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Subject: "sphere" - Word of the Day from the OED
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sphere, v.
SECOND EDITION 1989 &
Also 7 sphear.&[f. prec.]&
&&&&1. trans. To enclose=20
to encircle, engirdle, surround. Also with about.
Bussy d'Ambois I. i. 31 Spreading all our=20
reaches As if each private arm would sphere the earth. c161=
XVIII. 185 When any towne is spher'd With siege of such a fo=
e, as kils mens mindes. 16.. MIDDLETON, etc. Old Law =
V. i, A place at hand we were all strangers in, So=20
spher'd about with music. 1856
Aur. Leigh III. 309, I=20
resolved by prose To make a space to sphere my living verse. 1866 W. R.=20
ALGER Solit. Nat. & Man II. 43 Mourners, sphered by their dark garb in a sacred and=20
touching solitude.&
&&&&2. T to fill up or &#14=
5;crown’=20
with liquor.
&&1605 B.=20
JONSON Masque of Blackness Wks. (Rtldg.) 5=
47/2 An urn sphered with wine. a1849=20
Ess. (1851) I. 272 Who could end=
ure to see the sweet creature take a trumpet and sphere her bias=20
cheeks like fame?&
&&&&b. fig. To form into a rounded or per=
fect whole.
&&1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. XV=
III. 297 That no more my mone Might waste my blood..For=20
want of that accomplisht vertue spher'd In my lou'd Lord. 1622=
MASSINGER &
Virg. Martyr IV. i, You, hitherto, Have still=20
had goodness sphered within your eyes, Let not that orb be broken. 1847 TENNYSON Princ. I=
V. 129 Not vassals to be beat,..but living wills, and=20
sphered Whole in ourselves and owed to none.&
&&&&3. To place in a sphere or among=20
to set in the heavens.
&&1606 SHAKES. Tr. & Cr. I. iii. 90 And therefore is the glorious Planet Sol In=20
noble eminence, enthron'd and sphear'd Amid'st the other. 1657=
MORICE Coena quasi
All that fire which is spheared on high and separate from commixture, is a =
pure element. 1667 MILTON P.L. VII. 247 Light..from her Native East To journie through the=20
airie gloom began, Sphear'd in a radiant Cloud. 1820 SHELLEY Fiordispina 26 But thou art as a planet=20
sphered above. 1847
Strappado ( The minds i=
nternall soueraignesse doth sit, As a great Princesse, much=20
admired at, Sphered and reared in her chaire of state. 1649 G.=20
DANIEL Trinarch., Rich. II, lxxxii, Maiest=
ie should be sphear'd Beyond the common Eye.=20
My Novel V=
I. iv, The pale reflex and imitation of some bright mind,=20
sphered out of reach and afar. 1861
& FANE Tannh&user 14 =
That so august a spirit, sphered so fair, Should from the starry=20
sessions of his peers Decline.&
&&&&4. To send about to turn=
round in all directions.
&&1648 HERRICK Hesper., His Age=
xix, We'l still sit up, Sphering about the wassail cup, To all=20
those times, Which gave me honour for my Rhimes. 1820 KEATS Hyperion I. 117 Open thine eyes=20
eterne, and sphere them round Upon all space.&
&&&&5. intr. To centre=20
in something.
&&1856 MASSON Ess. Biog. & Crit=
. i. 34 The very same soul..was also related with inordinate=20
keenness and intimacy to all that this life spheres in.&=
&&&&Hence sphering vbl.=
n. Also attrib.
&&1818 KEATS Endym. II. 251 One of those Who, when this planet's sphering time doth=20
close, Will be its high remembrancers. 1877
Renaiss. It. vi. 323 How those mighty master=20
spirits watched the sphering of new planets in the spiritual skies.&
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Subject: "visible" - Word of the Day from the OED
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visible, a. and n.
SECOND EDITION 1989 &
Forms: 4=20
visibil(e, 4-6 visyble, 5-6 vysyble, 4- visi=
ble (5 visibal, visebill, 6 viscible,=20
Sc. vissabill).&[a. OF. visible (12th c.; F. =
visible =3D Sp. visible, Pg. visivel, It.=20
visibile), or ad. L. vsibilis f. vs- ppl. stem of vidre to see.]&
&&&&1. a. C that by its nat=
ure i perceptible by the=20
sense of sight.
HAMPOLE Psalter ix. 1 Bo=
t i sall loue e in all i werkis, and tell all=
i wondirs:=
at is bath=
at ere sen=
noght sene, visibiles & invisibils. Ibid. xxxiv. 3 Multiply veng=
aunce agayns my foes visibils & invisibils.=20
c1383 in Eng. Hist. Rev. Oct. ( =
The sacrament of e auteer which is=20
round visible & palpable. 1426 =
Poems (Percy Soc.) 22 Use vertuys, and leve visibal vayne and=20
vanet&. 1483
Cato Cjb, One onely god..the whyche hath myght and preemynence=20
upon alle thynges vysyble and unuysyble. c1532 G. DU WES Introd. Fr. in=20
Palsgr. 920 Colour is lyght incorporate in a body visyble pure &=
clene. 1550 COVERDALE tr. Calvin's Treat=
. Sacram. Pref. Aijb, He was neuer visyble to the mortall eye,=20
and yet wyll they make him appere at euerie knaues requeste that wyl..paye =
theyr..shote. 1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. V. lviii. §1 It was of necessitie that words..should=20
be added vnto visible elements. 1601
Leviath. I=
. x. 46 Put some eminent and visible mark upon the Crest of=20
their Helmets. 1667
P.L. I. 62 Yet from those flames No light, but=20
rather darkness visible Serv'd only to discover sights of woe. =
a1721 PRIOR Ess. Opinion 2 All Visible and Audible objects are properly within their Connoissance.=
Inquiry vi. §8=
The mathematical consideration of visible figure, which we shall=20
call the geometry of visibles. 1803
Fragm. Sci. (187=
9) I. ii. 46 The sun's invisible rays far transcend the visible=20
ones in heating power.&
&&transf.=20
Pseud. Ep. I. ix. 36 Painters who are the=20
visible representers of things..are not inculpable herein.&
&&&&b. Of actions,=20
processes, etc.
&&1560 J.=20
DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 221 Of baptisme,=
which they saye is a visible and an outward sygne.=20
Two Sonnes 69 O=
nely service hath neither ease nor concealment allotted to it,=20
because it consists in a visible action. 1653
Astrol. Restored 214 [It] denoteth=20
such accidents as are visible in this World. 1664
Dissaus. Popery i. 5 This=20
method is the best, the most certain, visible and tangible. 1782 J.=20
BROWN View Nat. & Rev. Relig. IV. iii.=
362 The Holy Ghost in a visible manner descended upon him at=20
baptism. 1878
Unseen Univ. iii. §114. 127 The conversion of visible=20
energy into heat.&
&&&&c. Of association, organizations, etc., s=
pec. of the=20
Church (see CHURCH n. 4c).
&&1590 R.=20
ALISON (title), A Plaine Confutation of a =
Treatise of Brownisme,..entitled, a Description of the Visible=20
Church. 1651
Cert. Relig. I. 109 For Visibility, it is granted that=20
ordinarily the Church is visible, i.e. that there is a visible company of s=
uch as professe the truth. 1691 G.=20
KEITH (title), The Presbyterian and Indepe=
ndent Visible Churches in New England. 1739=20
Serm. Wks. 1874 I=
I. 217 It pleased God to unite Christians in communities or visible=20
churches. 1841
Cath. Th. I=
V. §29. 315 The first establishment of a visible=20
monarchy. 1839
Anc. Brit. Ch. iv. (1847) 35 The Christian Church was intended to be a visible=20
Society. 1879
Apost. Successi=
on Ch. Eng. iv. 97 That the Church to which Christians are=20
‘to be added’ was a visible organized body upon earth.&
visible speech,&&&&(a) the distinc=
tive name of a system of phonetic notation devised by A. Melville=20
Bell, consisting of characters or symbols intended to represent the actual =
position of the vocal organs in the production of speech-=20
also attrib.;&&&&(b) speech rendered into=
a visible record by spectrography.
(title), Visible Speech: a new fact=20
demonstrated. 1883 Science I. 474/1 An important=
immediate use might be made of a few of the Visible-speech=20
symbols. 1886 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. II. 379/2=
Each letter of the Visible Speech Alphabet..is a picture of the=20
vocal organs placed in the proper position for producing the sound indicate=
d. 1947 R. K. POTTER et al.=20
Visible Speech i. 4 A sound spectrographic record for the words &#14=
5;Visible Speech’ is shown... The pattern is a new form of=20
visible speech, a system of natural phonetic symbols translated from speech=
itself. 1953 [see=20
SONOGRAPH 1].&
&&&&e. Similar or=
comparable in appearance to something. Obs.=
Chron. Troy I. 290 Eke of her eyen e lokys moste horible T=
a furneis the stremys wer visyble.&
&&&&2. a. That may be mentally perceived or=20
clearly or readily ev apparent, manifest, ob=
&&In earlier use sometimes passing=20
into the sense ‘very great, eminent, etc.’
A Wife, etc. (1638) 95 His courting=20
language, visible bawdy jests. 1672
Bagshaw's Scand. ii. 16 His next subject..is one of the=20
visiblest lyes that ever I saw written by a man. 1676 D'URFEY Mme. Fickle IV. ii, 'Tis above=20
the common rate of wonders, and doubtless portends some visible Calamity th=
at threatens the Nation. 1710 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (185=
7) VI. 597 The majority being so visible, as at least two to one,=20
they declined insisting thereon. 1764
Observ. i. §15. 38 There is a visible opposition betwixt=20
this account..and those words of our Lord [etc.]. 1796=
HUNTER tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) =
II. 391 Whatever charms may appear in..the human figure, there is=20
no visible reason why it's physical effect should exert an influence over a=
nimals. 1835 T.=20
MITCHELL Acharn. of Aristoph. 445 note, A visible decrease in the offences which had been previously=20
committed. 1908 Animal Managem. 313 Pneumonia..m=
ay..arise without any visible=20
&&&&b. In th=
e phr. it is visible followed by clause.
De la Quint. Compl. Gard. I. 38, I..say, That=20
in case such a Place full of ill Earth, were too low,..it is visible that h=
alf the Expence would be sav'd. 1712 SWIFT Rem. Barrier Treaty 9 To which if we add the many Towns since taken,=20
[etc.].., it is visible what Forces the State may be able to keep. =
1716 ADDISON Freeholder No. 3=
2 2 It is visible that great Numbers of them have of late eloped from their=
Allegiance. 1751
Tour America =
xv. 210 He ought to have been apprehended as a vagrant having no=20
visible means of support.&
&&&&3. a. That can be seen under certain conditi=
ons, at=20
a certain time, or by open or exposed to sig=
ht or view.
&&visible horizon:=20
see HORIZON 1.
&&1667 MILTON P.L. XI. 321 On this Mount he appeerd, under this Tree Stood visible.=20
Serm. Jer. li. 15=
Wks. 1686 II. 92 As for example, what would an eye..signifie, if=20
there were not light prepared to render things visible thereto. 17=
HARRIS Lex. Techn. I. s.v. Horizon,=
The Sensible or Visible Horizon, is that Circle which limits our=20
Sight. 1713
Englishm. No. 55.=
353 This elevated Machine was visible to all the People.=20
Task III. 232 Philosophic tube, That brings the planets home into the=20
eye Of observation, and discovers, else Not visible, his family of worlds. =
1812-16 PLAYFAIR Nat. Phil. (181=
9) II. 281 The disturbance of Jupiter might have so altered its=20
original orbit, as to render the Comet for a time visible from the Earth. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. I. ii. 21 The whole glacier was visible to us from its origin=20
to its end. 1868
Elem. Astron. &#=
167;330 When a star is so situated that it is just visible on the=20
eastern horizon.&
&&&&b. Comm. Of stocks or supply: Actuall=
y in hand or to=20
&&1882 Time=
s 22 Feb., If the statistics relating=20
to the visible supply of grain are to be trusted. 1891 =
Daily News 3 Dec. 2/3 Messrs...report deliveries of copper=20
in England and France last month as 2,095 tons in excess of the supplies, a=
nd ‘visible’ stocks are reduced=20
accordingly.&
&&&&c. Econ. Descriptive of or denoting a=
ctual goods exported=20
or imported, as opposed to ‘invisible’ items such as services ren=
dered or received (cf. INVISIBLE a. 1d).
&&1882 R. GIFFEN Use of Import & Export=20
Statistics vii. 58 As to the increase of our shipping business as a mea=
ns of accounting for the non-increase of our apparent exports. It=20
is because our invisible exports have been increasing so enormously, that t=
here is less increase of the visible. 1917 J.=20
A. TODD Mech. Exchange xiv. 184 Visible and invisible=
exports alike go to the debit side of the account.=20
1957 A. C. L. DAY Outl. Monetary Econ=
. xxviii. 365 In this way we get a balance of visible trade:=20
quite literally ‘visible’, because it only includes goods that ca=
n actually be seen as they are put on board ship.=20
1976 Economist 16 Oct. 22/2 In August, 1976, Bri=
tain ran a visible trade deficit at an annual rate of=20
billion, compared with a 1970 deficit of=20
£25m.&
&&&&d. visible index: an index so =
arranged that each=20
item is visible.
&&1916 E. R. H=
UDDERS Indexing=20
& Filing (1919) ii. 26 It is not anticipated that the visible index=
in any of its forms will ever supersede the card index.=20
1955 V. GEORGE in W. Ashworth Handbk.=
Special Librarianship iii. 45 The system most usually=20
employed..is some form of visible index.&
&&&&4. a. Of persons: Capable of being=20
now esp., disposed or prepare=
d to be seen or visited, ‘at home’ to visitors. (Cf. F.=20
&&1722 DE=20
FOE Plague ( Spreading from that =
House to other Houses, by the visible unwary conversing with=20
those who were sick. 1772
Rienzi II. i, A foreign signor is with himbut to you he is of=20
course visible. 1848
Sant' Ilario ix, He..inquired if =
he could see the princess. The porter replied that she was not=20
visible, and that the prince had gone out.&
&&&&b. Of a way of life: Free from any=20
concealment or mystery.
&&1885 ‘MRS. ALEXANDER’ At Bay vii, He has been pretty steady in his=20
attendance at the Bourse, and done well in a quiet way, but his life has be=
en visible and regular.&
&&&&5. visible direction, in Op=
tics, the apparent direction in which an object is seen.
&&1829 Nat.=
Philos., Optics 42/2 (U.K.S.) These=20
perpendiculars must all pass through one point, which may be called the cen=
tre of visible direction.&
&&&&6. fig. In a position of public promi=
well-known. Cf. VISIBILITY 1d.
&&1977 Chic=
ago Tribune 2 Oct. II. 28/1=20
(Advt.), National leader in health care field has highly visible position a=
vailable on its corporate headquarters consulting staff.=20
1978 Guardian Weekly 12 Feb. 14/2 The Wilmington=
Ten affair makes Chavis the most visible of American political=20
prisoners today.&
&&&&1. a. A=20
visible thing or entity. Chiefly in pl.
&&1614 JACKSON Creed III=
. xxvii. §5 Our bodily sight, which sees diuers=20
visibles all immediately, not one after, or by another. 1650 H.=20
MORE Observ. in Enthus. Tri., etc. =
(1656) 77 For it is alike easie to see visibles without eyes, as=20
to see invisibles with eyes. a1674
Poet. Wks. (1903) 18 All that in visibles is=20
good Or pure, or fair, or unaccurst. 1721
tr. T. & Kempis, Solil. Soul xii. 200=20
When thou..beholdest the visibles of this whole Creation. 1748=
RICHARDSON Clarissa (181=
1) III. 248 That the most charming woman on earth..can excel the=20
meanest in the customary visibles only. 1871
Argt. Being & Attrib. Absolute=20
One III. §2 (ed. 5) 54 Narrow is their horizon: wit=
hin it, themselves the only visibles. 1872=20
Ibid. (ed. 6) 188 The things which are seen, were not made of phenom=
enal visibles. 1895 ZANGWILL Master I=
II. i. 277 The flux of centuries, the visibles of Art, the=20
invisibles of Religion.&
&&&&b. pl. Visible exports or imports.
&&1962 H. O.=20
BEECHENO Introd. Business Stud. xv. 143 A =
country which is running an adverse balance of trade may still=20
have a favourable balance of payments because the gain on ‘invisible&#=
146; items exceeds the loss on ‘visibles’.=20
1968 Economist 23 Mar. 64/1 The current account =
(that is on ‘visibles’ and ‘invisibles’ but=20
leaving out movements of investment funds).&
&&&&2. the visible,=20
that which is visible, esp. the visible world.
&&1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. VI. 246 The visible and present are for brutes, A slender=20
portion! and a narrow bound! 1836
Casa Guidi Wind. I. 1159 The last chain-link By=20
which he had drawn from Nature's visible The fresh well-water.&
&&&&3. The visible=20
part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
&&1962 [se=
NERNST a]. 1973
Spectrosc. Methods O=
rg. Chem. (ed. 2) i. 21 The n* transitions of=20
-diketones in the diketo form give rise to two bands, one=
in the usual region near 290 nm..and a second..which stretches=20
into the visible in the 340-440 nm region.&
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SECOND EDITION 1989 &
Forms: .=20
4-5 crodde, (5 crod(e), 4-6 crudd(e, (5 =
cruyde, 5-6 crude), 5- north. dial.=20
crud; . 5-6 curde, curdd(e, 6 courd=
, 5- curd.&[ME. crud (also crod) is=20
found first in 14th c.; the form curd is known from 15th c. The meta=
thesis ru =3D ur implies that the word is older, and=20
may possibly go back to OE.; but its earlier history and derivation are unk=
&&No similar word is known in=20
Teutonic or R hence the source has been sought in Celtic: Irish has =
cruth, gruth, groth, Gaelic gruth=20
curds, but it is not certain what relation (if any) the Celtic words hold t=
o the English.]&
&&&&1. a. The coagulated substance formed from m=
ilk by the action of acids, either naturally as when milk is left=20
to itself, or artificially by the addition of rennet, etc.; made into chees=
e or eaten as food. (Often in pl.)
P. Pl. A. VII. 269 Twey grene=20
cheeses, and a fewe cruddes and crayme. c1420 Liber Cocorum 13 Styr hit wele..Tyl hit be gedered on crud=20
harde. 14.. Voc. in Wr.-W&lcker 590/45 J=
uncata..Juncade, sive a crudde ymade yn ryshes.=20
Ibid. 661/14 Hoc coagulum, crodde. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 42 Thai maid grit cheir of..curdis and=20
quhaye. 1578
Dodoens VI. xlvi. 719 It melteth the clustered crudde, or milke that is=20
come to a crudde. 1611 =
Wint. T. IV. iv. 161 Good sooth she is The=20
Queene of Curds and Creame. 1626
Sylva §385 Milk..is..a Compound Body of Cream, Cruds, and=20
Whey. 1788 [see REAM n.2 1a]. 1846 J.=20
BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 197 =
This acid..transforms the milk into a curd.=20
Lett. II. 294 Betty, who will have curds and cream waiting for=20
Life & Recoll=
. Dr. Duguid I. ix. 54 There were nae mair=20
deidly engagements noo than the attack on..cruds and cream.&
&&fig. 1735
Prol. Sat. 306 Sporus, that mere white curd of Ass's milk?=20
1883 Harper's Mag. Mar. 574/1 That caused Mrs. C=
laxton's cloudy suspicion..to settle into an absolute curd of=20
sourness.&
&&&&b. ? The curdled milk in the stomach of a young sucking animal, or=20
the gastric juice of the same, used for rennet. Obs.
&&c1420 Pallad. on Husb. =
VI. 141 The mylk is crodded now to chese With crudde=20
of kidde, or lambe, other of calf. 1551
Herbal I. (1568) Bija, The cruddes found in a=20
kyddes maw, or an hyndecalfes maw. 1601
Pliny II. 331 The cruds or rennet of an horse=20
fole maw, called by some Hippace. 1661
Hist. Anim. & Min. 24 The curd [of the calf] hath=20
the same vertue as that of a Hare, Kid, or Lamb.&
&&&&2. a. transf. Any=20
substance of similar consistency or appearance.
&&1811 A. T.=20
THOMSON Lond. Disp. ( Sulphuric e=
ther and compound spirit of ether precipitate a thick, white,=20
tenacious curd.&
&&&&b. The fatty substance found between the fla=
kes of flesh in=20
boiled salmon, cf. CURDY 3.
&&1828 SIR H.=
DAVY Salmonia 98 To find a reason for the =
effect of crimping and cold in preserving the curd of fish.=20
Illust. Nat. Hist. =
III. 327 If it [the salmon] be cooked within an hour or two=20
after being taken from the water, a fatty substance, termed the ‘curd&=
#146;, is found between the flakes of=20
&&&&c. The edible ‘head’ of such brass=
icas as cauliflower and=20
&&1916 W. F. R=
OWLES Food Garden=20
xi. 201 We may expect to cut the curds at the end of April. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Feb. 154/1 Most cauliflower=20
crops..benefit from a side dressing applied shortly before the curd begins =
to form. 1951 Good Housek. Home=20
Encycl. 393/2 It [sc. the cauliflower] has a compact whi=
te head (i.e. flowers, often called the curd).=20
1969 D. BARTRUM From Garden to Kitche=
n 29 Broccoli, with their white, solid flower-heads (curds)=20
are like a small cauliflower but a much hardier vegetable.&
&&&&3. attrib.=20
and Comb., as curd-cake, pu=
ff (confections made with curds); curd-like=20
adj.; curd-breaker, -crusher, -cutter, -mill, a=
pparatus for crushing or cutting up cheese-curd in order to=20
facilitate the se curd soap, a white soap made =
with tallow and soda.&&&
1706 Closet of Rarities (N.), To make *curd-cak=
es.Take a pint of curds=
[etc.].
Madoc in W. xiv, Cheese Of *curd-like whiteness.=20
Libr. Pract. Agric=
. (ed. 4) I. 158 Cauliflowers..of a delicate white curd~like=20
appearance.
1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 247/2 Break the=
curd into pieces..by means of a=20
*curd-mill.
Eng. Housekpr. ( To make *Curd=20
1794 Hull Advertiser 20 Sept. 4/1 Yellow Soap 6=
0s.*Curd 70s.=20
Dict. Arts III. 850 =
The white..tallow soap of the London manufacturers, called curd=20
ADDITIONS SERIES 1997=20
&&&&curd, n.
&&&&Add:&&&&[3.] =
curd cheese (orig. U.S.), any soft cheese made from=20
unfermented curds.
&&[1909 VAN=20
SLYKE & PUBLOW Sci. & Pract. Chees=
e-making viii. 87 Stiff, corky or curdy cheese is hard,=20
tough, it does not crush down readily when pressed in the hand.&#=
93; 1941 H.=20
KURATH Ling. Atlas New Eng. II. I. Map 299 The map shows the terms cottage cheese,=20
Dutch ch.,..*curd ch[eese] or curd (cheese =
curd). Ibid., Curd ch[eese], heard from=20
one old woman. 1946 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. V. 18 Curds, curd cheese.., cheese made of the=20
drained curd of sour milk, especially that fed to most=
ly in the Tidewater area. 1973 S.=20
SKIPWORTH Eat Russian i. 16 Cottage cheese and curd c=
heese are the nearest equivalent to the Russian Tvorog which is=20
dry but not ‘cheesy’. 1992 Financial Times=
11 Apr. II. 9/7 As for containers, try the=20
little plastic tubs with snap-on lids used by delis and supermarkets for we=
ighing and potting such things as curd=20
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Subject: "scratchie" - Word of the Day from the OED
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scratchie, n.
DRAFT ENTRY Mar. 2004 &
Austral. and N.Z. colloq.Brit.=
/skrati/, U.S. /skræti/, Austral. /skræti/, N.Z. /skræti/&
[& SCRATCH v. +=20
-Y6.]&
&&&&An instant lottery scratch card.
&&1984 Nort=
hern Territory News (Darwin) 19 Nov. 25/1=20
There is a little luck around you..probably enough for a small win of some =
sort so why not have a go at the scratchies.=20
1990 Dominion (Wellington, N.Z.) 19 Sept. 3 He had spent the whole of his benefit on=20
‘scratchies’ like Instant Kiwi, the first week they were availabl=
e. 2000 Sunday Mail=20
(Brisbane) (Nexis) 7 May 19/1 Under-age gamblers a=
re getting hooked on ‘scratchies’ (instant lottery)=20
tickets, according to research.&
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Subject: "obscured" - Word of the Day from the OED
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obscured, a.
DRAFT REVISION Mar. 2004 &
Brit. /bskjd/, /bskjd/, U.S.=20
/bskj()rd/, /bskj()rd/&
see OBSCURE v. and -ED1; also 15-16 obscurde.&[&=20
OBSCURE v. + -ED1.
&&N.E.D. (1902) also gives the=20
‘poetic’ pronunciation (bski&=
#183;rd) /bskjrd/.]&
&&&&1. M darkened, hidden fr=
om the sight or=20
perception. Also: fallen into obscurity.
(1456) G.=20
HAY Bk. Law of Armys (1901) 24 That the thrid part of=
the mone was obscurit and myrk. 1579 E.=20
HALE Newes Powles Churchyarde II. sig.=
Bvii, To such as..turne darknesse into lyght, and lyght into=20
obscured sence. 1598
Merry W. (16=
23) V. iii. 14 They are all couch'd in a pit hard by=20
Hernes Oake, with obscur'd Lights. 1684 B. KEACH=
Progress of Sin v. 108 The Quintescence of Beauty=20
obscured, shadowed, eclipsed and utterly stained and darkned. 1751=
E. F. HAYWOOD Betsy Thoughtless=20
III. xix. 242 Second to none in beauty, and of a reputation spotless as the=
sun, till an unhappy passion for that worst of men obscured its=20
brightness. 1763
in Philos. Trans. Ro=
yal Soc. 53 229 Reflections of obscured things in air,=20
when reflected from the water. 1825
Tess I. v. 69 Pages of works devoted=
to extinct, half-extinct, obscured, and ruined families.=20
Make & Break in Plays: One (1985) II. 354 (stage=20
direct.) Garrard turns the element with the obscured glass in it, and r=
eveals Olley. 1996 Times 9 Jan. 10/6=20
His hitherto obscured role in the French collaborationist government.&
Phonetics. Of a vowel sound: having a neutral, centralized articulat=
reduced. Cf. INDETERMINATE a. 2e.
&&1897 N.E.=
D. s.v. For-=20
pref.1, The OE. form (like the other forms quoted=
) seems to represent (with obscured vowel due to absence of=20
stress) the three OTeut. prefixes fer-, fra-, fur-. 1925 G. P.=20
KRAPP Eng. Lang. in Amer. II. 250 Difficul=
ty was expressed in disposing of this unstressed and obscured=20
vowel. 1934 M. K. POPE From Lat. to M=
od. French v. 119 The obscured neutral vowel in use in Modern=20
English is buccal and central, the one in Modern French is a slightly round=
ed front sound. 1962 A. C.=20
GIMSON Introd. Pronunc. Eng. vii. 120 As t=
he great variety of spellings indicates, // may represent t=
reduced (obscured, ‘schwa’) form of any vowel or diphthong in an =
unaccented position.&
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Subject: "mischarge" - Word of the Day from the OED
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mischarge, v.
DRAFT REVISION Sept. 2002 &
Brit. /mstd/, U.S.=20
Forms: see=20
MIS-1 and CHARGE v.&[&=20
MIS-1 + CHARGE v=
&&&&1.&&&&a. trans. T=
o charge for (something) wrongly or falsely. Obs.
in A. Conway Henry VII's Relations with Scotl. & Irel.=20
( Possessions..taken from them [sc. religious houses&#9=
3; and yerely myscharged extorcyonously by mighty men of this=20
land of Ireland. 1639 in T. Lechford's Note-Bk. =
( The said W...H...did..overreckon misreckon..&=20
mischarge upon this Complt divers particulare things hereinafter expressed.=
a1676 M.=20
HALE Short Treat. Sheriffs Accts. (1683) x=
. 106 The most of the rest of the complaints were touching=20
particulars mischarged, or not charged.&
&&&&b. To charge an incorrect amount to=20
(a person or organization). Also intr.
&&1984 U.S.=
& World Rep. (Nexis) 6 Aug. 35 Midlevel managers may knowingly misc=
harge the government to protect their jobs.=20
1991 M. ALBERT & R. HAHNEL Polit. Econ. Participatory Economies i. 11 Markets=20
not only erode solidarity, but systematically mischarge purchasers. 1999 Federal Reporter=20
(U.S.) 3rd Ser. 162 1032/1 Lujan alleges th=
at Hughes mischarged the government from 1982 through 1989.=20
2000 Federal Suppl. (U.S.) =
2nd Ser. 64 1241/2 Plaintiff claims that this scheme to=20
mischarge was to finance salaries and pay for cost overruns.=
&&&&2. trans.=20
To make a false or incorrect accusation against (a person or thing). Now rare.
tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deut. xl. 2=
40 If wee doe but misconster some one worde that is well spoken=20
beholde wee mischarge the partie. a1750
Roman Revenge (1753) III. i.=20
42 Men, who so roughly dare Mischarge their Lord, Pretending Liberty, pursu=
e but Pride. 1815 S. T.=20
COLERIDGE Let. 10 Mar. (1959) IV. 548 That=
I am not mischarging Dr Williams, you would be convinced in 10=20
minutes, by merely turning to Spinoza's three letters..to Blyenburgh. 1833 J. C.=20
HARE in Philol. Museum 2 222 [T=
his] has led us to mischarge the Greek verb with a double=20
anomaly. 2001 San Diego Union-Tribune (Nexis) 7 =
Mar. B1 Outside of court Swan said, ‘The=20
indictment mischarges and overcharges Mr. Longanbach for misuse of his secr=
etaries' time.’&
&&&&3. trans. Molecular Biol. To l=
ink (a molecule of transfer RNA) with the wrong amino acid.
&&1969 Scie=
nce 26 Dec. 1635/3 A purified Escherichia=20
coli valine transfer ribonucleic acid was enzymatically mischarged with=
phenylalanine. 1984 Proc. National Acad.=20
Sci. U.S.A. 81 5076 This enzyme can also mischarge some tRNA spe=
cies lacking the amber anticodon. 1988=20
Science (Nexis) 16 Dec. 1549 GlnRS [=3D glutaminyl-tRNA syntheta=
se], when it is present at normal intracellular concentrations,=20
cannot efficiently mischarge this tRNA. 1998 Jrnl. B=
acteriol. 180 6446 SerRS [=3D seryl-tRNA=20
synthetase] did not mischarge tRNACys with se=
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Subject: "southerly" - Word of the Day from the OED
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southerly, a. and n.
SECOND EDITION 1989 &
[f.=20
SOUTH; cf. northerly, easterly.]&
&&&&A. adj.
&&&&1. Situated in
Cast. Knowl. ( The one sorte are called Northerlye=20
constellations, the other sorte Southerly constellations. 1577=
GOOGE Heresbach's Husb. II.=
(1586) 58b, In hote and Southerlie Countreis.=20
Pilgrimage (1614=
) 691 The Southerliest Nations of Africa. 1635=20
Christianogr. 35 In the more Southe=
rly part of the great Promontory. 1768 G.=20
WHITE Selborne xiii, On account of my livi=
ng in the most southerly county. 1814 SCOTT Diary 22 Aug. in Lockhart, The southerly line of what is called the Long=20
Island. 1865
Journ. thro' =
Arabia II. 79 We found the southerly plateau more..uneven than=20
the northern. 1869
Midn. Sky 32 Regulus is the most=20
southerly.&
&&&&2. Of the wind: Blowing from the south. southerly=20
burster, buster (see BURSTER 2, BUSTER 3a).
Ham. II. ii. 397 When the=20
Winde is Southerly, I know a Hawke from a Handsaw. 1617=
MORYSON Itin. II. 141 They were enforced to stay by a contrary wind, being=20
Southerly. 1721 Lond. Gaz. No. 5966/1 The Southe=
rly and Westerly Winds keep the Fleets still at Elsenab.=20
Dict. Marine (1=
780) s.v. Wind, Along the coast of Guinea,..the southerly=20
and south-west winds blow perpetually. a1822
On an Icicle i, Where southerly breezes Waft=20
repose to some bosom as faithful as fair. 1850 B. C. PECK Recollections of Sydney viii. 132 It is=20
almost a corollary, that the evening of a hot-wind day brings up a ‘so=
utherly buster’, as we have heard the vulgar call it, very=20
chill indeed..as this wind comes from the southerly region of the Australia=
n Alps. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr. 47 In t=
he greater part of Europe the southerly and westerly winds bring=20
&&&&3. Of distance: Extending southwards.
Mariner's Mag. IV. iii. 153 The=20
Southerly Distance is 172..Leagues.&
&&&&4. Tending or facing southwards.
&&1789 J.=20
WILLIAMS Min. Kingd. I. 136 They are turne=
d from the south-west to a southerly direction.=20
Life: its Nature=
(ed. 2) iii. 31 No dwellings are so pleasant..as those which have=20
a southerly aspect. 1869
Highl. Turkey I. 243 We mounted on the other side of the=20
valley in a southerly direction.&
&&&&B. n. A wind bl=
a southerly buster. Austral. and N.Z.
&&1943 K.=20
TENNANT Ride on Stranger viii. 79 When the=
Southerly blew, the stiff leaves..twisted rim-on to the blast.=20
1964 R. BRADDON Year Angry Rabbit=
xiv. 123 What use is it being able to guarantee fine weather, or=20
rain, or a cool southerly only on the coast? 1973
Eye of Storm i. 65 How exotic, how naked her=20
body felt when the southerly began to blow at the end of a sticky summer's =
day, caressing her inside her=20
&&&&Hence southerli=
ness, ‘the being on or toward the South’ (Bailey,=20
1727, vol. II).
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nauseously, adv.
DRAFT REVISION June 2003 &
Brit. /nssli/, /nzsli/, U.S.=
/nsli/, /nsli/, /nsli/, /nsli/&
[& NAUSEOUS a. + -LY2.]&
&&&&In a=20
to an extent that causes nauseousness. Also fig.
Divine Dialogues I. II. xviii. 284 So may the=20
exercise of the Animal Functions or Passions..become very nauseously evil. =
1706 T.=20
D'URFEY Wonders in Sun II. =
i. 32 In short, besides all this she would Paint Nauseously, Lye=20
Helliishly look Scornfully and Scold so Confoundedly, that I was forc'd to =
seek a desperate Remedy to Cure her.=20
Wks. (1753)=
I. 97 That silly thing..With which our age so nauseously is=20
cloy'd. 1750
in Philos. Trans. R=
oyal Soc. 51 470 It is of a subacid taste, and very=20
nauseously vitriolic. 1801
Recoll. vii. 107 A pair of flutes most nauseously=20
tweedled upon by two..young monks. 1867
in Hours at Home Nov. 2 This..nauseously=20
absurd way of criticism. 1905
Theatrocrat II. 118 You would not have our=20
special enemy, The whipper-in of anti-Sumnerites, In print and prattle triu=
mph nauseously? 1980 E.=20
BLISHEN Nest of Teachers II=
. viii. 160, I..deposited there an essay on John Donne's=20
Anniversarieshardbound, with nauseously marbled covers. 2001 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 14 Oct. 59 Tories..affect=20
to despise intellectuals, perhaps because like Cosgrave they can be noisome=
ly and his case nauseously=20
unpredictable.&
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dot-commer, n.
DRAFT ENTRY Sept. 2004 &
orig. U.S.Brit. /dtkm/, U.S.=20
Forms: 19-=20
dot-commer, dotcommer, <mer. Also with capital i=
nitial(s).&&#91;& DOTCOM n. +=20
-ER1.&#93;&
&&&&A person who is (or has been) employed by a dotcom=
&&&#91;1995 Re: Mullins-works too Hard in=20
alt.sports.basketball.nba.gs-warriors (Usenet newsgroup) 31 July, Fr=
(DotCommer).&#93; 1997=20
Sunday Gaz.-Mail (Charleston, W. Va.) 19 Jan. P7b Charging on through the digital gremlins is=20
part of this emerging field of communications. Our dot-commers help by clea=
ring jams. 2000 Daily Tel. 23 Mar.=20
(Connected section) 12/5 The caricature of the twentysomething dotcommer,..=
working 18 hour days while continually plugged into the net and=20
mobile phone, has already become a clich&. 2003 =
Time Out N.Y. 2 Jan. 142/1 In 2000, a group of her=20
laid-off friendsthe first victims of the dot-com bustgathered for what became,=
eventually, the Pink Slip Party, where laid-off dot-commers meet to=20
commiserate and possibly hook up with a recruiter or two.&
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SECOND EDITION 1989 &
&#91;f. FRESH a.; cf. F. fra&icir=
c;chir (OF. freschir intr. in the 12th=20
c.).&#93;&
&&&&1. trans. To make fresh.&&&=
&a. To refresh, recruit,=20
also, to increase. Also with up.&&&&=
b. To renew, repair (obs.).&&&&c. Naut.=20
to fresh the hawse: see FRESHEN v. 3 (obs.).
&&a. ?a1366
Rom. Rose 1513 He thoughte of thilke water=20
shene To drinke and fresshe him wel withalle. 1380 L=
ay Folks Catech. (Lamb. MS.) 119 Crist wolde at our hope were fresch=
in hym. a1420 Pallad. on Husb. I. 291 As diuers men han done to fresshe her fame.=20
14.. Sir Beues ( (MSS. CM.) The watu=
r him freschyd, at was colde.=20
roiss. I. cxl. 167 They of Calays were often tymes..fresshed by=20
stelth. c1586
Ps. CXLVII. iii,=20
&#91;He who&#93; Fresheth the mountaines with such meedfull spring. 1635 QUARLES Embl. I. xi. (1718) 45 And fresh their tired souls with=20
strength-restoring sleep. 1835
Horse-Shoe Robinson I. 66 Put a=20
sprinkling of salt in a bucket o' water,..it sort of freshes the cretur up =
like. 1890 B. L. GILDERSLEEVE=20
Ess. & Stud. 190 Now stay..And fresh your life anon. 18=
97 KIPLING Capt. Cour. 260 =
The fresh air will fresh Mrs. Cheyne up. 1910=20
Westm. Gaz. 16 Apr. 16/2 The rains have freshed the trout streams.&
&&b. c1420 Pallad. on Husb. I. 727 They make=20
Her water thryes fresshed euery day. 1513 Churchw. A=
cc., St. Mary hill, London (Nichols
For freshynge=20
the canopy at the high awter. 1606
Embl. III=
. ( Groans fresh'd with vows and vows made salt=20
with tears.&
&&c. 1692 Capt.=20
Smith's Seaman's Gram. I. xvi. 78 Fresh the Hawse=
&&&&2. intr. Of the wind: To become fresh, to begi=
n to blow fresh. Also with up. Occas. of the sea: To become=20
lively, roughen.
&&1599 HAKLUYT Voy. II. 107 The=
16. the winde freshed, and we passed by Mount Carmel.=20
Parival's Iron Age=
282 The wind freshing westwardly, the English bore in..hard=20
among them. a1691
Huon cxxxii. 488 Thou nedyste not =
fere of any fresshynge nor of more fourtherynge for me.=20
Daphn. 26, I wal=
kt abroad to breath the freshing ayre. 1612 T.=20
TAYLOR Comm. Titus iii. 7 Abrahams bosome,=
wherein the Saints receiue freshing. 1613-16=20
Brit. Past. I. iv, H=
er skill in herbs might helpe remove The freshing of a wound=20
which he had got. 1892 Daily News 30 Nov. 3/1 He=
can paint the freshing sea when the tide runs=20
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Subject: "casting" - Word of the Day from the OED
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casting, vbl. n.
SECOND EDITION 1989 &
st, -&#230;-)&
&#91;f.=20
CAST v. + -ING1.&#93;&
&&&&The action of the verb=20
CAST in various senses.
&&&&1. a. trans. Throwing, e=
jection,=20
swarming (of bees); arranging, etc. esp. the action or =
process of founding (metal or glass).
Barth. De P.R. XVII. cxxxiii.=20
( Juys of leke to drynke ayenst castynge of blood. 1428-1474-5 in M.E.D.=20
1493 &#91;see CAST v. 25b&#93;. 1540 Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 289=20
Pamenntt of viij li...for castynge and makyng of ye thyrd bell. 1542 Ludlow Churchw.=20
Acc. (Camden Soc.) 11 The castynge of a new peise for the clocke. 1557 RECORDE Whetst. Rivb, Tr=
ust not to my castynge. 1615 LATHAM Falconry (1633) 2=
3 So great casting and long fasting maketh her to dye.=20
Sylva (J.) Every c=
asting of the skin. 1657 W.=20
COLES Adam in Eden cxvi. 167 &#91;Whortle-=
berries&#93;..do somewhat bind the belly, and stay castings and=20
loathings. 1668
Way to Wealth 77=
In the time of casting &#91;of bees&#93;. 1783=20
Lat. Dict. (Mo=
rell) I, The casting of a deer's head.=20
Sports & Past. II. ii. 68 Casting of the bar is..one part of an=20
hero's education. 1825
Every-day Bk. I. 172 A scheme to teach the casting of=20
nativities. 1832
Porc. & Glass II. i. 139 The first=20
English establishment of magnitude for the casting of plate glass was under=
taken in 1773. 1865 M.=20
ARNOLD Ess. Crit. (1875) 36 A new casting =
of that story. 1872 YOUATT Horse (ed. W. Wat=
son) xxii. 456 We are no friends to the casting of horses, if it=20
can possibly be prevented. 1962 Gloss. Terms Glass I=
nd. (B.S.I.) 21 Casting, a process of shaping=20
glass by pouring it into a mould or on to a table or passing it between rol=
&&&&b. with adverbs.
Ayenb. 15 e zixte kestinge out of the ilke boe is wystondinge. 1382 WYCLIF Heb. ii. 16 Casti=
ng up of yuel fame vpon thi glorie. 1549 LATIMER Serm. v. (Arb.) =
157 A casting away of God. 1580 HOLLYBAND Treas. Fr. Tong, Delaissement, a forsaking, a casting off.=20
Grave 550 Nor a=
nxious casting-up of what might be. 1769=20
Wilkes' Corr. (1805) I. 265 The casting up of the books..by the sher=
iffs. 1845-6 TRENCH Huls. Lect. Ser. =
II. v. 220 A casting off of its old and wrinkled=20
skin. 1871
Insurance Cycl. =
I. 460 Casting away of shipsan offence of very=20
frequent occurrence.&
&&&&c. Theatr. and Cinemat. The as=
signing of=20
parts to suitable actors and actresses.
&&1814 JANE=
AUSTEN Mansf. Park I. xiii. 253 From the f=
irst casting of the parts, to the epilogue, it was all=20
bewitching. 1926 Contemp. Rev. June 757 The init=
ial failure of Ivanov in a private theatre..was accidental and=20
due mainly to wrong casting. 1952
HOELLERING Film of Murder in Cathedral 8=20
In the theatre, the first problem to present itself is likely to be that of=
&&&&d. In ploughing, the method and operation of=
turning all the furrow-slices of a ridge in one direction, and=20
those of the adjoining ridge in the opposite direction.
&&1825 LOUDON Encycl. Agric. II. v. 471 The form of the old ridges, and the=20
situation of the inter-furrows, are preserved by what is called casting, that is, the furrows of each ridge are all laid in one=20
direction, while those of the next adjoining ridges are turned the contrary=
way. 1837 J. F.=20
BURKE Brit. Husb. II. 46 It is sometimes d=
esirable to throw two ridges into one... This operation is called=20
casting. 1855
Cycl. Agric. II. =
646/1 The mysteries of &#145;gathering up&#146;, &#145;rown and=20
furrow&#146; ploughing, &#145;casting&#146;, &#145;yoking or coupling&#146;=
ridges &#91;etc.&#93;.&
&&&&2. intr. Also with adv.
Hum. Und. I. ii, All Reasoning is search, and=20
casting about. 1794 Rigging & Seamanship II.=
247 Casting, the motion of falling off, so as to bring=20
the direction of the wind on either side of the ship. 1823 P.=20
NICHOLSON Pract. Build. 221 Casting or =
Warping, the bending of the surfaces of a piece of wood.=20
Mod. Paint. III. =
IV. v. &#167;13 The casting about for sources of=20
interest in senseless fiction.&
concr.&&&&a. Any product of casting in a =
an object in cast metal.&&&&b.=20
The convoluted earth cast up by worms.&&&&c. Vom=
esp. the excrementitious substances cast up by hawks=20
also in Falconry, &#145;anything given to a hawk to cl=
eanse and purge her gorge, whether it be flannel, thrummes,=20
feathers, or such like&#146; (Latham Falconry 1615).
2 Pet. ii. 22 The=
hound turnede aen to his castyng.=
c1430 Bk. Hawkyng in Rel. Ant. I. =
297 An hawke that hath casting, and may not cast.=20
1486 Bk. St. Albans Aiijb, Looke that hir castyn=
g be plumage. 1558 BP.=20
WATSON Seven Sacram. x. 58 A dogge turneth back to ea=
te agayne his castynge. 1565-78 COOPER Thesaur. s.v. =
Crusta, Covered with..the playster of a wall or rough casting.=20
Loyal Subj. III. v, The onely casting for a crazie=20
conscience. 1657
Org. Salutis iv. =
(1659) 24 All manner of Hawks cast their castings every morning.=20
Dict. Rust. et Urb.=
s.v. Gerfaulcon, Since they are crafty Birds..instead=20
of cotton, give 'em a Casting of Tow. 1788 J. FI=
TCH Original Steam-boat Supported 10 His=20
application..for castings for a steam-engine. 1851 C=
rystal Palace & Great Exhib. xi. 156 In the castings, for=20
which Germany is deservedly famous, there is much to adm