which引导的定语从句什么时候不能用that,要用which

江西安福县城关中学 童桂芳
&&&&&&& 引导定语从句的关系代词有:that(指人或物), which(指物), who(指人)。指人时可用that或who,指物时可用that或which,但有时只能用that不能用which。常见的情况有下列五种:
&&&&&&& 1. 当先行词是all, any, anything, everything, nothing或被它们修饰时。例如:
&&&&&&& Is there anything that I can do for you?
&&&&&&& 有什么可以为你做的吗?
&&&&&&& All that can be done must be done.
&&&&&&& 凡是能做的都必须做。
&&&&&&& 2. 当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如:
&&&&&&& That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.
&&&&&&& 那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一 。
&&&&&&& The first thing that we should do is to get some food.
&&&&&&& 我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
&&&&&&& 3. 当先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时。例如:
&&&&&&& My necklace is not the only thing that&s missing.
&&&&&&& 我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。
&&&&&&& 4. 当主句以who或which开头时,定语从句中引导词用that,不用which或who。以避免重复。例如:
&&&&&&& Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat?
&&&&&&& 穿红色外套的女孩子是谁?
&&&&&&& 5. 当先行词既有人又有物时,用that。例如:
&&&&&&& The writer and his novels that you have just talked about are really well.
&&&&&&& 你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。
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只用which,不能用that作先行词的情况
只用which,不能用that作先行词的情况(1) 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词+关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时, 关系代词必须用which.例如:① The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。② This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。注意: 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首, which就可换为that, 例如: This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。(2) 先行词为“those+表事物的复数名词”时, 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如:①Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。②A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。[考题1] All ____ is needed is a supply of oil. (1989)A. the thing B. that C. what D. which[答案] B[解析] 先行词是不定代词all, 其限定性定语从句应由关系代词that引导, 在该定语从句中充当主语。考点72: who/whom引导的定语从句的用法who、 whom可以引导定语从句, 修饰表示人的先行词, 在从句中分别充当主语和宾语(在非正式场合下, 除非紧跟于介词之后, who经常可以代替在定语从句中作宾语的whom)。例如:1. The visitor who came yesterday is Tom. 昨天来访的那个人是汤姆。(who引导修饰visitor的限定性定语从句, 并且在该从句中充当主语)2. His friends, who had tried to dissuade him from smoking, did not succeed. 他的那些已经尽力劝阻他抽烟的朋友们并没有成功。(who引导修饰friends的非限定性定语从句并且在该从句中充当主语)3. First came Mary, whom few of us had expected. 首先来的是我们当中几乎没有人料到的玛丽。(whom引导修饰Mary的非限定性定语从句并且在该从句中充当宾语, 这里的whom可以被who所代替)4. He is John to whom you ought to address the request. 他是约翰, 你应该向他提出此项请求。(whom引导修饰John的非限定性定语从句并且在该从句中充当介词to的宾语, 这里紧跟于介词to之后的whom不可以被who代替)注意: that引导限定性定语从句修饰表示人的先行词时, 通常可以与who换用。不紧跟在介词后的whom和that通常可以换用(紧跟在介词后的whom不可以被that代替)。例如: The scientist who/that discovers a cure for cancer will be great. 发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而伟大。// Jim is the man with whom she talked. 跟她说过话的那个人是吉姆。[考题1] Women ____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ____ don’t. (2006北京)A. who; 不填 B. 不填; who C. who; who D. 不填; 不填[答案] C[解析] 两个下划线处分别引导定语从句修饰表示人的women、 those, 并且在定语从句内部充当主语, 均应采用who的形式。[考题2] The famous basketball star, ____ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. (2002北京春)A. where B. when C. which D. who[答案] D[解析] Who引导非限定性定语从句, 修饰先行词star.[考题3] He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years. (2002上海春)A. is B. are C. have been D. has been[答案] D[解析] 被who所引导的限定性定语从句所修饰的先行词是表达单数含义的“the only one”(of the students是the only one的后置定语), 题干中的“for three years”意味着应采用现在完成时表示已经赢得奖学金的情况, 因此本题只能选D.[考题4] In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help. (1992)A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom[答案] D[解析] “turn to sb. (for sth.)”是表示“(就某事或某物)求助于某人”的固定搭配。介词to必不可少, 可以紧跟介词to后引导定语从句, 修饰表示人的先行词person的关系代词只能是whom, 所以下划线处应是“to whom”的形式。[考题5] I have many friends, ____ some are businessmen. (2005)A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom[答案] D[解析] 表示“在其中, ……之中的一部分”的含义, 应用介词of (from没有类似用法), 例如: several of my friends (我的几个朋友)、 one of them(他们中间的一个)。修饰先行词friends、 能够紧跟介词of表示“朋友中的一些(是生意人)”的关系代词只有whom, 所以本题只能选D.注意: 本题不选A是因为该形式不能引导定语从句, 填入下划线处会导致整个句子包含两个单独的、 缺乏连词连接的简单句(通常情况下这属于病句); 不选B是因为which通常不能引导定语从句修饰表示人的先行词; 不选C是因为of放于who之后与some连用导致整个句子的意思难以理解。[考题6] I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ____ Chinese in the school, most ____ were from Germany. (2006辽宁)A. study; of whom B. study; of themC. studying; of them D. studying; of whom[答案] D[解析] 第一个下划线处引导修饰students的定语, 不能采用动词原形而应用现在分词的形式, 据此直接排除选项A、 B; 第二个下划线处引导修饰students的定语从句, 用来补充说明students的情况, 由于them不能引导定语从句, 应直接排除C而选出D.[考题7] We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ____ we gave some bells and glasses. (2006湖南)A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which[答案] B[解析] 根据“give sth. to sb.”的搭配, 下划线处应以to whom的形式引导定语从句。Which不能引导定语从句修饰人, 所以A、 D应首先排除。考点73: whose引导的定语从句的用法whose可以引导定语从句, 修饰表示人或事物的先行词, 在定语从句中充当定语。例如:Is there anyone here whose name is Li Hua? 这儿有叫李华的人吗?(先行词表示人) // The bicycle whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. 刹车坏了的自行车现在已被修好。(先行词表示物)[考题1] George Orwell, ____ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004北京)A. the real name B. what his real nameC. his real name D. whose real name[答案] D[解析] 题干的意思是: 真名是 Eric Arthur的George Orwell写了很多政治性的小说和短评。四个选项中只有D选项可以引导定语从句修饰主语George Orwell(在定语从句中whose充当定语), 其他选项都使得下划线部分出现一个“主语+系动词+表语”结构, 从而导致整个句子结构紊乱。[考题2] Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ____ roof is under repair. (2006福建)A. whose B. which C. of which D. what[答案] A[解析] 下划线处引导house的定语从句并在从句内部充当主语roof的定语, 应填入引导词whose.[考题3] Have you seen the film Titanic, ____ leading actor is world*9鄄famous? (2001上海春)A. its B. it’s C. whose D. which[答案] C[解析] 下划线处引导定语从句并充当定语从句中主语leading actor的定语, 只能选C.注意: 选项A、 B使得整个句子的结构出现混乱, 应排除。[考题4] Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ____ effects the people are still suffering. (2005天津)A. that B. whose C. those D. what[答案] B[解析] 题干中逗号之后为floods的定语从句, 下划线处在定语从句内部充当suffer from的宾语——effects的定语, 相当于名词所有格floods的含义。
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喜欢该文的人也喜欢定语从句(
AttributiveClauses
)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词
词组或代词即
先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:
who,whom,whose,that,which
关系副词有:
when,where,why
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在
定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
who,whom,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?
他就是你想见的人吗?(
在从句中作主语)
Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(
在从句中作宾语)
用来指人或物,
只用作定语
若指物,它还可以同
Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.
那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮
Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
which,that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.
农村出现了前
所未有的繁荣。(
which/that
在句中作宾语)
Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。
(which/that
在句中作宾语
二、关系代词
that,which
以下情况多用
如果先行词是
all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none
等不定代词,
关系代词一般只用
Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.
IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?
如果先行词被
theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,thebest
等词修饰,关系代词常用
时,可以用
ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.
Thatisthebestfilmthatwehaveseen.
Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficethat/whowasinvited.
当先行词被
all,every,no,some,any,little,much
所修饰时;
Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.
当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。
ItisthefirstforeignbookthatIhaveeverseen.
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