相同原型函数需满足两个条件求和函数什么条件

通过对函数的递归调用,计算12+22+32+……+(n-1)2+n2,要求写出函数和主函数.递归函数原型为:long dg(int n); 用c-free哦
long dg(int n){if(n==1)return 12L;elsereturn (n*10L+2L)+(dg(n-1));}
“&”请问这个符号的具体含义是什么?在数电里的,希望加深下影响…
已知一次函数y=x与反比例函数y=2/x的图像在第一象限内的交点为A,点B在x轴的负半轴上,且【OA】=【OB】.则△AOB的面积为?需要在纸上手写详细步骤
联立y=x,y=2/x得:x=y=±√2∴A(√2,√2);|OA|=√[(√2)?+(√2)?]=2∴B(-2,0)S△AOB=1/2*2*√2=√2
贪心算法背包问题设有n=8个体积分别为54,45,43,29,23,21,14,1的物体和一个容积为C=110的背包,问选择哪几个物体装入背包可以使其装的最满
学好高一数学的三点注意事项由于数学是“人们参加社会生活,从事生产劳动和学习、研究现代科学技术必不可少的工具,它的内容、思想、方法和语言已广泛渗入自然科学和社会科学,成为现代文化的重要组成部分.”因此对于我们每一个刚刚升入高中的同学来说,都希望自己能学好数学.如何顺利完成好小学到中学的过渡.学好高一数学,下面向大家提一些建议和希望.
一、要不断培养学习数学的兴趣和求知欲望
有许多同学在小学都曾有过这样的感受,每当你认识了一个数学规律,解决了一个较难的应用问题,成功的喜悦是无法用别的东西来替代的,它激励你的学习热情和好奇心,越学越爱学.学习的兴趣和求知欲是要不断地培养的,况且同学们刚刚迈进“数学王国”的大花园里,许多奥妙无穷的数学问题还等着你们去学习、观赏、研究.
二、要养成认真读书,独立思考的好习惯
过去有些同学认为:学习数学主要是靠上课听老师讲明白,而把我们手中的数学课本仅仅当成做作业的“习题集”.这就有两个认识问题必须要解决.一是同学们要认识到,我们的教科书记载了由数学工作者整理的、大家必须掌握的基础知识,以及如何运用这些知识解决问题等.因此,要想真正获得知识,认真读书、培养自学能力是一条根本途径.我们希望同学们在中学老师的指导、帮助下,从过去不读书、不会读书转变为爱读书、学会读书,进而养成认真读书的好习惯;二是同学们还要认识到,许多数学问题不是单靠老师讲明白的,主要是靠同学们自己想明白的.孔子日:”学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆.”这句话极力精辟地阐述了学习和思考的辩证关系,即要学而恩、又要思而学.大家学习数学的过程主要是自己不断深入思考的过程.我们希望大家今后在上数学课时.无论老师讲新课,还是复习、讲评作业练习,都要使自己的注意力高度集中,边听边积极思考问题,捕捉有用的信息,随时抓住萌发出的灵感.对于没弄明白的问题,一定要及时、主动去解决它,直到弄懂为止.
由于数学概念是我们进行判断、推理的依据,是解题的基础,所以一定要准确地理解它们.虽然数学概念往往比较抽象,但它又是从实际生活中的具体事例概括提炼出来的,因此大家在学习数学概念(例如函数、指数函数、对数函数、数列等)时,要注意与生活、生产实际相结合,会从具体的事例中归纳、慨括出该概念的本质,看书时要抓住概念定义中的关键词语,进行思考,理解它的内涵,这样就能把课本读“精”,“钻”进去,并在运用中逐步加深对数学概念的理解和掌握.我们相信,会有一大批同学,通过培养认真读书的习惯,提高自学能力;通过培养独立思考的习惯,提高思维能力.
三、改进学习方法,把握好数学学习的每个环节
许多数学学习好的同学,他们都有符合本人实际的学习方法,能较好地把握数学学习的各个环节.诸如每个阶段能制定学习计划;课前认真自学、预习数学课本;带着“问题”专心上好每节数学课,积极思维;课后及时复习所学的知识,独立完成作业,认真、及时解决疑难问题,改正作业中出现的错误;每到一个单元结束时,做好复习小结,对知识和解题类型和方法进行系统整理,考前认真进行准备,考后注意总结考试的经验教训;另外坚持参加数学课外小组活动,阅读数学辅导读物等.这些都体现了学习活动的全过程是一个互相联系的有机的系统工程,虽然看起来是老生常谈,但坚持下去决不是一件容易做到的事情.需要有高度的进取精神,刻苦踏实的学习态度,顽强拼搏的学习毅力.我们建议同学们在学习的某一个阶段时着重克服一个缺点,重点解决一个问题.同学之间互帮互学,加强研究、讨论的风气,你追我赶,相互促进,使我们大家能在高一的第一学期为今后的学习打好坚实的基础.预祝同学们在老师的指导和自己的努力下,使自己的数学学习水平和能力有较大的提高.
(1)若函数y=log2(ax2+2x+1)的定义域为R,求a的范围;(2)若函数y=log2(ax2+2x+1)的值域为R,求a的范围.
(1)若函数y=log2(ax2+2x+1)的定义域为R,∴ax2+2x+1>0恒成立,故有 a>0,且△=4-4a<0,解得 a>1,故所求的a的范围为(1,+∞).(2)若函数y=log2(ax2+2x+1)的值域为R,故函数y=ax2+2x+1能取遍所有的正数.当a=0时,函数y=log2(ax2+2x+1)=log2(2x+1),满足它的值域为R.当a>0时,应有△=4-4a≥0,解得 0<a≤1.综上可得,故所求的a的范围为[0,1].
其他相关问题如何阅读函数的定义(函数原型)
如何阅读函数的定义(函数原型)
文档中的每个函数都有快速参考,学会如何阅读和理解文档将使得 PHP 的使用更加简单。和依赖赖于复制/粘贴范例比起来,您一定更希望知道如何阅读函数的定义(函数原型):
先决条件:对“”的基本理解:
尽管 PHP 是亚类型语言,但对“”有一个基本的理解也是非常重要的,因为它们有重要的意义。
函数定义告诉我们函数什么类型的值,让我们用函数
的定义作为我们的第一个范例:
(PHP 3, PHP 4 >= 4.0.0)
strlen -- Get string length
Description
int strlen ( string str )
Returns the length of string.
表格 N-1. 函数定义组成部分说明
(PHP 3, PHP 4 >= 4.0.0)
strlen() 在 PHP 3 和 PHP 4 中都存在
该函数返回的值的类型,这里为整型。(例如,字符串的长度是以数字来衡量的)
( string str )
第一个(本例中是唯一的)参数,在该函数中名为 str,且类型为 。
我们可以将以上函数的定义写成一般形式:
( 参数类型
很多函数都有多个变量,例如 。其函数原型如下:
bool in_array ( mixed needle, array haystack [, bool strict])
这是什么意思? 返回一个“”值,成功(即在参数 haystack 中能找到参数 needle)则返回 TRUE 或者失败(即在参数 haystack 中找不到参数 needle)则返回 FALSE。第一个参数被命名为 needle 且其不定,因此我们将其称为“混和”类型。该混和类型的 needle 参数(我们要找的对象)可以适一个纯量的值(字符串、整数、或者),或者一个。haystack (我们寻找的范围)是第二个参数。第三个可选参数被命名为 strict。所有的可选参数都用 [ 方括号 ] 引用。手册表明 strict 参数默认值为布尔值 FALSE。需要了解函数工作的细节,请参阅手册中和该函数相关的页面。[原创]关于main函数的原型和返回值【c语言吧】_百度贴吧
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[原创]关于main函数的原型和返回值收藏
发现以前说的太零碎,不太好引用……整理一下。目前我看到的比较靠谱的说法(有正确的引用出处,并指出了实现扩展):homepage.ntlworld.com/jonathan.deboynepollard/FGA/legality-of-void-main.htmltieba.baidu.com/p/↑而这里的说法是有问题的。这里再解释一下ISO C/C++中对main的要求。0.标准版本说明:ANSI C89指ANSI X3.159-1989,后来被采纳为ISO/IEC ,通称C90。两者正文仅有格式变化(另外C90不包含Rationale)。C99指ISO/IEC ,被ANSI于2000年5月采纳。C11指ISO/IEC ,是现行正式C语言国际语言标准。ISO C++98指ISO/IEC ,是第一个C++语言国际标准。ISO C++03指ISO/IEC ,是第二版C++语言国际标准,对上一版只有小的修正。ISO C++11指ISO/IEC ,是现行C++语言国际标准,有较大改动。ANSI C一般即ANSI C89。实际上也只有这版标准是先ANSI后ISO。在本文问题上,ANSI C89和C90、C99和C11、C++标准各个版本这三组标准之间分别没有实质变化(或根本一模一样),所以只引用最早的标准文本。1.首先是几个背景知识。本文所讲的实现即语言实现,可以是编译器+链接器等等,可以是解释环境。一般是前者。关于implementation-defined等确切含义可以Google。1.1.ANSI C89支持函数声明省略返回值,隐含为int。也就是说main()其实是int main(),foo();其实是int foo();。尤其注意main()绝不是void main()。这在ISO C99开始以及ISO C++中是不允许的。1.2.关于参数返回值列表。C语言的(void)表示不接受任何参数,相当于C++的(),也和C++的(void)等价。C语言的()表示接受任何参数,相当于C++的(...)。所以在C语言中int main(void),void不能省略,否则就是另一个函数原型了。而C++中,不接受任何参数的参数列表写成(void)是不必要的(虽然也没错,但正式写法都没有这种无谓的罗嗦)。1.3 实现环境分类。ISO C/C++中,根据对环境的要求,分为两类,一类是独立实现(freestanding implementation),另一类是宿主实现(hosted implementation)。独立实现对环境的要求比较低,所以更自由。宿主实现——一般可以看作是有操作系统的实现,提供了比较多的底层接口,约束比较多。当然C和C++之间对两者的要求有所不同。为简化问题,除了main相关的部分在下文讨论以外,不再提及。1.4 ISO标准文档中的情态动词的含义。以下全部节录(供参考,只想看结论的可以跳过)。表格项分隔使用|,同一格内不同项使用/。ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3 Annex E(normative)Verbal forms for the expression of provisionsNOTE Only singular forms are shown.The verbal forms shown in Table E.1 shall be used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.Table E.1 — RequirementVerbal form Equivalent expressions for use in exceptional cases(see 6.6.1.3)shall|is to/is required to/it is required that/has to/only … is permitted/it is necessaryshall not|is not allowed [permitted] [acceptable] [permissible]/is required to be not/is required that … be not/is not to beDo not use “must” as an alternative for “shall”. (This will avoid any confusion between the requirements of a standard and external statutory obligations.)
Do not use “may not” instead of “shall not” to express a prohibition.To express a direct instruction, for example referring to steps to be taken in a test method, use the imperative mood in English.EXAMPLE “Switch on the recorder.”The verbal forms shown in Table E.2 shall be used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required, or that (in the negative form) a certain possibility or course of action is deprecated but not prohibited.Table E.2 — RecommendationVerbal form Equivalent expressions for use in exceptional cases(see 6.6.1.3)should|it is recommended that/ought toshould not|it is not recommended that/ought not toIn French, do not use “devrait” in this context.The verbal forms shown in Table E.3 are used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the standard.Table E.3 — PermissionVerbal form Equivalent expressions for use in exceptional cases(see 6.6.1.3)may|is permitted/is allowed/is permissibleneed not|it is not required that/no … is requiredDo not use “possible” or “impossible” in this context.Do not use “can” instead of “may” in this context.NOTE 1 “May” signifies permission expressed by the standard, whereas “can” refers tothe ability of a user of the standard or to a possibility open to him.NOTE 2 The French verb “pouvoir” can indicate both permission and possibility. For clarity, the use of other expressions is advisable if otherwise there is a risk of misunderstanding.The verbal forms shown in Table E.4 are used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical or causal.Table E.4 — Possibility and capabilityVerbal form Equivalent expressions for use in exceptional cases(see 6.6.1.3)can|be able to/there is a possibility of/it is possible tocannot|be unable to/there is no possibility of/it is not possible toNOTE See note 1 to Table E.3.这里最需要注意的有两点:shall的意义,以及区分shall和should。shall表示要求,should表示建议。这点举个例子,在ISO C++关于容器的size()的复杂度上应该能坑到一些人。ISO C++98/03在表格的note里要求“should”O(1),因此libstdc++的std::list::size()可以实现为O(n)的,类似std::distance(l.begin(), l.end()),不违反标准要求。而ISO C++11改成了“shall”O(1),这种实现就不符合标准了。can的含义。应该注意can表示可能性,而不是要求。和表示准许的may也应该有清楚的区别。
2.正题。附一个参考链接:stackoverflow.com/questions/1765686/correctly-declaring-the-main-function-in-ansi-c2.1 ANSI C/ISO C对独立环境的规定:ANSI C89是这样的:2.1.2.1 Freestanding environmentIn a freestanding environment (in which C program execution may take place without any benefit of an operating system), the name and type of the function called at program startup are implementation-defined. There are otherwise no reserved external identifiers. Any library facilities available to a freestanding program are implementation-defined.The effect of program termination in a freestanding environment is implementation-defined.可见独立环境中不要求有main函数存在作为入口函数,更不限定main的原型。ISO C99是这样的:5.1.2.1 Freestanding environment1 In a freestanding environment (in which C program execution may take place without any benefit of an operating system), the name and type of the function called at program startup are implementation-defined. Any library facilities available to a freestanding program, other than the minimal set required by clause 4, are implementation-defined.2 The effect of program termination in a freestanding environment is implementationdefined.没什么变化。ISO C++98是这样的:2.1 ANSI C89对宿主环境的规定:2.1.2.2 Hosted environmentA hosted environment need not be provided, but shall conform to the following specifications if present."Program startup"The function called at program startup is named main . The implementation declares no prototype for this function. It can be defined with no parameters:int main(void) { /*...*/ }or with two parameters (referred to here as argc and argv , though any names may be used, as they are local to the function in which they are declared):int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /*...*/ }If they are defined, the parameters to the main function shall obey the following constraints:* The value of argc shall be nonnegative.* argv[argc] shall be a null pointer.* If the value of argc is greater than zero, the array members argv[0] through argv[argc-1] inclusive shall contain pointers to strings, which are given implementation-defined values by the host environment prior to program startup. The intent is to supply to the program information determined prior to program startup from elsewhere in the hosted environment. If the host environment is not capable of supplying strings with letters in both upper-case and lower-case, the implementation shall ensure that the strings are received in lower-case.* If the value of argc is greater than zero, the string pointed to by argv[0] represenargv[0][0] shall be the null character if the program name is not available from the host environment. If the value of argc is greater than one, the strings pointed to by argv[1] through argv[argc-1] represent the program parameters .
* The parameters argc and argv and the strings pointed to by the argv array shall be modifiable by the program, and retain their last-stored values between program startup and program termination....对宿主环境可能有的(can):有main,并且main的原型是这里提到的其中之一。若使用第二种原型,参数有一定限制(shall)。argc必须非负,argv[argc]是空指针。argv[0]...argv[argc-1]表示程序参数。一般实现中支持使用命令行传递这些参数。由于这里是can,实际上也允许其它原型。但这种说法显然太隐晦了。2.2 ISO C99对宿主环境的规定:5.1.2.2 Hosted environment1 A hosted environment need not be provided, but shall conform to the following specifications if present.5.1.2.2.1 Program startup1 The function called at program startup is named main. The implementation declares no prototype for this function. It shall be defined with a return type of int and with no parameters:int main(void) { /* ... */ }or with two parameters (referred to here as argc and argv, though any names may be used, as they are local to the function in which they are declared):int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... */ }9) or in some other implementation-defined manner.2 If they are declared, the parameters to the main function shall obey the following constraints:— The value of argc shall be nonnegative.— argv[argc] shall be a null pointer.— If the value of argc is greater than zero, the array members argv[0] through argv[argc-1] inclusive shall contain pointers to strings, which are given implementation-defined values by the host environment prior to program startup. The intent is to supply to the program information determined prior to program startup from elsewhere in the hosted environment. If the host environment is not capable of supplying strings with letters in both uppercase and lowercase, the implementation shall ensure that the strings are received in lowercase.— If the value of argc is greater than zero, the string pointed to by argv[0] represe argv[0][0] shall be the null character if theprogram name is not available from the host environment. If the value of argc is greater than one, the strings pointed to by argv[1] through argv[argc-1] represent the program parameters.— The parameters argc and argv and the strings pointed to by the argv array shall be modifiable by the program, and retain their last-stored values between program startup and program termination.这里实质的变化是明确要求ANSI C中的两种原型必须被宿主实现接受。而 or in some other implementation-defined manner的妥协可以看成是对can的兼容。2.3 ISO C++98的规定:3.6 Start and termination 3.6.1 Main function 1 A program shall contain a global function called main, which is the designated start of the program. It is implementation-defined whether a program in a freestanding environment is required to define a main function. [Note: in a freestanding environment, startup and termination is implementation- startup contains the execution of constructors for objects of namespace scope with sta termination contains the execution of destructors for objects with static storage duration. ]
2 An implementation shall not predefine the main function. This function shall not be overloaded. It shall have a return type of type int, but otherwise its type is implementation-defined. All implementations shall allow both of the following definitions of main:int main() { /* ... */ }andint main(int argc, char* argv[]) { /* ... */ }In the latter form argc shall be the number of arguments passed to the program from the environment in which the program is run. If argc is nonzero these arguments shall be supplied in argv[0] through argv[argc1] as pointers to the initial characters of nullterminated multibyte strings (NTMBSs)(17.3.2.1.3.2) and argv[0] shall be the pointer to the initial character of a NTMBS that represents the name used to invoke the program or "". The value of argc shall be nonnegative. The value of argv[argc] shall be 0. [Note: it is recommended that any further (optional) parameters be added after argv. ]3 The function main shall not be used (3.2) within a program. The linkage (3.5) of main is implementation-defined. A program that declares main to be inline or static is illformed.The name main is not otherwise reserved. [Example: member functions, classes, and enumerations can be called main, as can entities in other namespaces. ]ISO C++的规定和ISO C类似,但有几点重要的不同:a)程序必须包含全局main。但在独立实现中不一定用到main作为程序启动的入口,事实上程序启动过程是由实现定义的。b)实现不能预定义main(以免用户定义的main冲突违反one definition rule导致错误)。注意这不和上文矛盾。例如,链接器可以在生成可执行二进制映像时决定是否应该添加main的定义。c)main必须返回int。d)全局main禁止被使用。因此不像C,C++中main无法递归调用。&::main也是错误的。
3.结论。3.1 main的兼容性:别盲目认为哪个是对的哪个是错的,标准没这么简单。void main()在C仍然可以是符合标准(conforming)的扩展,只要有文档——看我一开始给的链接。只不过依赖implementation-defined不是strictly conforming罢了,可移植性较弱。在C++中不返回int的main直接不符合标准。3.2 基于保证可移植性的入口函数使用的建议策略:以下不适用于自己实现语言或者写操作系统之类。a)确定实现。如果是独立实现,自己翻实现文档,否则b)如无特殊必要,尽量使用标准明文规定的两种形式;c)使用其它形式应能找到文档,并且确保当前需求能容忍由此导致的可移植性缺陷。
貌似结束了给考证帝跪了……
附:ISO C99起,及ISO C++98起,全局main若没有return,相当于末尾隐含return 0;。对于一般实现,返回0表示程序执行成功。C/C++标准库宏EXIT_SUCCESS表示由实现定义的成功返回状态。EXIT_SUCCESS可用于exit函数,而main终止和exit语义上等价,所以也可以return EXIT_SUCCESS;代替。
我至今都没有区分出娘化和帝球@ealocXXX
地球威武霸气360°
涨姿势了——来自 Windows Phone 客户端(爱贴吧)
3L, ISO C++98是这样的:后面的没了?-------
mark,慢慢学
屌爆了·但还是不明不白
bobo拜,爪机没有跪啊
修正1L关于函数声明符的空参数列表的说法,补充遗漏的两点:1.C语言中,非定义使用的空参数列表和定义中使用的参数列表不同。在定义中的函数空参数列表也表示不带参数。2.空参数列表(非原型声明)的使用是过时用法(容易造成误会),不建议使用。ISO C11(N1570)6.7.6.3/14 An identifier list declares only the identifiers of the parameters of the function. An empty list in a function declarator that is part of a definition of that function specifies that the function has no parameters. The empty list in a function declarator that is not part of a definition of that function specifies that no information about the number or types of the parameters is supplied.145)145) See "future language directions" (6.11.6).6.11.6 Function declarators1 The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
好帖子,不能沉呀~~~顶起~~
勘误:替换1L的1.2如下:1.2.关于参数列表。C语言的(void)或函数定义中的()表示不接受任何参数,相当于C++的(),也和C++的(void)等价。C语言的()在函数定义外表示接受任何参数,相当于C++的(...)。但是,声明中的空参数列表(非原型声明)“()”的使用是过时用法(容易造成误会),不建议使用。所以在C语言中,声明时最好不要省略(void)中的void,要是省略就不是预期想要的函数原型了。在定义中可以使用(),如int main(){},同int main(void){}。但若要保证声明和定义通用,只用(void)表示函数没有参数。而C++中,不接受任何参数的参数列表写成(void)是不必要的(虽然也没错,但正式写法都没有这种无谓的罗嗦)。相关依据:ISO C11(N1570)6.7.6.3/14 An identifier list declares only the identifiers of the parameters of the function. An empty list in a function declarator that is part of a definition of that function specifies that the function has no parameters. The empty list in a function declarator that is not part of a definition of that function specifies that no information about the number or types of the parameters is supplied.145)145) See "future language directions" (6.11.6).6.11.6 Function declarators1 The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
膜拜帝球。。。
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