Moral of the story: It is inadvisable to use specific fonts for symbols. If you really want the characters you use on your website to be viewed relatively globally, it's a very good idea to follow the guidelines at . If you plan on using extended characters, you might want to use images rather than entities unless you know categorically that your viewers will be able to see them.
extended characters
extended characters
You may see something entirely different, depending on your character set.
Some people prefer to use named character entities rather than numbered. I have shown both in the following table. However, some browsers may not render the named character entities. For instance, NS4 (yes, yes, I know that is an obsolete browser but there are still a few floating around) does not render & (circumflex) with the named entity & (one sees the character entity rather than the character) but it does render ˆ using the equivalent numbered entity ˆ. NS4
does not render tilde & with the named entity & but does render ˜ using the numbered entity &732;. (Those last sentences may look like nonsense to you because your system does render the letter entities.) On some browsers, the unsupported character may show up as a ? (question mark) or a hollow rectangle.
These are arranged with the numbered entities to the left of the symbol and named entities (if known) to the right. The number entities on the left are supported by NS4+ and IE4+. Some letter entities on right are NOT supported by older browsers. If the character used has a number entity greater than #255, it may be advisable to use a numbered entity rather than named entity.
When using named entities, bear in mind that they are case-sensitive. Using the wrong case can produce an unintended result. Note the difference that an uppercase P can make:
&p produces &
&P produces &P
When using the following codes, please let copy and paste be your friend.
copyright symbols
registered trademark
editorial symbols
nonbreaking space
left double angled quote
right double angled quote
left single quote
right single quote
low single quotation mark
left double quote
right double quote
low double quotation mark
left single angled quote
right single angled quote
inverted exclamation mark
broken vertical bar
soft hyphen
accute accent
middle dot
inverted questionmark
circumflex
horizontal ellipses
dagger mark
double dagger mark
&← left arrow
&&↑ upwards arrow
&&→ right arrow
&&↓ downwards arrow
&&↔ leftright arrow
&↕ updown arrow
&↖ northwest arrow
&&↗ northeast arrow
&&↘ southeast arrow
&&↙ southwest arrow
&&⇐ left double arrow
&lA&⇑ upwards double arrow
&uA&⇒ right double arrow
&⇓ downwards double arrow
&dA&⇔ leftright double arrow
&hA&⇕ updown double arrow
&vA&⇖ northwest double arrow
&nwA&⇗ northeast double arrow
&neA&⇘ southeast double arrow
&seA&⇙ southwest double arrow
mathematical symbols
plus or minus
superscript one
superscript two
superscript three
feminine ordinal
masculine ordinal
one eighth
one quarter
three eighths
five eighths
two thirds
three quarters
seven eighths
multiplication symbol
division symbol
per thousand
currency symbols
pound Sterling
florin (forte)
the following are not displayed on older browsers:
฿ baht
&₡ colon
&₢ cruzeiro
&₤ lira
&₦ naira
&₨ rupee
&₩ won
&₪ shekel
&₫ dong
&€ euro
accented letters
uppercase grave A
lowercase grave a
uppercase acute A
lowercase acute a
uppercase circumflex A
lowercase circumflex a
uppercase tilde A
lowercase tilde a
uppercase umlaut A
lowercase umlaut a
uppercase ring A
lowercase ring a
uppercase AE ligature
lowercase ae ligature
uppercase macron A
lowercase macron a
uppercase hacek A
lowercase hacek a
uppercase ogonek A
lowercase ogonek a
uppercase cedilla C
lowercase cedilla c
uppercase acute C
lowercase acute c
uppercase circumflex C
lowercase circumflex c
uppercase dot above C
lowercase dot above c
uppercase hacek c
lowercase hacek c
uppercase ETH
lowercase eth
uppercase hacek D
lowercase hook d
uppercase stroke D
lowercase stroke d
uppercase grave E
lowercase grave e
uppercase acute E
lowercase acute e
uppercase circumflex E
lowercase circumflex e
uppercase diuresis E
lowercase diuresis e
uppercase macron E
lowercase macron e
uppercase breve E
lowercase breve e
uppercase dot above E
lowercase dot above e
uppercase ogonek E
lowercase ogonek e
uppercase hacek E
lowercase hacek e
uppercase circumflex G
lowercase circumflex g
uppercase hacek G
lowercase hacek g
uppercase dot above G
lowercase dot above g
uppercase cedilla G
lowercase reversed cedilla g
uppercase circumflex H
lowercase circumflex h
uppercase slash H
lowercase slash h
uppercase grave I
lowercase grave i
lowercase acute i
uppercase acute I
uppercase circumflex I
lowercase circumflex i
uppercase diuresis I
lowercase diuresis i
uppercase tilde I
lowercase tilde i
uppercase macron I
lowercase macron i
uppercase breve I
lowercase breve i
uppercase ogonek I
lowercase ogonek i
uppercase dot above I
lowercase no dot i
uppercase IJ ligature
lowercase ij ligature
uppercase circumflex J
lowercase circumflex j
uppercase cedilla K
lowercase cedilla k
lowercase kra
uppercase acute L
lowercase acute l
uppercase cedilla L
lowercase cedilla l
uppercase hook L
lowercase hook l
uppercase dot beside L
lowercase dot beside l
uppercase stroke L
lowercase stroke l
uppercase tilde N
lowercase tilde n
uppercase acute N
lowercase acute n
uppercase cedilla N
lowercase cedilla n
uppercase hacek N
lowercase hacek n
lowercase hook n
uppercase ogonek N
lowercase ogonek n
uppercase grave O
lowercase grave o
uppercase acute O
lowercase acute o
uppercase circumflex O
lowercase circumflex o
uppercase tilde O
lowercase tilde o
uppercase umlaut O
lowercase umlaut o
uppercase slash O
lowercase slash o
uppercase macron O
lowercase macron o
uppercase breve O
lowercase breve o
uppercase tilde O
lowercase tilde o
uppercase OE ligature
lowercase oe ligature
uppercase Thorn
lowercase thorn
uppercase acute R
lowercase acute r
uppercase cedilla R
lowercase cedilla r
uppercase hacek R
lowercase hacek r
sz ligature (German double S)
uppercase acute S
lowercase acute s
uppercase circumflex S
lowercase circumflex s
uppercase cedilla S
lowercase cedilla s
uppercase hacek S
lowercase hacek s
uppercase caron T
lowercase caron t
uppercase hacek T
lowercase hook t
uppercase stroke T
lowercase stroke t
uppercase grave U
lowercase grave u
uppercase acute U
lowercase acute u
uppercase circumflex U
lowercase circumflex u
uppercase umlaut U
lowercase umlaut u
uppercase tilde U
lowercase tilde u
uppercase macron U
lowercase macron u
uppercase breve U
lowercase breve u
uppercase diuresis U
lowercase diuresis u
uppercase ogonek U
lowercase ogonek u
uppercase circumflex W
lowercase circumflex w
uppercase acute Y
lowercase acute y
uppercase circumflex Y
lowercase circumflex y
uppercase diuresis Y
lowercase diuresis y
uppercase acute Z
lowercase acute z
uppercase dot above Z
lowercase dot above z
uppercase hacek Z
lowercase hacek z
Use character entity &#160 or & to indicate nonbreaking spaces in HTML.
Several of the following when rendered show empty boxes, question marks, the character numbers rather than the characters themselves, or nothing at all. It is unadvisable to use these.
, € (some newer browsers see Euro sign), , 
, Ž (some newer browsers see uppercase Z with caron), , , , ž (some newer browsers see lowercase z with caron)
other character entities -
may not be rendered by some OS
On some OS, an unsupported character may show up as a ? (question mark), a hollow square, or the actual coding for the entity might be displayed instead of the character itself. With the extended characters on this chart, it may be a good idea to use images rather than entities unless you know categorically that your viewers' OS support these character entities.
more mathematical symbols
please note that these characters may not be displayed on some OS
prime, minutes, feet
double prime, seconds, inches
fraction slash
partial differential
n-ary product, product sign
n-ary summation
square root, radical sign
intersection, cap
less-than or equal to
greater-than or equal to
almost equal to, asymptotic to ≈
not equal to
identical to, equivalent
geometric shapes
please note that these characters may not be displayed on some OS
• filled bullet
&■ filled square
&□ hollow square
&▣ small filled square outlined
&▪ small filled square
&▫ small hollow square
&▬ filled rectangle
&▭ hollow rectangle
&▮ filled vertical rectangle
&▯ hollow vertical rectangle
&▰ filled parallelogram
&▱ hollow parallelogram
&▲ filled vertical triangle
&△ hollow vertical triangle
&▴ small filled vertical triangle
&▵ small hollow vertical triangle
&▶ filled triangle pointing right
&▷ hollow triangle pointing right
&▸ small filled triangle pointing right
&▹ small hollow triangle pointing right
&► filled pointer pointing right
&▻ hollow pointer pointing right
&▼ filled triangle pointing down
&▽ hollow triangle pointing down
&▾ small filled triangle pointing down
&▿ small hollow triangle pointing down
&◀ filled triangle pointing left
&◁ hollow triangle pointing left
&◂ small filled triangle pointing left
&◃ small hollow triangle pointing left
&◄ filled pointer pointing left
&◅ hollow pointer pointing left
&◆ filled diamond
&◇ hollow diamond
&◈ small filled diamond outlined
&◉ fisheye
&○ hollow circle
&◌ dotted circle
&◎ bullseye
&● filled circle
&◐ circle - left half filled
&◑ circle - right half filled
&◒ circle - lower half filled
&◓ circle - upper half filled
&◔ circle - upper right quarter filled
&◕ circle - upper left quarter hollow
&◖ left filled half circle
&◗ right filled half circle
&◢ filled lower right triangle
&◣ filled lower left triangle
&◤ filled upper left triangle
&◥ filled upper right triangle
&◦ hollow bullet
&◧ square left half filled
&◨ square right half filled
&◩ square upper left diagonal filled
&◪ square lower right diagonal filled
&◫ hollow square vertical bisecting line
&◬ hollow vertical triangle center dot
&◭ up-pointing triangle left half filled
&◮ up-pointing triangle right half filled ◮
Greek alphabet
For use in technical documents employing the occasional Greek character - please note that these characters may not be displayed on older browsers
uppercase Alpha
uppercase Beta
uppercase Gamma
uppercase Delta
uppercase Epsilon
uppercase Zeta
uppercase Eta
uppercase Theta
uppercase Iota
uppercase Kappa
uppercase Lambda
uppercase Mu
uppercase Nu
uppercase Xi
uppercase Omicron
uppercase Pi
uppercase Rho
uppercase Sigma
uppercase Tau
uppercase Upsilon
uppercase Phi
uppercase Chi
uppercase Psi
uppercase Omega
lowercase alpha
lowercase beta
lowercase gamma
lowercase delta
lowercase epsilon
lowercase zeta
lowercase eta
lowercase theta
lowercase iota
lowercase kappa
lowercase lambda
lowercase mu
lowercase nu
lowercase xi
lowercase omicron
lowercase pi
lowercase rho
lowercase final sigma
lowercase sigma
lowercase tau
lowercase upsilon
lowercase phi
lowercase chi
lowercase psi
lowercase omega
Card Suits
please note that these characters may not be displayed on older browsers
spade suit
club suit, shamrock
heart suit
diamond suit
encoding examples
The following example shows how to encode some characters on an HTML page - note the extra space between &address& and the e-mail address itself. (the characters displayed with character entities are in bold).
HTML code using numbered entities for
[e-mail address   <person@IP.com>] with a mail link on the e-mail address:
e-mail address   <<a href=&mailto:person@IP.com&>person@IP@com</a>>
Here it is again using named entities. (The equivalent named entities for #046; and #064; are not supported by all OS.)
HTML code using named and numbered entities for [e-mail address   <person@IP.com>] with a mail link on the e-mail address:
e-mail address & &&a href=&mailto:person@IP.com&&person@IP.com&/a&&
Here is another example using named character entities.
HTML code for [...¾ English & ¼ fran&ais]:
...¾ English & ¼ fran&ais
Here is . Also of interest is .
It may also be a good idea to identify (with a meta tag) what character system you are using in the head section of your page. For this page, I have placed the following just before </head>:
<meta http-equiv=&Content-Type& content=&text/ charset=iso-8859-1&>
Edit October 2006:
<meta http-equiv=&Content-Type& content=&text/ charset=UTF-8&>
(I do not know if characters other than accented letters will be rendered the same from OS to OS.)
Other charactersets can be found at .
© llizard , , , 2006
(Yes, the above & symbol is displayed on this page by using the entity &)关于x的不等式(1+m)x²+mx+m&x²+1对于x∈R恒成立，，求实数m的取值范围_百度知道若关于x的方称mx^2-(m-1)x+m^2-m-2=0(m&0)的两根分别在（0,1）（1,2）内，则实数m的取值范围？_百度知道a≥2时m2一2am+1=0,n2-2an+1=0那么(m-1)2+(n-1)2的最小值?_百度知道一道物理题。_百度知道