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3秒自动关闭窗口H5N1 bird flu: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
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H5N1 bird flu: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
By Christian Nordqvist
Reviewed by Jill Seladi-Schulman, PhD
Avian flu, or bird flu, refers to a group of infectious diseases caused by influenza viruses that infect birds and make them ill. One subtype of bird flu is H5N1.H5N1 is a severe infection with a high mortality rate.
of H5N1 bird
was in December 2003.
Since then, over 700 cases have been reported, in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The highest numbers have been in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Egypt.
case of H5N1 was reported in Malaysia in March 2017. It killed a number of chickens, but no human cases were reported.
It is not easy for humans to catch it, but it is fatal in
Contents of this article:
Fast facts about H5N1 avian flu
Here are some facts about avian flu. More detail is in the main article.
Avian flu affects birds. In some cases, it can transfer to humans.
It can be fatal in 60 percent of cases.
Symptoms include blood in the sputum, a high , , and an . Deterioration can be rapid.
Antiviral medication can help increase the chances of survival and reduce the impact of the disease.
A pandemic is unlikely unless the disease learns to spread between people.
What is H5N1?
Type A strains of the
virus cause H5N1 avian flu.
H5N1 affects several types of birds. It has mostly been reported in farmed poultry, such as chickens, geese, , and ducks.
However, in
it was found in a wild duck in the United States (U.S.), and it has also been isolated in pigs, cats, dogs, stone martens, and lions and tigers in captivity.
The virus passes easily between birds, through their saliva, nasal secretions, feces, and feed. They can get the virus from tainted surfaces, such as cages and other farming equipment.
Most people with the virus have had direct contact with infected poultry or objects contaminated with bird feces or secretions.
Until now, very few cases of human-to-human transmission have occurred. However, if H5N1 were to mutate so that it can pass easily between humans, a pandemic could result.
Signs and symptoms
A person with H5N1 will develop serious symptoms.
The incubation period is from 2 to 8 days, and it can take up to 17 days. This is compared with 2 to 3 days for human seasonal flu.
Initial symptoms include a high fever, over 38 degrees centigrade, lower respiratory tract symptoms, and, less commonly, upper respiratory tract symptoms.
The following signs and symptoms may occur:
a cough, usually dry
hoarse voice
a high fever, over 38 degrees centigrade
a blocked or runny nose
aching bones, joints, and muscles
bleeding from the nose
chest pain
cold sweats and chills
loss of appetite
sleeping difficulties
upset stomach, sometimes involving
bleeding from the gums
bloody sputum
Some patients develop
and breathing difficulties. This occurs around
after the first symptoms appear.
The patient's condition can deteriorate rapidly, resulting in pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and death.
Humans can become infected and ill after coming into contact with infected birds.
The following have been linked to human illness:
touching or defeathering infected birds
touching or breathing in feces and other secretions of infected birds
preparing infected poultry for cooking
slaughtering or butchering infected poultry
handling birds for sale
attending markets selling live birds
Eating cooked poultry or eggs does not cause infection.
However, people should cook poultry until the internal temperature is at least 165 degrees Fahrenheit or 74 degrees centigrade, and eggs until both the white and yolk are firm.
Bird droppings can contain the virus, and they can contaminate feed, equipment, vehicles, shoes, clothing, soil, dust and water. The feet and bodies of animals can also carry the H5N1 virus.
The symptoms of bird flu include runny nose, cough, headache, fever, and chills. These symptoms escalate rapidly.
Early diagnosis can improve the outcome of treatment.
A doctor will look at the patient's signs and symptoms, and ask about any recent travel, and any contact with birds.
A respiratory specimen will be collected and sent to the lab. People should receive tests within 4 to 5 days of symptoms appearing.
In 2009, the FDA approved the AVantage A/H5N1 Flu Test, which detects influenza A/H5N1, or bird flu, from nose or throat swabs collected from patients with flu-like symptoms.
In less than 40 minutes, the test can identify a specific protein (NS1) that indicates the presence of A/H5N1 virus subtype.
However, H5N1 is relatively rare, so a physician would not expect to see it unless a person had been in contact with birds or had recently been in a place where H5N1 infection is likely to occur.
According to the WHO, antiviral medications can suppress viral replication and improve outcomes for patients. Antivirals can prevent some cases from becoming fatal.
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) should be administered within 48 hours after symptoms appear, for best effect. However, as mortality rates are high, doctors may prescribe oseltamivir after this time.
The dose and length of treatment will depend on how severe the case is. Patients with gastrointestinal problems may not be able to absorb the drug as effectively as others.
that some cases may be resistant to this treatment.
Patients who are diagnosed with or suspected of having avian flu or should remain at home, or remain isolated in the hospital.
Apart from taking Tamiflu, healthcare professionals advise patients to:
drink plenty of fluid
receive proper
receive medications for pain and fever, prescribed by a health care professional.
Complications, such as bacterial pneumonia, are common in patients with H5N1. These patients will need , and some may need extra oxygen.
Prevention
Careful handling of or precautions around live or dead birds can help to prevent the spread of disease.
It is not possible to prevent bird flu from spreading, but the authorities can help communities prepare for possible infections by monitoring bird migration patterns.
Vaccination exists for human seasonal flu, but not for bird flu.
the World Health Organization (WHO), a vaccine for H5N1 exists, but it is not yet ready for widespread use.
Individuals can minimize the spread of different types of flu, bird flu and other infections by taking some precautions.
Hand hygiene: Wash hands regularly with warm water and soap before and after using the bathroom, before and after handling food, and after coughing.
Coughing: Cough in to an elbow or a tissue. Carefully disposed of the tissue. If you cough into the hand and then touch some item, another person can pick up the virus from that item.
Isolation: Those who are sick should stay away from public places and avoid contact with people, where possible.
Vaccinations: Stay up-to-date especially with the seasonal flu and pneumococcal vaccines.
that the seasonal flu jab does not appear to protect against H5N1.
Precautions around birds
When preparing foods, do not use the same utensils for cooked and raw meats. Before and after handling raw poultry, wash your hands with soap and water.
Do not go near a dead or sick bird. Call the relevant local authority to report any sightings of dead animals. Those who work with domestic birds should follow local and national guidelines.
Anyone traveling to an area where
may be present should avoid live animal markets and poultry farms, and stay away from bird feces.
Will there be a pandemic?
A human cannot easily become infected with bird flu, and it is even less likely that it will pass from one person to another.
However, if a person has seasonal human flu and then becomes co-infected with bird flu, the H5N1 virus could conceivably exchange genetic information with the human flu virus. In this way, H5N1 could gain the ability to spread between people.
An easily human-transmissible avian flu virus strain could have serious consequences.
Controlling outbreaks of both human and bird flu may help reduce the likelihood of them coming into contact with each other and creating a new strain.
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Article last updated by Yvette Brazier on Tue 23 May 2017.Visit our
category page for the latest news on this subject, or
to receive the latest updates on Bird Flu / Avian Flu.All references are available in the References tab.
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FAQs: H5N1 influenza. (n.d.). Retrieved from
Govorkova, E., Baranovich, T., Seiler, P., Armstrong, J., Burnham, A., Guan, Y., … Webster, R. (2013, May). Antiviral resistance among highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated worldwide in
shows need for continued monitoring. Antiviral research, 98, 2, 297-304. Retrieved from
Highly pathogenic Asian avian influenza A (H5N1) in people. (2017, April 14). Retrieved from
Retrieved from
Highly pathogenic Asian avian influenza A (H5N1) in people. (2015, June 11). Retrieved from
Malaysia reports first H5N1 outbreak in nearly 10 years. (2017, March 8). Retrieved from
The Writing Committee of the World Health Organization. (2005, September 29). Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. New England Journal of Medicine 353. Retrieved from
Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:MLANordqvist, Christian. "H5N1 bird flu: Causes, symptoms, and treatment." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 23 May. 2017. Web.22 Aug. 2017. &/articles/5556.php&APANordqvist, C. (2017, May 23). "H5N1 bird flu: Causes, symptoms, and treatment." Medical News Today. Retrieved from.Please note: If no author information is provided, the source is cited instead.
Related coverage
Learn all about avian flu, also known as bird flu. We take a look at the symptoms, together with how it is transmitted and the treatments available for people infected with bird flu.
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2017 Healthline Media UK Ltd. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional.Registration of a Birth | Immigration Department
Registration of a Birth
Before Applying
It is joyful to have a new member in the family. While parents are busily engaged in the hard work of child-minding, they should not forget to register the birth of their baby within 42 days of delivery. The procedures for registration of a child&s birth will be introduced below.
Under the relevant Ordinance, a birth will be registered upon receipt by the registrar of the relevant birth return (a document that records a baby's birth) from the hospital in which the baby is born. Parents are required to make prior appointment booking through either the Internet or the telephone booking system for birth registration of the newborn baby. Both channels provide round-the-clock service and the appointment booking service is free of charge. Before selecting the date of appointment, parents should confirm with the hospital where the child was born to ensure that the birth return has been delivered to the Births Registry concerned. Upon making the appointment, the information provided should match with that on the baby&s birth return. Otherwise, the appointment booking cannot be processed. The appointment is given on a first-come-first-served basis. For telephone booking system users, a touch-tone phone is required and the telephone number is . For Internet users, please click the hyperlink at &Related Topics& for online application.
Important Note:
Birth registration is free of charge within 42 days of the birth. Parents are advised to make an appointment within the free registration period after the baby's birth return has been electronically transmitted from the hospital to the Births Registry. After making the appointment, parents can also change or cancel it before the appointment date. For the best use of resources, parents are advised to attend the Births Registry punctually at the reserved time slot, or amend or cancel the appointment as soon as possible when required.
Please read the leaflet "Guidance Notes on the Appointment Booking for Birth Registration" for further details.
To speed up the processing time for registration of birth on the appointment day, parents are advised to submit in advance the required information for registration of birth through the hyperlink at &Related Topics& at least one day before the scheduled appointment. They may also choose to download the &Information Required for Registration of Birth& (Form BDR93A) for completion and submit the completed information sheet at the time of registration. Please note that the information sheet is not an application from.
No registration fee is payable if the birth is registered within a period of 42 days. A registration fee will be charged if the birth is registered after the period of 42 days but within one year. After one year, a birth can be registered only with the consent of the Registrar of Births and Deaths and upon payment of a registration fee. If parents want to obtain a&certified copy of the birth entry (commonly known as birth certificate) after registration of the birth, a prescribed fee will be charged.
The birth of a child should be registered at a Births Registry of the district in which it occurred. Parents are not required to bring along the child for birth registration. In the case of legitimate child, the birth can either be registered by father or mother. If the child was born before arrival at a hospital/clinic or the birth has not been registered within one year, the birth should be registered at the Births and Deaths General Register Office.
General Enquiries
Hotline: (852)
Fax: (852)
When applying for the registration of the child's birth, parents should supply originals of the following documents:
Hong Kong identity cards or valid travel documents (e.g. passports, documents of identity etc.) of and
the marriage certificate.
The abovementioned documents are normally required for the purpose of verifying the Hong Kong permanent resident status of the child under the Immigration Ordinance (Chapter 115). Additional documents or information may be required if necessary.
In the case of illegitimate child, the father&s name is to be included in the birth register under the following circumstances:
at the joint request of the parents, who personally attend the registry to ma or
at the request of the mother, who personally attends the registry and produces her Declaration and the father's Statutory Declaration to confirm the child' or
at the request of the father, who personally attends the registry and produces his Declaration and the mother's Statutory Declaration to confirm the child' or
at the request of the father or mother, who personally attends the registry and produces a certified copy of the relevant Court Order to confirm the child's paternity, and if the child has reached the age of 16, the written consent of the child to the registration of that person as his father.
The registration of a birth normally takes 30 minutes to complete, and&a certified copy of a birth entry can usually be issued within another 10 minutes.
Registering a birth does not incur a fee if it is made within 42 days of the birth. If it is made after 42 days of the birth but within one year, a registration fee of HK$140 will be charged. After one year, the registration fee will be HK$680. Parents will need to pay HK$140 for a certified copy of a birth entry after the birth registration. If parents did not apply for a certified copy at the time of the birth registration but need to get one afterwards, they are required to apply for a search of birth records first and a search fee will be charged.(HK$140 for Particular Search and HK$680 for General Search. For details, please see Fees Leaflet (BDR 100)). For more information on applying for a birth certificate, please refer to &Application for Search of Birth Records and/or a Certified Copy of a Birth Entry&.
After Applying
Special Arrangement for Applying Travel Documents for Newborn Babies
With immediate effect, if an eligible newborn child in Hong Kong is required to apply for travel documents (including HK Re-entry Permit and/or HKSAR Passport) after the birth registration, the parent or legal guardian of the child can make such an application with the Hong Kong birth certificate issued on that day. The parent or legal guardian may approach the reception counter of any of the Immigration branch offices on the same day [Note: Before 3:30 pm for Mondays to Fridays and before 11 am for Saturdays, except Sundays and General Holidays]. In applying for travel documents for the child, the parent or legal guardian&should bring the child to the office in person and bring along the following documents to support the application:
the child's Hong Kong birth certificate [Note: Item (11) of the certificate should read "2(a), Schedule 1 to the Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 115) established"];
recent photos of the child [Note: two photos for Re-entry Permit or/and three photos for HKSAR Passport (colour photo with plain white background)];
consenting parent or legal guardian's Hong Kong identity card or v
completed application form(s) [ID73A(Re-entry Permit) or/and ID842 and ROP3 (HKSAR Passport)]; and
a completed Form for Countersignature [ID641] with a copy of identity document of the person countersigning the form.
Before Applying
Introduction
Under the laws of Hong Kong, parents of every child born in Hong Kong shall apply for the registration of the child&s birth at a Births Registry within a period of 42 days after birth. A registration fee will be charged if the birth is registered after the period of 42 days but within one year. After one year, a birth can be registered only with the consent of the Registrar of Births and Deaths and upon payment of a registration fee.
For those who were born years ago but did not register their births, provided that there is sufficient proof of their birth in Hong Kong, they can register their births with the consent of the Registrar of Births and Deaths and upon payment of the prescribed registration fee. To obtain a&certified copy of the birth entry (commonly known as birth certificate) after registration of the birth, payment of a prescribed fee is required.
An application for consent to post-registration of birth in respect of any person who was born in Hong Kong may be made at the Births & Deaths General Register Office, 3/F, Low Block, Queensway Government Offices, 66, Queensway, Hong Kong. If the person whose birth is to be registered is under 16, the application should be made by his/her parents or guardians.
General Enquiries
Hotline: (852)
Fax: (852)
The applicant is required to apply for a search of his/her birth record in the first instance to ensure that he/she has no registered birth record in Hong Kong. The application should be made by completing the application form (BDR89) and supported with evidence indicative of date and place of birth as well as proof of relationship between the applicant and his/her parents such as hospital or midwife&s record and vaccination certificate or post-natal clinic record. Documents such as baptismal certificate can also serve as evidence.
In case the above documents are not available, the applicant should as far as practicable provide other documentary evidence to support his/her application. The following documents may also be of reference value in serving as proof:
Evidence indicative of place of birth and showing that the parents being in Hong Kong at the time of the birth
Landholder&s certificates, government rent receipts, rent receipts, government rates receipts,
Water, gas a
Certificates of employment in respect of the pare
Old letters or other evidence showing that the parents, particularly the mother, were in Hong Kong at t
Account books of the parents&
Hong Kong birth certificate of sibling(s).
Evidence indicative of date of birth
Family record books or &red cloths& used by fishermen to record t
Certificates of marriag
Seafarer service records.
Parents of the applicant will be required to make statutory declarations on the applicant&s birth in Hong Kong. Other than the information of the applicant, the declarations must include full details of the parents& periods of residence in Hong Kong, date of marriage, date and place of birth of all other children whether living or deceased. If the other children were also born in Hong Kong, it must be stated whether their births have been registered. Two additional independent witnesses will normally be required to make a statutory declaration that they have personal knowledge of the applicant's birth in Hong Kong. Please note that in the absence of indicative evidence in support of the application, statutory declarations made by parents, relatives, friends or other witnesses alone will not amount to sufficient evidence as such.
If both parents are deceased, two witnesses, of whom one should be a relative of the applicant and the other a personal friend of the parents, will be required to make declarations on the applicant&s birth in Hong Kong.
Any person giving false information or making a false declaration may be prosecuted.
Arrangement for interviewing the witnesses, administration of declaration and scrutiny of documentary evidence, etc. will be made in the order of the receipt of the application. When attending an interview, the parties concerned must produce their identity cards or other documents of identification. Additionally, the applicant is required to submit three recent photographs and all relevant documents for inspection.
No fee is payable at the time of application. Payment of a registration fee of $680 is required upon approval of the application. If the applicant wants to obtain a certified copy of the birth entry (commonly known as birth certificate) after registration of the birth, he/she is required to pay a prescribed fee of $140. If the applicant did not apply for a certified copy at the time of the birth registration but needs to get one afterwards, he/she is required to apply for a search of birth records first and a search fee will be charged (HK$140 for Particular Search and HK$680 for General Search. For details, please see Fees Leaflet (BDR 100)). For more information on applying for a birth certificate, please refer to &Application for Search of Birth Records and/or a Certified Copy of a Birth Entry&.
After Applying
Notification of result
The applicant will be informed whether or not the application is approved after the application form and other relevant supporting documents are inspected. Please note that if the proof of the applicant&s birth in Hong Kong is insufficient, the application will not be approved even if all the said documents are submitted.
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