The
valley was the settlement boundary between two Early East Slav tribes – the
and . By 980, the area was incorporated into the
, one of the earliest East Slav principalities of . Minsk was first mentioned in the name form Měneskъ (М?нескъ) in the
for the year 1067 in association with the . 1067 is now widely accepted as the founding year of Minsk. City authorities consider the date of 2 September 1067, to be the exact founding date of the city, though the town (by then fortified by wooden walls) had certainly existed for some time by then. The origin of the name is unknown but there are several theories.
In the early 12th century, the
disintegrated into smaller fiefs. The
was established by one of the
dynasty princes. In 1129, the Principality of Minsk was annexed by , the domin however in 1146 the Polotsk dynasty regained control of the principality. By 1150, Minsk rivaled Polotsk as the major city in the former Principality of Polotsk. The princes of Minsk and Polotsk were engaged in years of struggle trying to unite all lands previously under the rule of Polotsk.
contains the remains of pre-WWII Minsk on the Svislach bank.
Minsk escaped the
in . In 1242, Minsk became a part of the expanding . It joined peacefully and local elites enjoyed high rank in the society of the Grand Duchy. In 1413, the
entered into a union. Minsk became the centre of
(province). In 1441, the Polish-Lithuanian prince and future king
included Minsk in a list of cities enjoying certain privileges, and in 1499, during the reign of his son, , Minsk received
under . In 1569, after the , the
merged into a single state, the . Afterwards, a Polish community including government clerks, officers and craftsmen settled in Minsk.[]
By the middle of the 16th century, Minsk was an important economic and cultural centre in the . It was also an important centre for the . Following the , both the
and the Roman Catholic Church increased in influence.[]
In 1655, Minsk was conquered by troops of
of Russia. Russians governed the city until 1660 when it was regained by , King of Poland. By the end of the , Minsk had only about 2,000 residents and just 300 houses. The second wave of devastation occurred during the , when Minsk was occupied in 1708 and 1709 by the army of
and then by the army of .[] The last decades of the Polish rule involved decline or very slow development, since Minsk had become a small provincial town of little economic or military significance.
This section does not
any . Please help improve this section by . Unsourced material may be challenged and . (December 2011)
Russian Orthodox church of St. Mary Magdalene (built in 1847).
A street in central Minsk
Minsk was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a consequence of the . In 1796, it became the centre of the . All of the initial
were replaced by Russian names, though the spelling of the city's name remained unchanged. It was briefly occupied by
Throughout the 19th century, the city continued to grow and significantly improve. In the 1830s, major streets and squares of Minsk were cobbled and paved. A first public library was opened in 1836, and a fire brigade was put into operation in 1837. In 1838, the first local newspaper, Minskiye gubernskiye vedomosti (“Minsk province news”) went into circulation. The first theatre was established in 1844. By 1860, Minsk was an important trading city with a population of 27,000. There was a construction boom that led to the building of 2 and 3-story brick and stone houses in Upper Town.
Minsk's development was boosted by improvements in transportation. In 1846, the Moscow- road was laid through Minsk. In 1871, a railway link between Moscow and Warsaw ran via Minsk, and in 1873, a new
() was also constructed. Thus Minsk became an important rail junction and a manufacturing hub. A
was introduced in 1872, the telephone in 1890, the horse tram in 1892, and the first power generator in 1894. By 1900, Minsk had 58 factories employing 3,000 workers. The city also boasted theatres, cinemas, newspapers, schools and colleges, as well as numerous monasteries, churches, synagogues, and a mosque. According to the 1897 , the city had 91,494 inhabitants, with some 47,561 Jews constituting more than half of the city population.
The Jesuit Collegium in 1912.
Railway Station Square, an example of Stalinist Minsk.
Children during the German bombing of Minsk
24 June 1941
In the early years of the 20th century, Minsk was a major centre for the worker's movement in Belarus. The , the forerunner to the
and eventually the , was held there in 1898. It was also one of the major centres of the Belarusian , alongside . However, the
affected the development of Minsk tremendously. By 1915, Minsk was a battle-front city. Some factories were closed down, and residents began evacuating to the east. Minsk became the headquarters of
of the Russian army and also housed military hospitals and
had an immediate effect in Minsk. A Workers'
was established in Minsk in October 1917, drawing much of its support from disaffected soldiers and workers. After the , German forces occupied Minsk on 21 February 1918. On 25 March 1918, Minsk was proclaimed the capital of the . The republic was short- in December 1918, Minsk was taken over by the . In January 1919 Minsk was proclaimed the capital of the , though later in 1919 (see ) (and again in 1920, the city was controlled by the
during the course of the
between 8 August 1919 and 11 July 1920 and again between 12 October 1920 and 19 March 1921. Under the terms of the , Minsk was handed back to the
and became the capital of the , one of the founding republics of the .
German troops marching through Minsk.
A programme of reconstruction and development was begun in 1922. By 1924, there were 29 fa schools, museums, theatres and libraries were also established. Throughout the 1920s and the 1930s, Minsk saw rapid development with dozens of new factories being built and new schools, colleges, higher education establishments, hospitals, theatres and cinemas being opened. During this period, Minsk was also a centre for the development of Belarusian language and culture.
Before the , Minsk had a population of 300,000 people. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, as part of , Minsk immediately came under attack. The city was bombed on the first day of the invasion and came under
control four days later. However, some factories, museums and tens of thousands of civilians had been evacuated to the east. The Germans designated Minsk the administrative centre of . Communists and sympathisers were
both locally and after being transported to Germany. Homes were requisitioned to house invading German forces. Thousands starved as food was seized by the German Army and paid work was scarce. Some anti-Soviet residents of Minsk, who hoped that Belarus could regain independence, did support the Germans, especially at the beginning of the occupation, but by 1942, Minsk had become a major centre of the
against the invasion, in what is known as the . For this role, Minsk was awarded the title
Minsk was, however, the site of one of the largest Nazi-run
in the Second World War, temporarily housing over 100,000 Jews (see ).
Main article:
Minsk was recaptured by Soviet troops on 3 July 1944, during . The city was the centre of German resistance to the
advance and saw heavy fighting during the first half of 1944. Factories, municipal buildings, , bridges, most roads and 80% of the houses were reduced to rubble. In 1944, Minsk's population was reduced to a mere 50,000. After the Second World War, Minsk was rebuilt, but not reconstructed. The historical centre was replaced in the 1940s and 1950s by , which favoured grand buildings, broad avenues and wide squares. Subsequently, the city grew rapidly as a result of massive industrialisation. Since the 1960s Minsk's population has also grown apace, reaching 1 million in 1972 and 1.5 million in 1986. Construction of
began on 16 June 1977, and the system was opened to the public on 30 June 1984, becoming the ninth metro system in the Soviet Union. The rapid population growth was primarily driven by mass migration of young, unskilled workers from rural areas of Belarus, as well as by migration of
from other parts of the []. To house the expanding population, Minsk spread beyond its historical boundaries. Its surrounding villages were absorbed and rebuilt as mikroraions, districts of high-density apartment housing.
(Initial part of avenue candidates for inclusion in )
This section does not
any . Please help improve this section by . Unsourced material may be challenged and . (November 2011)
Throughout the 1990s, after the fall of Communism, the city continued to change. As the capital of a newly independent country, Minsk quickly acquired the attributes of a major city. Embassies were opened, and a number of Soviet administrative buildings became government centres. During the early and mid-1990s, Minsk was hit by an
and many development projects were halted, resulting in high unemployment and underemployment. Since the late 1990s, there have been improvements in transport and infrastructure, and a housing boom has been underway since 2002. On the outskirts of Minsk, new
have been built. Metro lines have been extended, and the road system (including the ) has been improved. Owing to the small size of the private sector in Belarus, most development has so far been financed by the government. In January 2008, the
announced several projects on its official website. Among them are the refurbishment of some streets and main avenues, the construction of more up-to-date hotels (one near the Palace of the Republic and
on the shore of Lake Komsomolskoye), the demolition of the out-of-date Belarus hotel and the erection in the same premises of a complex consisting of sport facilities, swimming pool, 2 hotel towers and one business centre building with the help of potential foreign investors and the construction of a modern aquatic park in the outskirts of the city. On 8 September 2007, the city of Minsk celebrated 940 years since its founding.
Independence Square in the centre of Minsk.
name of the town was М?ньскъ (i.e. Měnsk &
Mēn?sk?), derived from a river name Měn (& Mēn?). The direct continuation of this name in Belarusian is Miensk (pronounced [m??nsk]). The resulting form of the name, Minsk (spelled either Минскъ or М?нскъ), was taken over both in Russian (modern spelling: Минск) and Polish (Mińsk), and under the influence especially of Russian it also became official in Belarusian. However, some Belarusian-speakers continue to use Miensk (spelled Менск) as their preferred name for the city.
When Belarus was under Polish rule, the names Mińsk Litewski 'Minsk of the ' and Mińsk Bia?oruski 'Minsk in Belarus' were used to differentiate this place name from
'Minsk in '. In modern Polish, Mińsk without an attribute usually refers to the city in Belarus, which is about 50 times bigger than Mińsk M (cf.
for a similar case).
The Belarusian rock band
have recorded a song titled Miensk i Minsk (Miensk and Minsk) on their 2007 album "06".
Population
Population
Population
Population
During its first centuries, Minsk was a city with a predominantly Early East Slavic population (the forefathers of modern-day ). After the 1569 , the city became a destination for migrating Poles (who worked as administrators, clergy, teachers and soldiers) and Jews (predominantly , who worked in the retail trade and as craftsmen, as other opportunities were prohibited by discrimination laws). During the last centuries of the , many Minsk residents became , adopting the language of the dominant Poles and assimilating to its culture.
After the second partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1793, Minsk and its larger region became part of the . The
dominated the city's culture as had the Poles in earlier centuries. By the end of the 19th century, residents in Minsk accepted increasing .
At the time of the
under the Russian Empire, Jews were the largest ethnic group in Minsk, at 52% of the population, with 47,500 of the 91,000 residents. Other substantial ethnic groups were Russians (25.5%), Poles (11.4%) and Belarusians (9%). The latter figure may be not accurate as some local Belarusians were likely counted as Russians. A small traditional community of
had been living in Minsk for centuries.
The high mortality of the First World War and the Second World War affected the demographics of the city, particularly the destruction of Jews under the
occupation of the Second World War. Working through local populations, Germans instituted deportation of Jewish citizens to concentration camps, murdering most of them there. The Jewish community of Minsk suffered catastrophic losses in . From more than half the population of the city, the percentage of Jews dropped to less than 10% more than ten years after the war. After its limited population peaked in the 1970s, continuing anti-Semitism under the Soviet Union and increasing nationalism in Belarus caused most Jews to emigrate to
and western countries in the 1980s; by 1999, less than 1% of the population of Minsk was Jewish.
In the first three decades of the post-war years, the most numerous new residents in Minsk were rural migrants from other parts of B the proportion of ethnic
increased markedly. Numerous skilled
and other migrants from other parts of the
migrated for jobs in the growing manufacturing sector. In 1959 Belarusians made up 63.3% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups included Russians (22.8%), Jews (7.8%), Ukrainians (3.6%), Poles (1.1%) and
(0.4%). Continued migration from rural Belarus in the 1960s and 1970s changed the ethnic composition further. By 1979 Belarusians made up 68.4% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups included Russians (22.2%), Jews (3.4%), Ukrainians (3.4%), Poles (1.2%) and Tatars (0.2%).
According to the 1989 census, 82% percent of Minsk residents have been born in Belarus. Of those, 43% have been born in Minsk and 39% – in other parts of Belarus. 6.2% of Minsk residents came from regions of western Belarus (Grodno and Brest Regions) and 13% – from eastern Belarus (Mogilev, Vitebsk and Gomel Regions). 21.4% of residents came from central Belarus (Minsk Region).
According to the 1999 census, Belarusians make up 79.3% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups include Russians (15.7%), Ukrainians (2.4%), Poles (1.1%) and Jews (0.6%). The Russian and Ukrainian populations of Minsk peaked in the late 1980s (at 325,000 and 55,000 respectively). After the break-up of the
and increased nationalism in Belarus creating hostility to ethnic Russians and Ukrainians, many of them chose to move to their respective mother countries, although some families had been in Minsk for generations. Another factor in the shifting demographics of the city was the changing self-identification of Minsk residents of mixed ancestry – in independent Belarus they identify as Belarusians.
of Minsk peaked in the early 1970s at 50,000 according independent estimates put the figure at between 100,000 and 120,000. Beginning in the 1980s, there has been mass-scale emigration to , the USA and Germany. Today only about 10,000 Jews live in Minsk. The traditional minorities of Poles and Tatars have remained at much the same size (17,000 and 3,000 respectively). Rural Poles have migrated from the western part of Belarus to Minsk, and many Tatars have moved to Minsk from .
Some more recent
communities have developed as a result of immigration. The most prominent are immigrants from the
countries – ,
each numbering about 2,000 to 5,000. They began migrating to Minsk in the 1970s, and more immigrants have joined them since. Many work in the
in open-air markets. A small but prominent Arab community has developed in Minsk, primarily represented by recent economic immigrants from , , , , etc. (In many cases, they are graduates of Minsk universities who decide to settle in Belarus and bring over their families). A small community of , numbering about 2,000, are settled in suburbs of north-western and southern Minsk.
Throughout its history Minsk has been a city of many languages. Initially most of its residents spoke
(which later developed into modern ). However, after 1569 the
In the 19th-century Russian became the official language and by the end of that century it had become the language of administration, schools and newspapers. The Belarusian national revival increased interest in the Belarusian language – its use has grown since the 1890s, especially among the . In the 1920s and early 1930s Belarusian was the major language of Minsk, including use for administration and education (both secondary and tertiary). However, since the late 1930s Russian again began gaining dominance.[]
A short period of Belarusian national revival in the early 1990s saw a rise in the numbers of Belarusian speakers. However, in 1994 the newly elected president
slowly reversed this trend. Most residents of Minsk now use Russian exclusively in their everyday lives at home and at work, although Belarusian is understood as well. Substantial numbers of recent migrants from the rural areas use
(a Russo-Belarusian mixed language) in their everyday lives.[]
The most commonly used and understood
in Minsk, especially among the younger generation, is English.
There are no reliable statistics on the religious affiliations of those living in Minsk, or among the population of Belarus generally. The majority of Christians belong to the , which is the exarchate of the
in Belarus. There is a significant minority of .
Currently, there are 24 churches of various denominations in Minsk, with another 10 under either construction or renovation.[]
Minsk has the highest crime rate in Belarus – 193.5 crimes per 10,000 citizens. 20–25% of all serious crimes in Belarus, 55% of bribes and 67% of mobile phone thefts are committed in Minsk. However, attorney general Grigory Vasilevich stated that homicide rate in Minsk in 2008 was "relatively fine".
Crime rate grew significantly in 2009 and 2010: for example, number of corruption crimes grew by 36% in 2009 alone. Crime detection level varies from 13% in burglary to 92% in homicide with an average 40.1%. Many dwellers are concerned for their safety at night and the strongest concern was expressed by residents of Chizhovka and Shabany
(both in ).
The SIZO-1 detention center, IK-1 general prison, and the
special jail called "Amerikanka" are all located in Minsk. 's rivals in the
were imprisoned in the KGB jail and other prominent politicians and civil activists. , who was kept in this jail, accused the KGB of using torture.
Main article:
Currently Minsk is subdivided into 9
(districts):
   (: Цэнтральны, : Центральный), or "Central District"
   (: Савецк?, : Советский, Sovetsky), or " District"
   (: Першамайск?, : Первомайский, Pervomaysky), named after
   (: Партызанск?, : Партизанский, Partizansky), named after the
   (: Заводск?, : Заводской, Zavodskoy), or "Factory district" (initially it included major plants,
(MAZ), later the Partyzanski District with MTZ was split off it)
   (: Лен?нск?, : Ленинский, Leninsky), named after
   (: Кастрычн?цк?, : Октябрьский, Oktyabrsky), named after the
   (: Маско?ск?, : Московский, Moskovsky), named after Moscow
   (: Фрунзенск?, : Фрунзенский, Frunzensky), named after
In addition, a number of residential neighbourhoods are recognised in Minsk, called , with no separate administration.
Minsk is the
of Belarus. It has developed industrial and services sectors which serve the needs not only of the city, but of the entire nation. Minsk's contributions form nearly 46% of Belarusian budget. According to 2010 results, Minsk paid 15 trillion BYR to state budget while the whole income from all other regions was 19.9 trillion BYR. In the period January 2013 to October % of taxes in the budget of Minsk were paid by non-state enterprises, 26.3% by state enterprises, and 1.8% by individual entrepreneurs. Among the top 10 taxpayers were five oil and gas companies (including two 's and one 's subsidiaries), two mobile network operators ( and ), two companies producing alcoholic beverages (Minsk-Kristall and Minsk grape wines factory) and one producer of tobacco goods.
of Minsk was formed mainly by industry (26.4%), wholesale (19.9%), transportation and communications (12.3%), retail (8.6%) and construction (5.8%). GRP of Minsk measured in rubles was nearly 120×1012 (trillions or
BYR 120 trillion ≈ USD 12.76 billion), or 23.7% of
of Belarus.
Minsk is the major industrial centre of Belarus. According to 2012 statistics, Minsk-based companies produced 21.5% of electricity, 76% of trucks, 15.9% of footwear, 89.3% of television sets, 99.3% of washing machines, 30% of chocolate, 27.7% of distilled alcoholic beverages and 19.7% of tobacco goods in Belarus.
Today the city has over 250 factories and plants. Its industrial development started in the 1860s and was facilitated by the railways built in the 1870s. However, much of the industrial infrastructure was destroyed during World War I and especially during World War II. After the last war the development of the city was linked to the development of industry, especially of -intensive sectors (heavy emphasis of R&D intensive industries in
in the USSR is known in Western geography as 'Minsk phenomenon').[] Minsk was turned into a major production site for trucks, tractors, gears, optical equipment, refrigerators, television sets and radios, bicycles, motorcycles, watches, and metal-processing equipment. Outside machine-building and electronics, Minsk also had textiles, construction materials, food processing, and printing industries. During the Soviet period, development of the industries was linked to suppliers and markets within the USSR, and the break-up of the union in 1991 led to a serious economic meltdown in .[]
However, since the adoption of the neo-Keynesean policies under 's government in 1995, much of the gross industrial production was regained.[] Unlike many other cities in the CIS and Eastern Europe Minsk was not heavily de-industrialised in the 1990s. About 40% of the work force is still employed in the . Over 70% of produced goods are exported from Belarus, especially to Russia and other members of the []. However, the recent industrial revival did not lead to updating technologies and equipment (as
was discouraged), therefore much of the local industry is not highly competitive by international standards.[]
Major industrial employers include:
 – specialised in manufacturing tractors. Established in 1946 in eastern Minsk, is among major manufacturers of wheeled tractors in the CIS. Employs about 30,000 staff.
 – specialising in producing trucks, buses and mini-vans. Established in 1944 in south-eastern Minsk, is among major vehicle manufacturers in the CIS.
(also known as Atlant) – specialised in manufacturing household goods, such as refrigerators, freezers, and recently also of . Established in 1959 in north-west of the city.
 – specialised in producing TV-sets, audio and video electronics. Established in 1950 in north-central Minsk.
Official statistics quote unemployment in Minsk at 0.3%.
During 2009 census 5.6% of Minsk residents of employable age called themselves unemployed. The government discourages official unemployment registration with tiny unemployment benefits (70 000 BYR ≈ $7 per month) and obligatory public works.
Tram in Minsk.
Minsk has an extensive
system. Passengers are served by 8 tramway lines, over 70
lines, and over 100 bus lines. Trams were the first public transport used in Minsk (since ;– the horse-tram, and since ;– the electric tram). Public buses have been used in Minsk since 1924, and trolleybuses since 1952.
All public transport is operated by Minsktrans, a government-owned and -funded transport
company. As of January 2008, Minsktrans used 1,420 buses, 1,010 trolleybuses and 153 tramway cars in Minsk.
The Minsk city government in 2003 decreed that local transport provision should be set at a minimum level of 1 vehicle (bus, trolleybus or tram) per 1,500 residents. Currently the number of vehicles in use by Minsktrans is 2.2 times higher than the minimum level.[]
Public transport fares are controlled by city's executive committee (city council). Single trip ticket for bus, trolleybus, tramway or metro costs 3000
(≈ USD 0.3) and 4300 BYR for express buses. Monthly ticket for one kind of transport costs 135 000 BYR and 243 000 BYR for all four. Commercial 's prices varies from 6000 to 7000 BYR.
Uruchye station in the .
Main article:
Minsk is the only city in Belarus with an underground
system. Construction of the metro began in 1977, soon after the city reached over a million people, and the first line with 8 stations was opened in 1984. Since then it has expanded into two lines:
and , which are 18.1 and 17.3 km (11.2 and 10.7 mi) long with 14 and 14 stations, respectively. On 7 November 2012, three new stations on the Moskovskaya L work continues on a 1.8 km (1.1 mi) extension, with one more station slated to open in 2014.
There are plans for a network with three lines totalling (based on present expansion plans) 58.3 km (36.2 mi) of track with 45 stations and three train depots. For this to happen the third line should cut the city on a north–south axis crossing the existing two and thus forming a typical So construction of the third line is expected to begin in 2011 and for the first stage to be delivered in the late 2010s. Some layout plans speculate on a possible fourth line running from Vyasnyanka to Serabranka micro-rayons.
As of 2013 Minsk metro had 28 stations and 35.5 kilometres (22 miles) of tracks. Trains use 243 standard Russian metro-cars. On a typical day Minsk metro is used by 800,000 passengers. In 2007 ridership of Minsk metro was 262.1 million passengers, making it the 5th busiest metro network in the
(behind Moscow, ,
and ). During peak hours trains run each 2–2.5 minutes. The metro network employs 3,200 staff.
Currently most of the urban transport is being actively renovated and upgraded to modern standards. For instance, all metro stations built since 2001 have passenger lifts from platform to street level, thus enabling the use of the newer stations by disabled passengers.
Electric Minsk city Stadler FLIRT trains at the railway station of Minsk-Passenger
Minsk is the largest transport hub in Belarus. Minsk is located at the junction of the -Moscow railway (built in 1871) running from the southwest to the northeast of the city and the - railway (built in 1873) running from the northwest to the south. The first railway connects Russia with Poland and G the second connects Ukraine with Lithuania and Latvia. They cross at the
railway station, the main railway station of Minsk. The station was built in 1873 as Vilenski vakzal. The initial wooden building was demolished in 1890 and rebuilt in stone. During World War II the Minsk railway station was completely destroyed. It was rebuilt in 1945 and 1946 and served until 1991. The new building of the Minsk-Passazhyrski railway station was built during . Its construction was delayed due to fi now, however, Minsk boasts one of the most modern and up-to-date railway stations in the CIS. There are plans to move all
traffic from Minsk-Passazhyrski to the smaller stations, Minsk- Uskhodni (East), Minsk-Paudnyovy (South) and Minsk-Paunochny (North), by 2020.
There are three intercity bus stations that link Minsk with the suburbs and other cities in Belarus and the neighbouring countries. Frequent schedules of bus routes connect Minsk to Moscow, , , ,
is located 42 km (26 mi) to the east of the city. It opened in 1982 and the current
opened in 1987. It is an
with flights to Europe and Middle East.
opened in 1933 a few kilometres to the south of the historical centre. In 1955 it became an international airport and by 1970 served over 1 million passengers a year.
From 1982 it mainly served domestic routes in Belarus and short-haul routes to Moscow,
and . Minsk-1 was expected to be closed in 2008 because of the noise pollution in the surrounding residential areas, but in the mid-2010 it is still functioning. The land of the airport is planned to be redeveloped for residential and commercial real estate, currently branded as .
Minsk is the major educational centre of Belarus. It has about 500 , 258 schools, 28 , and 36 higher education institutions, including 12 major national universities.[]
. The Academy was established in 1991 and it acquired the status of a presidential institution in 1995. In structure of Academy 3 institutes: Institute of Administrative Personnel has 3 departments, Institute of Civil Service has also 3 departments and Research Institute of the Theory and Practice of .
. Major Belarusian universal university, founded in 1921. In 2006 had 15 major departments (Applied Mathematics and I B C G E ; J H Humanitarian S L Mechanics and M P P P Radiophysics and Electronics). It also included 5 R&D institutes, 24 Research Centres, 114 R&D laboratories. The University employs over 2,400 lecturers and 1,000 1,900 of these hold PhD or Dr. Sc. degrees. There are 16,000 undergraduate students at the university, as well as over 700 PhD students.
. Specialised in
and agricultural machinery.
. Specialised in technical disciplines.
. Specialised in Medicine and Dentistry. Since ;– Medicine Department of the Belarusian State University. In 1930 becomes separate as Belarusian Medical Institute. In 2000 upgraded to university level. Currently has 6 departments.
. Specialised in Finance and Economics. Founded in 1933 as Belarusian Institute for National Economy. Upgraded to university level in 1992.
. Specialised in
for secondary schools.
. Specialised in IT and radioelectronic technologies. Established in 1964 as Minsk Institute for Radioelectronics.
. Specialised in sports, coaches and PT teachers training.
. Specialised in chemical and , in printing and forestry. Founded in 1930 as Forestry Institute in . In 1941 evacuated to Sverdlovsk, now . Returned to Gomel in 1944, but in 1946 relocated to Minsk as Belarusian Institute of Technology. Upgraded to university level in 1993. Currently has 9 departments.
. Specialised in . Founded in 1948 as Minsk Institute for Foreign Languages. In 2006 had 8 departments. Major focus on English, French, German and Spanish.
. Specializes in , visual and . Founded in 1975 as Minsk Institute of Culture. Reorganized in 1993.
. Specialised in environmental sciences. Established in 1992 with the support from the United Nations. Focus on study and research of radio-ecological consequences of the
in 1986, which heavily affected Belarus.
. Specializes in , , Marketing, Finance and Management. It is established by Federations of Trade Unions of Belarus.
. The largest private higher educational institution in Belarus. Established in 1991. Specializes in , , , ,
Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University.
University of Informatics and Radioelectronics
Pedagogical University.
Minsk is the major cultural centre of Belarus. Its first theatres and libraries were established in the middle of the 19th century. Now it has 11 theatres and 16 museums. There are 20 cinemas and 139 libraries.
Cathedral of the Holy Spirit is actually the former church of the
convent. It was built in the simplified
style in 1642–87 and went through renovations in 1741–46 and 1869.
was built by the Jesuits as their principal church in 1700–10, restored in 1951 and 1997; it overlooks the recently restored 18th-century city hall, located on the other side of the Independence S
Two other historic churches are the cathedral of , formerly affiliated with the Bernardine monastery, built in 1644–52 and repaired in 1983, and the fortified church of Sts. Peter and Paul, originally built in the 1620s and recently restored, complete with its flanking twin towers.
The impressive Neo-Romanesque Roman Catholic
(Cathedral of Sts. Simeon and Helene) was built in 1906–10 immediately after religious freedoms were proclaimed in Imperial Russia and the tsar allowed dissidents to
The largest church built in the Russian imperial period of the town's history is dedicated to St. ;
Many Orthodox churches were built after the
in a variety of styles, although most remain true to the Neo-Russian idiom. A good example is St. Elisabeth's Convent, founded in 1999.
Cathedral of the Holy Spirit ().
(Roman Catholic).
Church of St.Joseph (formerly , currently used as an archive).
Church of Sts. Peter and Paul (Russian Orthodox).
(Roman Catholic).
Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Russian Orthodox).
(Roman Catholic).
(Saint Rochus) (Roman Catholic).
Church of All Saints (Russian Orthodox).
Church of St.Yevfrosinya of Polotsk (Russian Orthodox).
Church of St. Elizabeth Convent (Russian Orthodox)
(Calvary Cemetery) is the oldest surviving cemetery in the city. Many famous people of Belarus are buried here. The cemetery was closed to new burials in the 1960s.
Major theatres are:
National Academic Grand Opera and Ballet Theatre of the Republic of Belarus
Belarusian State Musical Theatre (performances in Russian)
(performances in Russian)
(performances in )
(rebuilt in 2003) overlooks the Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary.
Major museums include:
Basketball
Minsk hosted .
There are more than 400 travel agencies in Minsk, about a quarter of them provide agent activity, and most of them are tour operators.
, United Kingdom (since 1957)
, Japan (since 1973)
, India (since 1973)
, France (since 1976)
, Brazil (since 1987)
, China (since 1992)
, Poland (since 1993)
, Germany (since 1993)
, Netherlands (since 1994)
, Tajikistan (since 1998)
, Moldova (since 2000)
, Cuba (since 2005)
, Iran (since 2006)
, United Arab Emirates (since 2007)
, Turkey (since 2007)
, Kyrgyzstan (since 2008)
, Vietnam (since November 4, 2008)
, China (since 2014)
, Pakistan (since 2015)
, Georgia (since 2015)
discovered by Soviet astronomer
in 1979 is named after the city.
Main category:
, grew up and lived in Minsk before moving to the US to fight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship
, former World No. 1 tennis player and 2012 and 2013 Australian Open winner, born in Minsk moving to
, kickboxer
, gold medal winning gymnast at the 1988 and , birthplace
, chess grandmaster
, World War II partisan
, gold (3 times) and bronze medal winning biathlete at the
, producer and camera operator, birthplace
(1906–84), Israeli linguist and lexicographer
, ballet, opera and theatre designer, birthplace
, chess Grandmaster
(born 1937), girlfriend of
, constructivist architect
, soprano, birthplace
, wrestler and Olympic champion
, conductor
, fashion model
, Russian painter, birthplace
, American film producer, one of the founders of
, chess master
, tennis player
, ballerina and choreographer of the Ballets Russes, birthplace
, assassin of US President , resided in Minsk from January 1960 to June 1962.
, individual rhythmic gymnast, won the All-Around Silver at the 2000 Sydney Olympics
, winner of the
for Norway, birthplace
, chess grandmaster
, Roman Catholic activist
, Israeli Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler and victim of the
at the 1972 Summer Olympics
, tennis player
, architect and art historian
, World War II partisan
, Technical death metal band
. <. 19 September .
(in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) 2015.
(in Russian). naviny.by. .
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on 15 June .
Robert I. Frost. After the Deluge: Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, . . 2004. p. 48.
. Belarusian Tour operator. 29 October .
Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ,
Zimmerman (2004), Poles, Jews, and Politics
Mi?dzy Wschodem i Zachodem: international conference, Lublin, 18–21 June 1991
?stlund, Anders (13 July 2013). . Archived from
on 3 November .
(in Russian). TUT.BY. 29 June 2010.
(in Russian). TUT.BY. 25 January 2011.
(in Russian). TUT.BY. 18 April 2011.
(in Russian). interfax.by. 2 October 2008.
(in Russian). interfax.by. 10 March 2010.
(in Russian). interfax.by. 2 January 2009.
, National Law Portal of Belarus (10 February 2006).
23 July 2011 at the .
(in Russian). interfax.by. 27 October 2009.
, Belarus News (21.12.2010)
, Belarus News (28.02.2011)
(1 March 2011)
3 December 2013 at the .
10 December 2013 at the .
. D-Minsk. .
. Mrl.ucsb.edu. 21 June .
Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus. (2011). . Land of Ancestors. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus 2013.
Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus. (2011). . Land of Ancestors. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus 2013.
. Minsk City Executive Committee 2013.
. Nottingham City Council. 22 June 2012. Archived from
on 25 June 2012.
. 2008 Mairie de Lyon 2009.
. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Archived from
. City of ?ód? (in Polish). Archived from
on 24 June 2013.
. Bonn.de. .
. Official Website of the Tourism Authority of Tajikistan. Committee of Youth Affairs, Sports and Tourism 2013.
(in Romanian). Prim?ria Municipiului Chi?in?u. Archived from
on 3 November 2012.
(in Turkish). Ankara Büyük?ehir Belediyesi – Tüm Haklar? Sakl?d?r. Archived from
on 14 January 2009.
. www.mofahcm.gov.vn. .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for .
a city guide for Minsk
on the official website of Belarus
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