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新东方名师指导—逻辑主语
作者：李希强&&来源：北京新东方学校&&时间：
　　在Doing/ done, SVO结构中，Doing对应动作发出者，Done对应动作承受者。位于句首的doing或done的动作发出者或承受者即为逻辑主语，逻辑主语应等于主句SVO的主语S。逻辑主语错误 （Dangling Modifier）问题在于状语和主语逻辑上的动作发出者或承受者不一致。
　　一、分词的省略结构：分词的省略结构一般出现在句首，涉及五种形式
　　（一）基本形式：分词短语位于句首，分词逻辑主语等于句子主语。
　　现在分词Doing和过去分词Done的区别是主被动，主语决定主被动关系，分为Doing/done/Having done/Having been done…, SVO结构。笔者在此特意列出众多例题，使考生形成对doing/done位于句首结构的条件反射，闪光识别，迅速解题。
　　例如Lan252-44/ Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy. 改为Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.是医生使用超声设备。
　　例如 PREP2-12/ Performing a risky maneuver that required precision flying, not only did space shuttle astronauts retrieve an orbiting satellite, it was done simultaneously while avoiding being rear-ended by a passing ultraviolet telescope.改为 space shuttle astronauts retrieved an orbiting satellite and simultaneously avoided。逻辑主语应是astronauts发出performing动作，但是原文中not only, but also固定搭配使用错误，simultaneously“同时”和 while“当…….时”语意重复，且代词it没有指代对象。原文如此病入膏肓，值得考生仔细研究。
　　例如PREP2-60/ Pioneered by scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory, BEAM robots are no instead they use brainlike circuits called neural networks to learn to walk through trial and error.原文正确，done位于句首，逻辑主语等于句子主语。
　　例如PREP2-98/ Born into poverty and sent by her father into servitude at the age of seven, Martha Matilda Harper created America's first retail franchise network, a radical new business model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own their own businesses and gain financial independence. 原文正确，done位于句首的逻辑主语问题，是人被born。
　　例如Lan252-45 / Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, it was decided by the company manager to give her staff a raise. 改为the company manager decided to give her staff a raise，不能改为the staff was given a raise by the company manager。句首delighted 高兴，主语应是人，It不是人。公司业绩好，是经理高兴，而不是员工staff高兴。
　　例如Lan19-1/ Lan297-35/ Upset by the recent downturn in production numbers during the first half of the year, the possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting. 改为 the board of directors, at its quarterly meeting, raised the possibility of adding worker incentives。逻辑主语：Upset过去分词，划线部分在后面，要求句子主语是前面的逻辑主语。Upset恼火焦虑，主语是人。后面有By前面用过去分词， 被弄得心烦意乱 。（考点补充：during the first half of the year是过去时的时间标志，如果说during the second half of the year是将来时的时间标志。）
　　例如Lan247-27/ Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of the Messenger were two young journalists, Chandler Owen j and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.改为Published in Harlem, the Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler Owen. 原文犯了dangling modifiers错误，逻辑主语不等于句子主语，应该是“书”而不是“人”被出版。
　　例如Lan20-3/ Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.改为 According to a recent United States study, identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior. 逻辑主语：过去分词Done位于句首，Reared apart被彼此分开抚养，主句主语study 不能被reared。（考点补充：一、Including 介词位于句末，修饰前面最接近名词similarities，而不能修饰twins，是similarities包含many idiosyncrasies特质、特性of behavior。二、Twins本身显示相似性，而不是研究study显示showed similarities。）
　　例如PREP1-14/ Having finally reached a tentative labor agreement with its company's pilots, it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past. 改为 the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than it did in the past。非谓语动词的完成式表示动作发生在主句之前，逻辑主语应是董事会。（考点补充：一、both…and固定搭配，平行并列；二、代词指代，代词单复数错误是绝对性错误，排除they。）
　　（二）介词或介词短语＋Doing位于句首：Prep+doing…, SVO
　　In+doing 在做某事的过程中；By+doing 依靠做某事；For+doing；Before+doing；After+doing, 例如 Ten years after doing=After doing；Besides doing 除了；In addition to doing 除了；Without+doing 没有。
　　例如Lan21-5/ Lan312-92/ By studying the primitive visual systems of single-cell aquatic organisms, biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows, a similarity that indicates the common evolutionary origin of plants and animals: both algae and cows produce a light-sensitive protein called rhodopsin. 原文正确，By studying介词＋分词，分词逻辑主语与句子主语一致，研究Study逻辑主语是人。
　　例如Lan20-4/ Lan308-77/ By installing special electric pumps, farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from cows’ milk, according to one agricultural engineer. 改为farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat their houses，不能改为one agricultural engineer reports that farmers could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat their houses。此处By不是表被动，Be done by 才是被动。By介词+doing 方式状语，和被动无关，“通过”干什么。by installing的主语应是人，而不是house，房子不能自己安装。（考点补充：一、逻辑思维：虽然farmer和engineer都是人，但engineer做报告不需要通过安装电泵，Reports和电泵无关。二、句子重心：原文according to one agricultural engineer，原文工程师不过是个解说者，engineer处于次要的从属地位，不能随意变成句子的主语，没有忠实于原文的原意。）
　　例如Lan245-19/ In addition to having more protein than wheat does, the protein in rice is higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.改为rice has protein of higher quality than that in。是稻米rice比小麦wheat有更多的蛋白质。（考点补充：比较结构比较对象对等，补出that，是稻米的蛋白质比小麦中的蛋白质。）
　　例如PREP1-98/ A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program, per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs annually per person to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as in the nation as a whole. 改为California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as that。Initiating的逻辑主语应是California。（考点补充：一、per capita 和per person语义重复；二、比较对象对等，that代替drop。解题技巧一：优先查看比较结构后面补出that或those的选项，不过需要再查看一下代词的补出是否多余；解题技巧二：闪光识别a drop名词在逗号后，句末同位语结构是优选的表达，优先查看。）
　　PREP2-112/In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers, making it more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers.改为 Hoping to restrain economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow. 逻辑主语，是人发出hoping的动作。（考点补充：doing（making）位于句末和PREP1-98题目中的句末同位语都是GMAT语法中的优选表达。）
　　（三）连词＋分词位于句首，即状语从句省略
　　状语从句省略满足条件。大部分是从句修饰主句，也有从句修饰从句的情况。
　　1、在特定引导词之后
　　（１）时间状语从句：while/ when
　　PREP1-64/ Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs. 改为brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in canaries that。When+过去分词，状语从句省略问题。应该是老鼠被放置于一个刺激的环境中。（考点补充：or平行并列结构对称）
　　OG12-12/ Rising inventories, when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.改为?if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead。状语从句省略。（考点补充：一、主谓一致。Inventory单数出现不可数，Inventories复数出现可数，库存产品用复数。二、correspondingly不能修饰increase，corresponding形容词修饰名词，corresponding increase 相应增长。三、When/ If 区别：when/ if同时出现，看句子逻辑含义。If条件，假设，不一定发生、表如果。警惕后文的would，假想。When时间概念，事实，一定发生，时间不一样。四、否定表达no/ not，否定在谓语动词更加有效 ，not accompanied 优于 unaccompanied）
　　（2）条件状语从句：if/ unless
　　例如86版OG/ 大全-286/ Even today, a century after Pasteur developed the first vaccine, rabies almost always kills its victims unless inoculated in the earliest stages of the disease.改为 its victims unless they are inoculated。原文错误表明是rabies狂犬病，而不是 the victims of rabies应该被inoculated in the earliest stages of the disease.
　　例如大全-135/ As recently as 1950, tuberculosis was never curable unless seques today, the drug Isoniazid has made such treatment obsolete. 改为 unless patients were sequestered，是病人被扣押，被隔绝sequestered在疗养院、休养所sanitariums，而不是肺结核tuberculosis疾病。
　　（3）让步状语从句：Although/ even though, though
　　例如Lan8-12/ Although the lesser cornstalk borer is widely distributed, control of them is necessary only in the South. 改为the lesser cornstalk borer is widely distributed, measures to control it are，不能改为widely distributed, measures to control the lesser cornstalk borer are，也不能改为it is widely distributed, control of the lesser cornstalk borer is。当省略主语与主句主语不一致时补出主语。连词＋分词的省略结构，动作发出者是后面主句的主语，即省略状语从句的主语measures，但逻辑思维上是害虫borer广泛分布，而不是措施measures广泛分布。（考点补充：一、代词错误，前面没有复数名词，them没有指代对象，单数不能对them。二、补上省略结构的真正主语，常是正确答案。三、代词先于主句主语出现，代词优先指主句主语。It指代control ，成了control广泛分布，逻辑错误。）
　　2、从句必须是主语＋Be动词，S＋be结构，否则不能省略。
　　解题技巧：注意是Be而不是其它系动词。状语从句省略把主语和Be一起省略。在GMAT语法中，be 之外的系动词不能随意省略。
　　3、从句主语等于被其修饰主句主语，即被其修饰动作的逻辑主语
　　（四）形容词短语位于句首，Adj+Prep+N,SVO结构，形容词逻辑主语等于句子主语：
　　看成Being的省略，Being是doing一种；Being必省，Being＋形容词错。
　　例如Lan21-7/ Once common throughout the Western plains, black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as a result of the poisoning of prairie dogs, their prey. Once 副词，中心词是形容词common位于句首，名词ferrets的含义不用关注，某种动物很普遍。
　　例如Lan22-9/ Very popular from 1900 until the 1920’s, the renewed interest in ceiling fans began when the energy crisis in 1974 forced homeowners to look for alternative methods of heating and cooling. 改为The renewed interest in ceiling fans, which were very popular from 1900 until the 1920’s, began。Very popular形容词位于句首，后面主句主语是逻辑主语。Interest不可以popular，which 指代前面的名词fans, 是fans非常popular。 解题技巧：如果想指代逗号前贴近的名词，优选逗号后+which的结构。
　　（五）不定式To do结构不是GMAT逻辑主语问题的考核重点。
　　二、解题技巧：
　　分词省略结构在句首，前面分词动作的发出者或承受者是后面主句主语。迅速判断与分词短语一致的逻辑主语，将与分词短语逻辑不一致的选项排除。闪光识别非谓语动词，遇到非谓语动词思索其动作的发出者或承受者，即逻辑主语是否正确。
　　三、三种题型的正确答案
　　（一）主句主语划线
　　题目特征：1、句首分词短语/介词＋分词短语/形容词短语/不定式 ＋2、逗号(,) ＋ 3、主句划线。
　　保留分词省略结构，把主句主语改成前面动作正确的逻辑主语。这样逻辑主语和后面句子主语一致，主句主语可以发出或承受从句的动作。笔者感觉90%情况把主句主语改为人，还有少数情况改为物。
　　（二）分词省略结构部分划线，后面的主句主语不变。
　　1、把分词省略结构补充完整，补出省略的主语，不再使用省略结构。正确答案彻底抛弃分词省略结构，思维不受分词＋逗号＋主语限制，不再存在逻辑主语问题 。
　　例如Lan159-2/ Although partially destroyed, the archaeologists were able to infer from what remained of the inscription that the priest Zonainos was buried in the crypt.改为Although it had been partially destroyed, the archaeologists were able to infer。Although partially destroyed 状语主语等于后面主句的主语，考古学家被部分摧毁，逻辑错误。补出it 指inscription碑铭。（考点补充：动词时态：过去完成时对应过去时。先摧毁，后推断。很少同时出现两个过去完成时。）
　　例如Lan21-6/ Although just inside the orbit of Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks.改为Although it is just inside the orbit of。Although连词＋介词的省略结构，业余天文学家在木星轨道里，不可行。 It指代后面的单数名词comet，其它名词是复数。补充完整分词的省略结构，就没有逻辑主语的问题了。（解题技巧：一句话中，代词可以往后指代。）
　　2、分词结构名词化，不用分词用名词。分词逻辑主语没出现，名词没有逻辑主语的问题。
　　例如Lan19-2 / In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant. 改为In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant。In assessing介词＋doing的分词省略结构，分词逻辑主语是主句主语，人才能发出assessing这个动作，逻辑主语错误。In an assessment是名词，把assessing变成对应名词assessment，与动词无关了，与逻辑主语无关。解题技巧：同根动词assessing优于抽象名词assessment是个相对性错误，而逻辑主语问题是绝对性错误。
　　３、整个句子全划线，用以上的三种方法来处理：变主语、补完整、分词名词化。
　　四、逻辑主语难点
　　（一）不在句首难以识别。
　　例如Lan279-152/ Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place: one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals. If引导的状语从句省略，是certain pesticides被反复使用，If used中间可以加上They are，难在该结构不是在句子开头，容易被考生忽视。
　　例如OG10-21/Lan246-21/ Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions. 改为if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food。 in attributing ... 分词省略结构，逻辑主语必须是后面句子的主语，perpetrator犯罪者没有资格发出这个动作。（考点补充：B+介词+A优于AB结构，补出介词优选。对某种食物过敏allergy to some food优于some food allergy）
　　（二）只看重形式，忽视内在的逻辑思维
　　例如Lan22-8/ Prompted by new evidence that the health risk posed by radon gas is far more serious than was previously thought, property owners are being advised by authorities to test all dwellings below the third floor for radon gas and to make repairs as needed. 改为 authorities are advising property owners to。Done位于句首，被促使，一定是人被促使。有些考生只知道要选“人”被促使Prompted，忽视了逻辑要求。逻辑思维是当局被促使，而不是专家被促使。（考点补充：be+being+done一般是正确的表达，不要认为being出现就错。）
　　例如OG11-20/ Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century BC, worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, “the good goddess.”改为 Using accounts of various ancient writers。 Based放在句首感觉不明显 ，把Scholars 放到前面，再加上Be，看是否读得通，scholars are based on…，学者被基于，逻辑不通。改为using，学者利用。不要被过去分词的形式蒙蔽，而忽视考核内在的逻辑含义。（Base用法补充：一、不存在同形base 动词优于名词的说法，因为base同形名词表示基座，是具体名词，base动词对应的抽象名词是basis，并不同形。二、可以说同根动词base优于basis。三、base优先使用被动，表达“被基于”，一般不使用basing。四、就是要警惕使用based时的逻辑思维是否正确。）
　　例如PREP1-9/Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress a statue of the goddess Athena and that this robe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athena's father, and giants. 改为 Records from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed。逻辑主语，人不能被基于based。（考点补充：原文后面未划线的and that引导的是宾语从句，robe that引导的是定语从句，平行错误。改为indicate that…and that，平行并列，引导两个宾语从句。）解题技巧一：一定要敏感后面未划线处的and；解题技巧二：注意that引导的是定语从句，还是宾语从句。判断标准：引导定语从句时that要充当成分，后面不是完整句子；引导宾语从句时that不充当成分，后面应是一个完整的句子。（详见从句一章）
　　（三）用在中间，前后可以修饰，产生歧义
　　例如OG11-102/ Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.改为In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter，不能改为 In her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter。因为Doing夹在中间的逻辑主语修饰歧义，注意修饰语的位置： Doing夹在中间可以往前修饰，也可以往后修饰 。前面有介词短语，可误会成doing的主语是前面的名词illustrations. （考点补充：which贴近修饰逗号前的illustrations没有歧义。修饰逗号前贴近的名词，优选逗号后+which的表达。）
　　例如 新PREP1-219/ Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress. 原文正确，不能改为 Approved April 24, 1800, making provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C. , the act of Congress also established。考生敏感把分词放在中间的用法，先降格处理。
　　五、分词Doing/ Done用法总结
　　（一）doing是动作的发出者，done是动作的承受者。通过本章的学习，考生应该有了深刻的体会。
　　（二）doing是强调动作过程、done是动作的结果状态
　　解题技巧：笔者建议考生优先查看这几个词的被动用法：Worried, based, increased, closed, concerned
　　（三）done与定语从句的区分。
　　解题技巧：考生记住一句话：过去分词优于定语从句。因为过去分词是定语从句的省略用法。
　　（四）doing与that从句的区分。此点是GMAT语法中的难点，值得考生关注。
　　整体来讲doing是多次重复，特别是法律法规。that是具体一次。（详见从句一章）
　　例如Lan241-1/ The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce occurring when a child.改为that occurred when they were children.& 现在分词强调重复性动作，定语从句强调一次性动作。离婚已经足够痛苦，不应当反复发生，太不人道。（考点补充：一、单复数一致：men and women 对应 children。二、本题主句是一般现在时，从句是一般过去时。主从句时态不一致，应使用从句，而不是分词，因为分词无法体现出主从句时态的不一致。）
　　（五）done位于句尾，在逗号后，Done通常看成是which be的省略，补上Which be成为非限制性定语从句。
　　（六）doing位于句尾：SVO+逗号+doing结构
　　1、Doing句末作伴随状语，其逻辑主语是主句主语。
　　2、Doing 句末作结果状语，其逻辑主语是前面的句子，此时doing不改成which从句，Which 不指代前面那句话。
　　解题技巧：笔者不认为应在考场上大花心思区分doing到底作伴随状语，还是作结果状语。只要记住句末逗号后doing结构优先查看即可，不能随意改成Which引导的从句。当然如果要体现“主从句时态不一致”时，从句优先doing。
　　例如Lan286-181/OG10-229/ The colorization of black-and-white films by computers is defended by those who own the film rights, for the process can mean increas many others in the film industry, however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue.改为likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue。闪光识别Which，位于宾语后的Which一定不能指主语，导致 which不是指代 the technique而是指代逗号前面的名词 major works of art，错误。应该是比较the technique of colorization 和 the act of putting lipstick on a Greek statue。Doing位于句末的第一种用法，作伴随状语，而不是结果状语。Doing逻辑主语是句子主语Many others。（考点补充：固定搭配Liken A to B，把A比作B。）
　　OG10-154/ In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his family, friends, and neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property.原文正确，the filing of a deed of emancipation释放了setting free奴隶，分词句末表结果。
　　例如 新PREP1-225/ By sucking sap from the young twigs of the hemlock tree, tree growth is retarded by the woolly adelgid, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop prematurely.改为the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop。By+doing, 逻辑主语应是adelgid球蚜虫子。（考点补充：前面一段话对于后面造成的影响，用doing（causing）形式的结果状语。）
　　例如Many entomologists say that campaigns to eradicate the fire ant in the United States have failed because the chemicals that were used were effective only in wiping out the ant’s natural enemies, which made it easier for them to spread.改为thus making it easier for the ant。Which指代逗号前的enemies，逻辑错误；Doing（making）位于句末作结果状语。（考点补充：代词单复数是绝对性错误，them没有指代对象。名词优于代词，回避了代词的指代错误。）
　　例如In the mid-1970’s, since birds were overcome by pollution, and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, this prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced automobile emissions. 改为birds overcome by pollution routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce。本题是doing位于句末作结果状语的经典例题。不是birds 去prompting了officials，而是birds falling这件事情prompting。动作的发出者不是句子主语，而是前面整个句子，因此不是伴随状语，而是分词作结果状语，表示前面整段话对于后面造成的影响。（考点补充一：this不可单独作主语，指代前面整件事，裸奔了。考点补充二：overcome用法：现在式overcome，一般过去式overcame:表示过去发生的事，过去分词overcome:完成时态和被动语态用。本题中表被动。）
　　例如T-3-Q19/ A Swiss government panel recommended that the country sell about half of its gold reserves and this raised fears of other countries that do the same and inundate the market. 改为reserves, raising fears that other countries。SVO+逗号+doing结构。（考点补充：this不能指代前面整段内容，不可裸奔。）解题技巧：考生应该注意到了本题与上一道题目是多么的相似，这就是标准化考试的魅力，换汤不换药，也是教育培训机构存在的价值。）请考生参见NYTimes的原文Gold prices plunged to the lowest level in more than 12 years yesterday after a Swiss Government panel recommended that the country sell about half its gold reserves, raising fears that other countries would do the same and inundate the market.
　　例如新PREP2-181/ In January 1994 an oil barge ran aground off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, leaking its cargo of 750000 gallons into the ocean, while causing the pollution of the city’s beaches.改为and its cargo of 750000 gallons leaked into the ocean, polluting。前面事情导致的结果，前面一句话对后文造成的影响。Doing位于句末优选表达，作结果状语。（考点补充：一、同根动词polluting优于罗嗦的抽象名词表达causing the pollution of；二、And连接前后发生的两个动作。）解题技巧：And体现两个动作的先后顺承，doing体现动作的同时发生。And平行并列，体现两个动作同等重要；doing 体现的动作则处于从属的地位。
　　（实习编辑：陈永雷）
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